My name is Skylar Britton and I am a senior at American Heritage School -

Hi delegates, My name is Skylar Britton and I am a senior at American Heritage School - Plantation Campus. This is my fourth year as a Model UN delegate, so MUN has been at the center of my high school experience. I am also the president of Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society, so you can say that learning history is an important part of my life. My favorite thing to do outside of school is to continuously watch movies until my mom tells me to stop. If you have any recommendations, please let me know hopefully I haven t seen it already. This is my third time running a historical crisis committee, but my first time specializing in British history. I hold sixteenth century Britain very close to my heart, so I hope you find aspects of the turmoil interesting as well. I chose Henry VIII as our focal point because although he was a brutal ruler who executed tens of hundreds of people, his reign contained many turning points and revolutionary aspects for the time period. He was able to separate himself from the chokehold the Papacy had on the entirety of the European continent. Therefore, the first topic of discussion is The Church of England because it challenges delegates to fight against the clergy, the steadfast Catholic subjects, and the natural order to create a new church from the ground up. Many characters within our room will side with the Catholic Church as well, so make sure you know your character s viewpoints on religion so the flow of debate is more exciting. The second topic is Affairs with France, the Habsburg Empire, and Scotland. Although I find Henry VIII to be the most influential ruler of his time, Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire are also key historical figures that changed the course of their own countries as well. Therefore, diplomatic relations with these varying countries were challenging because no one ruler of the

time succumbed to the power of another. Henry VIII, Charles V, and Francis I were all young, attractive rulers with the passion and drive to mark their names down in history. Foreign relations in Henry VIII s England saw many conflicts and many successes, so it is up to the delegates to carry out this attempted diplomacy in committee. There are ambassadors present in our character list as well as laymen/ clergymen who sympathized with Spain and France, so delegates should be at odds with one another in speeches and in formulating directives. It is important to note that we will be starting committee in 1528. All events prior to 1528 have happened and are already part of history, but all events that followed 1528 are now nonexistent. Although this is a historical committee, we will not follow what actually happened in history post-1528. You may research what happened for educational purposes, but I can ensure you that the history we write in the committee room has not already been written. I wish you good luck in your research and I can t wait to see what you have in store for committee. If you have any questions, please feel free to email me. God Save the Queen! Skylar Britton Crisis Manager P.S.: Keep in mind that from now on in the background guide when we reference today, we are speaking about 1528, not 2017. Crisis Manager: Skylar Britton Chairs: Yakira Matisonn and Rayyan Merchant Crisis Staff: Aditya Bafna, Eric Bazail, Shubhum Giroti, and Thomas Lovegren

History To understand the complex issues that face England today, it is important to understand the events of the last century and how they have shaped the present day. Before His Majesty s father, King Henry VII, ascended to the throne, England was ravaged by the War of the Roses (referred to here as the Plantagenet War). The Plantagenet War was fought between the two houses of the Plantagenet Dynasty, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. Both lineages emerged from the succession crisis following the passing of Edward III in 13771. In 1376, Edward III s main heir, Edward the Black Prince, passed, leaving behind a son, Richard II, who rose to 1 Holmes, George. "The War of the Roses." The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962. 210-27. Questia Schools. Web. 14 May 2017.

