Lecture Six Fall 2014
Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco about 1519, today Mexico City Series of small islands Canals cross the city Floating gardens (tenampas)
Tenochtitlan before 1519
The Great Pyramid of Cholula The Spaniards built a church on top of it in 1596, Nuestra Señora de los Remedios. You see, as the conquerors from Spain moved through Central and South America, they would tear down the pagan temples that they found and build churches in their places. It was their way of asserting not only the dominance of the Spanish, but also of Catholicism over the native religions. The Native Americans had spent thousands of years building a lot of temples and shrines, so there were a lot of churches built to replace them. Many of these shrines and temples had been elevated by placing them on top of stone pyramids
Zuni, Looking Southeast, 1879, John K. Hillers, 10 x 14
Devotion to the mother of God under the title of our Lady of Guadalupe dates from the close of the sixth century. Mount Extremadura in Spain, was favored as the scene of the miraculous apparition of the Blessed According to local legends, the Virgin Mary appeared one day to a humble cowboy named Gil Cordero who was searching for a missing animal in the mountains. She told him that a statue of her had been hidden there from the Muslims, centuries before, and she ordered him to bring the local bishop to recover her image and to build a church. So the bishop and his men came back with him to the site of the vision, unearthed a marvelous statue that was an image of Mary, and built a shrine in the mountains. Our Lady of Guadalupe, along with Santiago de Compostela became rallying points for the Christian Spaniards in their re-conquest of Iberia. Our Lady of Guadalupe Mount Estremadura, Spain One of three black Virgin Mary s in Spain
Tepeyac had also been the site of an ancient temple to the Aztec goddess (Our Revered Mother) Tonantzin is believed to be a manifestation of the Earth Mother, known as Coatlicue, the mother of all living things, who conceived by immaculate and miraculous means. She was also the one to decide the length of life; to the Mexica, the earth was both mother and tomb, the giver of life and the devourer. Tonantzin Our Lady of Guadalupe and Juan Diego
Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City Built on a lake bed and was sinking into the ground
Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Mexico City The new Basilica houses the original tilma (or apron) of Juan Diego that shows the icon of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It is one of the most important pilgrimage sites of Catholicism and is visited by several million people every year, especially around December 12, Our Lady of Guadalupe's Feast day.
She is always modeled after the picture in the basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City, which is said to have been miraculously painted on the garment of the Indian Juan Diego, to who the Virgin appeared four times in 1531. Our Lady of Guadalupe La Morena She wears a red gown, star-strewn blue cloak, and is surrounded by a nimbus of flames. At her feet are an angle and crescent moon. She becomes the patron saint to the native people who have converted to Catholicism.
Our Lady of Guadalupe Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe José Aragón Kingdom of the Saints, pg 124 Feast day December 12 The Virgin Mary standing in a body halo, supported on an upturned crescent moon and a winged angel. As legend has it, the Virgin Mary appeared to an Indian man, Juan Diego in 1531, just ten years after the conquest of the Aztecs She requested that a church be built at the site of the apparition a hill in Tepeyac,a sacred Aztec site. As the archbishop of Mexico did not believe Juan Diego's story initially, Juan Diego brought him a miraculously imprinted Image of the Virgin on his cape a proof 12
This is the banner carried by Father Miguel Hidalgo and his anti-spanish insurgent army circa 1810. La morena Our Lady of Guadalupe was proclaimed the patroness of Latin America in 1910. Her role is not limited to religious matters, but has become a symbol of Mexico s nationalism and identity. She becomes a spiritual,
Camping Zapatista 1922 Fernando Leal Oil on canvas Revolutionary Followers of Emiliano Zapata at camp. The likeness of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a symbol of the Zapatistas, is shown on his sombrero.
Migrant Farm workers
Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers
Cesar Chavez walks through a field with farm workers, one of whom carries a banner with Our Lady of Guadalupe on it, circa 1971.
Our Lady of Guadalupe, Northwest Denver mural by Carlota Espinoza 1976
Mural cover by wall Faithful United
San Juan Diego, 1998 Madrid Martin Regis Collection RU379 On July 31, 2002, the late Holy Father visited Mexico City and declared sainthood of Blessed Juan Diego. The feast day of St. Juan Diego is Dec. 9
Saint James the Apostle Feast day: July 25 After the crucifixion of Christ legend has it that St. James went as a missionary to the Iberian Peninsula (part of the Roman Empire then) and returned to Jerusalem leaving behind a few converts. Shortly afterwards he became one of the first Christian martyrs when he was beheaded on the orders of King Herod (about 44AD). The legend then continues with the body of St. James being taken by his followers to the coast where a boat was waiting. The body of the saint was taken inland to what is now Santiago where he was buried in a tomb on a hillside.
Saint James The Crypt containing the remains of St. James Santiago de Compostela, Spain Saint James remains are said to be housed in Compostella, Spain where a popular Medieval church was erected in his honor. Compostella became the third most popular pilgrimage site in Christendom, following Jerusalem and Rome
El Camino de Santigao (Way of St. James)
St James the Moor-Slayer Santiago Matamoros Feast day: July 25 The Cathedral of Santiago was made to commemorate the appearance of St James during the Battle of Clavijo in 844 to aid the Spanish crusaders to defeat the Moorish army Summoned by the dreams and prayers of the faithful asking for help. Santiago appeared to them riding a fierce, white horse out of the sky, galloping down from the Milky Way. Sword in hand, he hacked thousands of "Moors" to death and the horse tramples Moors under its hooves The apparition of Santigo in battles have brought victory to the Spanards
Santuario de Chimayo
Saint James Conqueror of the Moor Santiago Matamoros Santuario de Chimayo Antonio Molleno Feast day: July 25 Patronage: of warriors, especially when fighting the enemies of the church and patron of horsemen In the New World no less than fourteen apparitions of Santiago in battles between Spanish and Indians are recorded. One of these was in aid of Juan Onate during a battle with the Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico in 1599. He is usually show him in the military dress of the conquistadors but others depict the clothes of the late 18 th century.
Acoma Pueblo At least 1,200 years old, New Mexico's Acoma Pueblo the longest continuously inhabited settlement in North America remains a touchstone for a resilient indigenous culture
Trail/stairs up and down Acoma Pueblo The mission church of San Esteban Rey, built at the pueblo from 1629 to 1641 Sept 2 San Estevan Feast Day.
San Jose de Gracia, Trampas, New Mexico
San Jose de Gracia, Trampas, New Mexico
Altar Screen Our Lady of the Rosary church Las Trampas, New Mexico Santiago Matamoros-located top center Jose Aragon
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Our Lady of the Assumption) Mary at her death was taken body and soul into heaven Nuestra Señora de La Conquista (La Conquistadora) Renamed Nuestra Señora de la Paz in 1992 CATHEDRAL BASILICA OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI, Santa Fe, New Mexico Detail of La Conquistadora. The statue is a bulto a vestir, a clothed statue whose extensive wardrobe is created and maintained by volunteer members of the congregation. During the Pueblo revolt the statue was rescued by the Spanish and taken to El Paso del Norte when the Spanish fled. After twelve years, in 1692, Governor Don Diego De Vargas took back the city and today the people of Santa Fe still celebrate this event, the oldest community celebration and fiesta in the United States.