The Hoover Presidency President Herbert Hoover 1929 1933 Hoover campaigned with the ideas that: Task: What other president believed government should stay out of Big Business? Task: Break the term rugged individualism down. What does each word mean? Rugged: Individual(ism): Rugged Individualism according to Hoover: Prosperity Ends It was a bull market on Wall Street Investors would pay for part of the stock as a down payment They hoped to pay the rest back with money they made on the stock they bought. Black Tuesday October 29 th, 1929 - Investors became weary of the market and sold their stocks The dominoes fell as others pulled their money out of the market. 16 million shares were sold. $30 billion was lost. No one was buying stocks. 1
The Great Depression Causes of the Depression Causes Of The Great Depression 2
Great Depression $100 WILL BUY THIS CAR. MUST HAVE CASH. LOST ALL ON THE STOCK MARKET. Task: What does this photo tell you about the shift from the prosperity of the 1920s to the depression of the 1930s? The Devastating Depression - The Cities They slept in: Whole towns of these shacks sprung up they took on the name People were: Digging through the trash Begging on street corners for food 3
Depression Indicators In The United States, 1928-1933 Unemployment Bank Failures People In Millions 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Bank Failures (in thousands) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Business Failures (in thousands) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Business Failures 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Task: Write one sentence that explains what was happening in the United States using these three graphs. Hoover Handles the Depression Hoover tried to ease the depression by putting people to work at various public works projects Reconstruction Finance Corporation created to strengthen banks and businesses through government loans. Hopefully this money would create jobs. 4
The Cycle of Money Good Business Cycle Workers make money Factories hire workers Factories need workers to make goods Able to buy goods Bad Business Cycle Factories fire workers Workers can t afford to buy goods Factories cut back on production Demand Decreases (leads to surplus) Brother Can You Spare A Dime They used to tell me I was building a dream And so I followed the mob. When there was earth to plow or guns to bear, I was always there, right on the job. They used to tell me I was building a dream With peace and glory ahead -- Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread? Once I built a railroad, I made it run, Made it race against time. Once I built a railroad, now it's done -- Brother, can you spare a dime? Once I built a tower, to the sun, brick, mortar, and lime. Once I built a tower, now it's done -- Brother, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, gee, we looked swell Full of that Yankee Doodle-de-dum. Half a million boots went slogging through hell, And I was the kid with the drum. Say, don't you remember they called me Al, It was Al all the time. Why don't you remember, I'm your pal -- Say, buddy, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, ah, gee, we looked swell Full of that Yankee Doodle-de-dum. Half a million boots went slogging through hell, And I was the kid with the drum. Say, don't you remember they called me Al, It was Al all the time. Why don't you remember, I'm your pal -- Buddy, can you spare a dime? 5
The Bonus Army Bonus March on Washington - 1932 The Bonus Army marches on Washington. They set up shantytowns. The money was not supposed to be paid until 1945. A congressman introduced a bill suggesting immediate payment. The Bill is voted down. Hoover ordered the Bonus Army to disband. Most did, 2000 didn t. The U.S. Army under General Douglas MacArthur and Major Dwight D. Eisenhower use tear gas to break up the marchers. An 11 month-old died, an 8 year-old boy was paralyzed, 2 were shot, many injured. Task: What do you think this did the President Hoover s reputation and why? The Hoover Presidency - Closure 0 1 2 3 4 5 In-effective Partially Effective Somewhat Effective Effective Task: How would you rate the effectiveness of Hoover and his administration? Explain your answer. 6
Election of 1932 What the country needs now is a good, big laugh. There seems to be a condition of hysteria. If someone could get off a good joke every ten days I think our troubles could be over. Task: Who said it? Republican leaders not only have failed in material things, they have failed in national vision, because in disaster they have held out no hope I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people. Task: Who said it? Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933 1945) He appealed to the public seen as a can-do president while Hoover was seen as a do-nothing president. Task: How will the Democratic majority in Congress affect FDR s ability to get legislation passed? Franklin Delano Roosevelt Offers A New Deal First of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance...the people of the United States have not failed they want direct, vigorous action They have made me the present instrument of their wishes. -President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address Task: Put FDR s message to the American people in your own words. More importantly, he offers a new deal for the American people. His advisors, known as the Brain Trust, drew up a three-part plan: 7
The First 100 Days He re-opened banks that were sound Kept those who were unable to pay people closed. This restored the people s confidence in the bank. Fireside Chats Roosevelt addressed the nation three to four times a year in 15 45 minute speeches. I loved the way your husband used to speak to me. - Mrs. Todd to Eleanor Roosevelt Task: Why do you think the fireside chats were so important? Relief, Recovery, Reform R Because people needed immediate help, short-term steps were instituted to tide people over until the economy recovered. Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C) Public Works Administration (P.W.A.) 8
Relief, Recovery, Reform R It was designed to stimulate production in the United States. Roosevelt hoped to prime the pump to get the economy going again. Agricultural Adjustment Act National Recovery Administration Government encouraged Americans to buy from businesses following N.R.A. codes. Relief, Recovery, Reform R Designed to correct problems with the economy. Hoped to prevent another depression. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Social Security Act 9
Roosevelt & His Bag of Remedies ALPHABET SOUP The New Deal did not end the Great Depression. Still, people were happy the President was doing something. Roosevelt Wins 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th term In all, Roosevelt will serve about 12 years in office. Some felt he was being too dictatorial. Task: According to the cartoonist, what is Roosevelt s approach to America s problems? Of course we may have to change remedies if we don t get results The Dust Bowl Soon, nothing could be grown in the soil. A drought strikes the mid-west in the 1930s, drying out the land. 1934 a wind storm blows millions of tons of the nation s dusted soil into the air. Many people moved to California to escape the dust and look for work. Okies became the term for these migrant workers because many originated in Oklahoma. 10
The Dust Bowl On the 14th day of April of 1935, There struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky. You could see that dust storm comin', the cloud looked deathlike black, And through our mighty nation, it left a dreadful track... The storm took place at sundown, it lasted through the night, When we looked out next morning, we saw a terrible sight. We saw outside our window where wheat fields they had grown Was now a rippling ocean of dust the wind had blown. It covered up our fences, it covered up our barns, It covered up our tractors in this wild and dusty storm. We loaded our jalopies and piled our families in, We rattled down that highway to never come back again - Woody Guthrie Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother Dorothea Lange traveled the west taking photos of migrant workers. She came across this 33 year-old woman. She ate frozen vegetables from the field or birds her children shot with a sling shot. She sold the tires on her car for money. The woman in the photograph hoped Lange s photos could bring help to the nation. Task: What other people from U.S. History can you think of that helped bring the nation s problems to light? 11
The Court Packing Plan Do Now: How many justices are there on the Supreme Court? Task: What power did the Supreme Court use? FDR & Fala Roosevelt feared the entire New Deal would be threatened by the Supreme Court. Roosevelt believed if he appointed more Justices, New Deal programs will slide through the courts. This would have given Roosevelt s appointees control. People saw this as Roosevelt violating Separation of Powers. The Court Packing Plan 12
The Court Packing Plan The End of the Depression 13