the throne 2. An important detail to note is that Edward III fathered four other sons, two of which become significant in later years: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Edmund, Duke of York. Richard II would rule until 1399, when Henry IV, son of John of Gaunt, led an armed insurrection and deposed him. With the Lancaster house on the throne, turmoil between the two houses ebbed and flowed until the death of Henry IV s son, the Lancaster King Henry V 3. Dying at 32 during the century-long war with France, Henry V was succeeded by his infant son, Henry VI, whose reign inadvertently led to the Plantagenet War. Surrounded by ambitious councillors, advisors, and courtiers, Henry VI was easily manipulated by the power players of his court. Not naturally brilliant, his reign saw the rapid loss of Norman territories in France and the eventual defeat at Gascony during the war with France. Quickly, opinion in his court turned against him, and many saw him as incapable of ruling and too manipulated by his wife, Margaret of Anjou. At this time, Edward IV of the House of York decided to challenge his claim to the throne, and through a war supported by the nobility, deposed Henry VI with the help of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, one of the major power players of fifteenth century England 4. 2 Wars of the Roses. Edited by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 1 Jan. 2017, www.britannica.com/event/wars-of-the-roses. Accessed 26 July 2017. 3 Holmes, George. "The War of the Roses." The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962. 210-27. Questia Schools. Web. 14 May 2017. 4 "Wars of the Roses." The Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia for Students, edited by William Chester Jordan, vol. 4, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996, pp. 176-178. Gale Virtual Reference Library

It is important to note Edward s lineage and what claim he had to the throne; Edward IV was the great-grandson of Edward III and held a legitimate claim to the throne through his grandfather Edmund of York. With a legitimate claim to the throne and greater support, King Edward ruled from 1461 to 1470, when Margaret of Anjou and the Earl of Warwick led a rebellion against Edward that temporarily placed Henry VI back on the throne, despite Henry being in the throes of a mental breakdown 5. Edward IV would quickly return from exile in France and deposed Henry VI within one year, sending Henry to the Tower of London. Henry died shortly thereafter, leaving Edward on the throne until his death in 1483. Edward IV would leave behind two sons, Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, who were too young to lead the realm. As such, Richard III, Edward IV s younger brother, became the Lord Protector and served as regent for the two boys, during which time, they simply disappeared after being taken to protective chambers in the Tower of London. Following the mysterious disappearance, Richard III crowned himself King. However, his rule would be short-lived 6. In 1485, Henry Tudor, a member of the House of Lancaster led a rebellion against Richard III, winning at the Battle of Bosworth Field and ascending to the throne as King Henry VII of England. Henry Tudor had a legitimate claim to the English throne as the great-great-grandson of John of Gaunt. However, to cement his claim and garner support from the nobility, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, the eldest sister of Edward V and daughter of Edward IV, joining the two houses of the Plantagenet Dynasty and starting the Tudor Dynasty. Henry Tudor would reign until 5 Oman, Charles. Warwick for King Henry. Warwick, the Kingmaker, Macmillan, London, 1916. 6 Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1971. 103-09. Questia Schools. Web. 20 June 2017.

his death in 1509, at which he would be succeeded by His Majesty, King Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII is the second oldest son of King Henry VII and became Prince of Wales and heir apparent upon the early death of his brother, Arthur. Betrothed in his youth to Catherine of Aragon, the unconsummated widow of his brother Arthur and the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, His Majesty has been married to her for twenty years and his marriage has kept friendly relations between England and Spain. As his reign has progressed, the realm has encountered sizeable financial problems, primarily aggravated by trade disputes with the Spanish Crown, the building of a new English navy, a war against the French monarch Francis I, and a failure to levy sufficient taxes. Thus, weary of the past and potential rebellion by the nobility, Henry VIII seeks a male heir to consolidate Tudor power, yet of the children Catherine of Aragon bore, only the Lady Mary lived 7. In order to obtain a male heir, His Majesty plans to petition Pope Clement VII to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, arguing that her status as his brother s widow made their marriage unclean 8. Under pressure from the King of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, and nephew to Catherine of Aragon, Charles V, it seems as if Pope Clement will deny the request. Now, we stand at the present, with two great issues before our realm. How do we manage the new Church of England and solve the many issues of faith within our realm if Pope Clement denies our request? And how do we manage the foreign relations of our great realm? 7 Greaves, Richard L. "Henry VIII." World Book Advanced, World Book, 2017, www.worldbookonline.com/ advanced/article?id=ar253039. Accessed 26 July 2017. 8 Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1971. 103-09. Questia Schools. Web. 20 June 2017.

Topic A: The Church of England History The first topic of discussion is the Church of England and the divide between Protestants and Catholics. In 1517, Martin Luther made his distaste with the modernday Catholic Church public 9. Luther authored a document entitled Ninety-five Theses and outlined the injustices of the Catholic Church, including the buying and selling of indulgences and the deepset corruption marinated into the skin of the clergy. In doing so, he rightfully angered the men at the Holy See and was promptly excommunicated, but in turn he sparked a novel movement of reformation, and from it sprung Protestantism. The conflicts and divides among Protestants and Catholics have led to conflict and violence, and the root cause of this inevitable conflict is ideology. Protestants believe that the Bible alone is sufficient in teaching man all that is necessary for salvation from sin, and contains the standard in which Christians should measure their behavior, while Catholics do not believe that the Bible alone is enough, and instead hold that the Bible and sacred Roman Catholic traditions are equal in authority 10. Protestants are weary of trusting the Catholic Church and thus stem the religious divides that cause such conflicts. The European wars of religion started in 1524 and are a series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants over ideology and expression 11. As part of this committee, you should study the causes and effects of the war and develop a solution to ease tensions. This issue remains in its early stages; therefore, the best 9 http://www.history.com/topics/reformation 10 http://www.christianpost.com/news/what-divides-catholics-and-protestants-32006/ 11 https://www.britannica.com/event/peace-of-westphalia

time to bring an end to the violence is now. King Henry VIII is angered by the disputes and seeks to rule with divine right and justice. He is a devoutly religious man, so the divide between the Protestants and the Catholics is a very pressing issue within the King s reign. The Wealth of the Church Many of the subjects in our realm are displeased with the way the Catholic Church runs the state s religious course. The Catholic Church capitalizes on our people by forcing them to pay when they get married, baptized, and bury their dead. Therefore, the Catholic Church remains wealthy while our subjects remain famished 12. Religious houses at this time control about two-fifths of all parish benefices in England and own around a quarter of the nation's landed wealth. In our English history there lives a saying that if the Abbot of Glastonbury marries the Abbess of Shaftesbury, their heir would have more land than the King of England. King Henry VIII is greatly dissatisfied with the power of the Catholic Church threatening his reign 13, for this land is worth great amounts of money and his inability to control it reveals a weak point in his absolute rule. Therefore, it is up to Henry s Court to decide the fate of many important questions: Where should the land go? Is it necessary to build a new Church hierarchy? How will we provide funds for a possible new church without the support of the Vatican? There are nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular canons, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries. Approximately 12,000 people in total work for the Catholic Church, which means that roughly 1 in every 50 English 12 C N Trueman "The Reformation" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 27 Jul 2017. 13 Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey. Dorset County Council, 1999

men are employed by the Church 14. It is prudent to consider that a significant portion of the population would be affected negatively by getting rid of the Catholic Church in England and many people might even find doubts in their own beliefs. Our subjects are questioning whether to listen to an authority in Rome, who might control whether they make it to Heaven, or His Majesty, who may send them to the Tower of London if they dare commit treason. The Divorce of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon, 1509 As stated before, His Majesty plans on petitioning Pope Clement VII for a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Per the customs and practices of the Catholic Church, only the Pope himself can approve or deny divorces or marital annulments, and the reality stands that this is a highly rare occurrence, even under the most favorable circumstances. However, being that this is a high priority for King 14 G. W. Bernard, "The Dissolution of the Monasteries," History (2011) 96#324 p 390

Henry VIII, delegates must come ready to assist His Majesty in preparing the best arguments for his petition and to help sway the public and main leadership in Rome onto the side of divorce. Further, delegates should be prepared on how to address either decision made by Pope Clement VII. If the Pope grants the King s divorce, there exists the fundamentally critical question of procuring a new wife for His Majesty and the subsequent production of an heir to the realm s throne. In our world of complex foreign relations, marriages can signify the strengthening and building of better ties and connections with other global powers, and as such, the prospect of foreign brides for the King must be addressed. However, the introduction of foreign blood into the English lineage could additionally serve to undermine the centuries-old cohesion of the succession, opening the door to competing claims from foreign leaders, which would destroy English sovereignty and power. Similarly, marrying a maiden of the English nobility can further serve to legitimize the power of the King in the eyes of an already tense nobility, and would produce less chances for foreign challenges. However, brides from the English nobility carry lower dowries and snubbing foreign brides could prove to deteriorate already poor relations between England and other nations. Further, the question of Catherine of Aragon s and Princess Mary s status must be addressed. It goes without question that Queen Catherine has committed no crime in this matter, and that as His Majesty himself put it, she is noble and virtuous. 15 Additionally, the Queen is the aunt of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V, an extremely powerful figure in Europe who will undoubtedly retaliate if any harm 15 Henry's Divorce from Catherine. History Learning Site, Trueman Company, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/henrys-divorce-from-catherine/. Accessed 4 Aug. 2017.

befalls her. This issue is only further complicated by the presence of Princess Mary, who stands as the only legitimate heir to the English crown. If the divorce is granted, delegates must be prepared to address whether Princess Mary should retain her titles, her place in court, and her claim to the British throne, albeit behind a male heir. If Pope Clement VII does not grant the divorce, delegates should be prepared to address which actions remain for His Majesty to take and how specifically a divorce or marital dissolution could otherwise be obtained. As a reminder, the canon laws of the Catholic Church only allow remarriage and divorce if matrimony was null to begin with. However, other Christian movements, including those of Protestantism have no set policy on marital dissolution and remarriage, and delegates must understand the use they could play in these scenarios.

Topic B: Affairs with France, the Habsburg Empire, and Scotland Although solving domestic economic and social strife exists within England s current political agenda, there are many foreign powers that pose a threat to King Henry VIII s reign that may be even more influential than internal issues. Although Henry proves to be a capable ruler, his outright impudence for other men of power and self-assured attitude conflicts with other rulers of similar psyche. As Henry VIII gained his seat at the throne, his foreign policy goals were to gain a sense of neutrality between England, France and the Habsburg Empire. His plan worked in his early stages as king, but these relations started to crumble as his divorce with Catherine of Aragon panned out, for France, the Habsburg Empire, and even the Spanish identify as Catholic bodies. France In 1520, King Henry VIII and King Francis I of France met in Calais at the Field of Cloth to create a sense of friendship between the two superpowers in a political meeting, but when the two kings met one another, it was obvious the meeting was also a way for both kings to flaunt their wealth, magnificence, and grandeur. Both kings were young and naive eight years ago, and they both shared similar personalities of temperament and competitiveness. These similarities actually split the relations of England and France apart. Henry then proceeded to infiltrate France s borders in 1521 because of the declaration of war on France by England s strongest ally, the Spanish. Although France and England were technically allies as well, King Henry VIII decided to side with Spain, which broke the remaining relationship Henry and Francis had. King Henry VIII s primary goal was to gain back the lands lost to France by Henry VI, but when he

realized that Charles V would not concede any land to him after victory, his alliance with Charles ruptured and he accordingly created his own peace with Francis I in 1525 named the Treaty of the More 16. Although Henry has waged war on France twice during his reign up until 1528, the divorce of Catherine of Aragon and his fleeting relations with Spain is concurrently improving his relations with France. The fall of this novel alliance, however, can be the clashing personalities of both kings alone. Therefore, although France and England currently stand at favorable association, the court must uphold these relations without allowing them to crumble. The Habsburg Empire Spain and the Holy Roman Empire are both ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, one of the most influential royal noble houses in all of Europe. Charles V currently heads the Habsburgs, leading towards mutual relations between the two nations. Spain has 16 "King Henry VIII and King Francois I." The Tudor Enthusiast, 10 June 2012, thetudorenthusiast.weebly.com/my-tudor-blog/king-henry-viii-and-king-francois-i. Accessed 8 Aug. 2017.

been unified for just over a decade, facilitated by Habsburg influence. The former principalities of The Crown of Castile and The Kingdom of Aragon have been essentially stitched together, creating the powerhouse Kingdom of Spain. The union of the Netherlands, the Spanish kingdoms, and the Holy Roman Empire in the years preceding 1528 has constituted England s major trading partners. In 1519, Henry established a trading league with two of Charles s domains: the Hanseatic League of North German ports and the Netherlands. Anglo-Netherlands relations hinged on the trading monopoly over English cloth exports granted by Henry VII to the Merchant Adventurers Company and the subsequent commercial treaty, the Magnus Intercursus (Great Intercourse), of 1496. Henry VII attempted to revise this trade treaty with the Netherlands in 1506 to favor England s interests, but the finality of this revision was never reached and the Netherlands still holds this monopoly. Henry VII thus posted two English ambassadors in the court of the Emperor so England s interests were still held in high authority, and Henry VII and VIII s courts gained Spanish ambassadors in their respective courts. Henry achieved his neutrality with Emperor Charles V s vast realm because of England s undeniable strength and Henry s marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Charles V s aunt. Thus, the difficulties between England and Charles's domains were compounded when Henry VIII decided to terminate his marriage to Catherine. Charles believed Henry was depriving Catherine of all honor by ripping away her title as Queen of England and placing her in a faraway castle as Queen Regent with their daughter, Mary 17. 17 Trueman, C. N. "Henry VIII and Foreign Policy." History Learning Site, 17 Mar. 2015, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/ henry-viii-and-foreign-policy/. Accessed 8 Aug. 2017.

Charles refused to go to war with Henry because of his repudiation of the Papacy, but he remains to seek justice for Catherine of Aragon and Mary if a divorce is granted. Charles is the most powerful man in the world in 1528, so it would be best to keep foreign relations with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire stable. Scotland When the war between England and France started in 1513, James IV of Scotland was committed to peace with both England and France. King James made the decision to side with France on the basis. In the Battle of Flodden in 1513, James invaded Flodden, Northumberland in Northern England and his army was slaughtered and James was killed by the English. This created a delicate situation with the current government of Scotland and promoted vulnerabilities among the border between England and Scotland.

Questions to Consider: 1. How should we deal with the growing wealth of the church? 2. If the Catholic Church is dissolved from England, who is in control of the monies? Who will gain control of the numerous parishes and their properties? 3. What will become of Henry s first born daughter, Mary? Will she keep her title or will it dissolve along with her mother s? How will this alter Henry s legacy? 4. What will the new sect of Christianity be in England? What will it be called? Will there be indulgences and a clergy, or will it be more informal? What will be Henry s role in this newfound church? How will you control those English subjects who deny the new church and remain Catholic? 5. How will we deal with the clashing personalities of Francis I and Henry VIII? If the Treaty of the More is broken, will we attempt to create a new one or fight against the French? 6. If a divorce is accepted between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, how will we deal with Catherine s nephew, Charles V, King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire? 7. With growing resentment in Ireland, how will you control the people without spurring an independence movement? 8. Is it necessary to always obey the king?

Characters Laymen of the Court 1. William Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel (Appointed by the King): William Fitzalan was elected Lord Chamberlain of the king s chambers in 1526. As the Lord Chamberlain, he is in control of the Privy Chamber and the Grand Chamber and has the power to appoint positions within both Chambers. Fitzalan typically sides with the king on most matters and has a close relationship with him because of his duties as Lord Chamberlain 18. 2. Sir Nicholas Carew (Appointed by the King): Sir Nicholas Carew serves as the Master of the Horse, gaining his position in 1522. The Master of the Horse is in control of all the king s horses and stables, whether those horses be for hunting, jousting, or fighting purposes. The Master of the Horse is also in charge of all those who work within the stables and is usually in the favor of Henry because of his love of hunting and jousting 19. 3. Thomas More: Sir Thomas More is a close confidante of King Henry VIII, serving as an advisor both intellectually and emotionally. More studied at Oxford University under the tutelage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, so his allegiance to conservative Catholicism is very present in his life. More then 18 The Three Great Officers of Henry VIII s Court by Sarah Bryson. 3 July 2016, www.tudorsociety.com/8320-2/. Accessed 17 July 2017. 19 The Three Great Officers of Henry VIII s Court by Sarah Bryson. 3 July 2016, www.tudorsociety.com/8320-2/. Accessed 17 July 2017.

became a very successful lawyer post university and crafted his most well known work, Utopia 20. 4. Thomas Cromwell: Thomas Cromwell has lived through many careers up until this date including a soldier in the French army in Italy, a clerk in the Netherlands, and a lawyer in London. He is a member of the House of Commons and works closely with Thomas Wolsey 21. 5. Thomas Howard: Thomas Howard serves as the Lord High Treasurer and Earl Marshal of Henry s court, meaning that he functions as the head of Her Majesty s Treasury, or HM Treasury (which is the British government department for public finance and economic policy), as the leading officer of arms, and as the overseer of the College of Arms. Thomas Howard is also Anne Boleyn s uncle 22. 6. William Knight: William Knight is King Henry s Secretary of State and has had a long diplomatic career, including settling the disputes between the English merchants and the Teutonic Hanse, making diplomatic business trips to Switzerland, and traveling to Venice, Italy to speak with Pope Clement VII on behalf of Henry VIII s divorce 23. 20 "Sir Thomas More." The Anne Boleyn Files, www.theanneboleynfiles.com/bios/ sir-thomas-more/. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 21 "Thomas Cromwell." The Anne Boleyn Files, www.theanneboleynfiles.com/tag/ thomas-cromwell/. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 22 "Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk." The Anne Boleyn Files, www.theanneboleynfiles.com/bios/thomas-howard-3rd-duke-of-norfolk/. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 23 "William Knight (bishop)." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ William_Knight_(bishop). Accessed 1 Aug. 2017.

7. John De Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford: John De Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford serves as Lord Great Chamberlain of England beginning in 1526. As Lord Great Chamberlain, De Vere was in charge of the Palace of Westminster and the House of Lords and is the bearer of the Sword of State at state openings and closings of Parliament 24. 8. Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon serves as the Queen Regent and Queen Consort of England. As Queen Regent, Catherine has the ability to rule over England during the king s absence. Her nephew is Emperor Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, so she frequently sympathizes and converses with Spanish ambassadors. Although King Henry VIII is attempting to end her reign, she still remains a part of the court and is very popular among the public s eye 25. 9. Edward Seymour: Edward Seymour is the eldest brother of Jane Seymour. He was knighted at Roye by the Duke of Suffolk in 1523, serves as the Master of the Horse to the Duke of Richmond, and aided Wolsey on his expedition to France in 152726. 10. Thomas Wyatt: Thomas Wyatt acts as a royal ambassador to the King throughout Europe. On a trip to Italy in 1527, Wyatt discovered Italian love 24 "John de Vere." The Peerage, 31 Oct. 2009, www.thepeerage.com/p1173.htm. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 25 "Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon." English History, englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/catherine-of-aragon/. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 26 "Edward SEYMOUR (1st D. Somerset)." Tudor Place, www.tudorplace.com.ar/bios/ EdwardSeymour(1DSomerset).htm. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017.

poets and introduced England to the sonnet. He then in turn became a successful poet and founded the school of English Lyric Poetry 27. Ambassadors/Representatives For the purpose of debate, it will be assumed that all ambassadors remain in the court on lengthy missions sent forth by the king of their home country. In history, ambassadors would drop in from time to time, but for this committee, ambassadors will remain within the court as a representative from their countries. 11. Charles de Solier, comte de Morette: Charles de Solier, comte de Morette is a French soldier and diplomat. Beginning in October 1526, Morette frequents the court of England to settle disputes between King Francis I of France and King Henry VIII 28. 12. Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga: Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga is a cardinal and archbishop of Burgos, a bishop of Coria, and a Castilian clergyman and diplomat in the service of Emperor Charles V. Beginning in 1476, de Mendoza frequents the court of England to settle disputes between Emperor Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and King Henry VIII. Because de Mendoza is in the service of Emperor Charles V, he has to keep 27 "Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder." The Anne Boleyn Files, 11 Oct. 2010, www.theanneboleynfiles.com/sir-thomas-wyatt-the-elder/. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 28 "Charles de Solier, comte de Morette 1480 - Feb 1, 1552." Google Arts & Culture, www.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/entity/m0_84wj4. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017.

both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire in mind when formulating negotiations with the English court 29. 13. Thomas Bellenden of Auchnoule: Thomas Bellenden of Auchnoule is the Scottish ambassador to England beginning in 1485. He is also a Protestant sympathizer, which starkly contrasts Scotland s alignment to France and Catholicism 30. 14. Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare: Gerald FitzGerald serves as the Lord Deputy of Ireland starting in 1524. Although FitzGerald is not an ambassador, it is important to keep in mind that the Lord Deputy of Ireland has to control the people of Ireland and listen to all of their grievances. In order to ensure a successful rule, FitzGerald must represent the people of Ireland in the English court 31. 29 "Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %C3%8D%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 30 "Thomas Bellenden of Auchnoule." Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Thomas_Bellenden_of_Auchnoule. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 31 Webb, Alfred. Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare. E-book, 1878. http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/index.php

Men of the Church 15. Thomas Wolsey: Thomas Wolsey is the Bishop of Durham, Archbishop of York, and Cardinal. Thomas Wolsey was elected Lord High Chancellor in 1515 and has worked to serve the king for many years after. He is a highly religious man, serving as a cardinal under Pope Leo X, Adrian VI, and Clement VII. As Lord Chancellor, he is the Keeper of the Great Seal, the chief royal chaplain, and advisor to the king in both spiritual and political matters. Cardinal Wolsey is very close to the king, and delegates most of his time to carrying out the annulment of marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII 32. 16. Thomas Cranmer: Thomas Cranmer studied at Jesus College, Cambridge in 1510, but lost his fellowship because he fell in love with and married the daughter of a tavern keeper. She then died while she was giving birth, so he was accepted again into Holy Orders 33. 17. William Warham: William Warham began his career in Oxford, but left to become an advocate in the ecclesiastical courts in London to serve his doctorate in law. He then returned to Oxford as principal of the school of civil law. His talent in foreign policy has allowed him to travel to numerous foreign embassies as an ecclesiastical diplomat, and was ordained Archbishop of Canterbury in 1504. He crowned Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon as King and Queen of England, but continues to secretly disagree with the king s anti- 32 "Thomas Wolsey (c.1475-1530)." BBC History, 2014, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ historic_figures/wolsey_thomas.shtml. Accessed 17 July 2017. 33 "Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)." BBC - History, www.bbc.co.uk/history/ historic_figures/cranmer_thomas.shtml. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017.

French sentiment. Anyhow, Warham will never publically disagree with the King and is a frequent advocate for the divorce of Henry and Catherine 34. 18. John Fisher: John Fisher is an English Catholic bishop and theologian and also serves as the Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He is a strict conservative and follower of the Catholic doctrine and is the chief supporter of Catherine of Aragon 35. 34 "William Warham." Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15554a.htm Accessed 1 Aug. 2017. 35 "St. John Fisher." Catholic Encyclopedia, www.newadvent.org/cathen/08462b.htm. Accessed 1 Aug. 2017.