A Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program requirements, 55 Action research, 383 385, 389 Active learning, 7 8, 14, 43, 55, 87, 90, 94, 100, 111, 117, 122, 138, 139, 144, 203, 373 Adult learning, 3 10, 249, 250 Anatomical sciences education, a journal, 393, 396, 397 Anatomical theaters, 185, 187 Anatomy education, 23, 40, 44, 45, 55 58, 107 117, 121, 122, 155, 163, 177, 179, 181, 237, 238, 240, 244, 256, 259, 270, 299, 313 316, 320, 339 348, 373, 383 384, 386 389, 392 394, 396 398 instruction, 108, 237, 248, 253 laboratory, 56, 90, 145, 148, 151, 187, 188, 190, 203, 206 210, 214 220, 225, 227 234, 249, 256, 269, 300, 314, 315, 336, 365, 367, 370, 375, 377 pedagogy, 185 187, 193 teaching, 23 30, 41 46, 48, 50 52, 67, 94, 116, 126, 155, 159 161, 189, 193, 195, 213, 223 226, 234, 247, 267, 268, 303, 320, 326, 327, 339, 354 358, 360, 388, 389, 392, 393 ARS. See Audience response system (ARS) Art, 3, 152, 155 163, 175, 176, 185, 230, 268, 270, 320, 325 Assessment, 4 7, 10, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29 36, 48, 51, 61, 62, 78, 83, 100, 108, 110, 111, 113, 119, 127, 128, 135, 136, 139, 143 145, 148, 165, 166, 176, 188, 190 193, 196, 197, 200, 217 219, 237, 254 256, 273, 278 288, 299 308, 319, 320, 322, 326, 327, 335 336, 342, 348, 359 360, 363 370, 379, 384, 386 389, 391, 394, 396 397 Cognitive and Psychomotor, 249, 306 Assessment blueprint, 281 283, 287 Audience response system (ARS), 19, 65, 67, 77, 92, 93, 144 145, 151, 186, 187, 251, 254, 303, 306, 314, 322, 376 377 B Basic science, 55, 78, 79, 89, 90, 100, 115 119, 121, 122, 144, 185, 224, 248, 292, 308, 318, 331, 334 335, 339, 348, 353 356, 358, 369, 394 Biohazard safety, 225 Blended instruction, 249 Bloom s taxonomy, 6, 33, 61, 62, 205, 216, 283 Body donation, 175 182, 198, 224, 225 Body paint, 25, 121, 155 163, 217, 218, 315, 347, 358, 377 378 Briefing sessions, 89 95 C Cadaveric anatomy, 42, 158, 218, 357 Cadavers, 16, 42, 90, 110, 120, 145, 151, 155, 158 159, 162, 175 179, 181, 198, 201, 203, 204, 209, 210, 215, 216, 220, 223 226, 228, 254, 269, 270, 316, 320, 332, 336, 341, 342, 357, 377, 387, 388 Case-based learning (CBL), 101, 125 132 Cell and molecular anatomy, 42 CER cycle, 14 17, 19 Ceremony, 201, 340 341 Certification, 179 182, 227 Chunking, 242, 243 Clicker, 64, 65, 77, 78, 144, 186, 376 377 Clinical anatomy, 40, 188, 190, 269, 273, 280, 285, 384, 388, 389, 393, 394, 397 Clinical case, 58, 125, 128, 191, 204, 208, 210, 219, 224, 254, 272, 287, 316, 360, 366 Clinical examination skills, 377 Clinical faculty, 55 57, 314, 342, 366, 367 Clinical practice, 24, 41, 42, 90, 99, 104, 125, 158, 161, 162, 318, 341, 359, 373 Clinical relevance, 49, 101, 119, 122, 134, 158, 291, 294, 355, 356, 374 Clinical skills, 116, 128, 155, 158, 159, 282, 377 Clinical tools, 232, 233 Clinical vignette, 108, 134 136, 138, 252, 368 L.K. Chan and W. Pawlina (eds.), Teaching Anatomy: A Practical Guide, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08930-0, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 399
400 CLT. See Cognitive load theory (CLT) CME. See Continuing medical education (CME) Cognitive load, 239 242, 244, 245, 262 Cognitive load theory (CLT), 217, 240 Cognitive overload, 126, 217, 218, 242 Cognitive style, 62 Collaborative learning, 7, 73, 100, 115, 121, 128, 165, 288, 301, 322, 324, 369, 378 Communication, 12, 13, 17 20, 46, 49, 100, 112, 143, 146, 147, 163, 176, 187, 190, 200, 225, 273, 280, 282, 299, 306 308, 319 321, 325, 326, 394 Communication skills, 67, 90, 100, 104, 151, 219, 220, 270, 273, 274, 287, 299, 320, 321, 325 327, 376, 379 Compassion, 148, 303, 322, 323, 347, 348 Computers, 13, 63, 64, 68, 69, 74 76, 127, 187, 190, 215, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250 252, 256, 257, 259, 293, 366 Conceptualization, 8, 14 16, 20, 109, 110, 191, 215, 216 Consent, 127, 161, 175 179, 322, 387 Conservation, 177 179 Constructive alignment, 6, 31 37, 61, 217, 281 284 Constructive learning, 115, 121, 250 Continuing medical education (CME), 269, 274, 376 Continuous improvement, 213 214 Continuous professional development (CPD), 83 Copyright, 253, 256, 257 Core anatomy, 219 Counseling, 198 Course development, 50, 314 316 Course materials, 89, 93, 137, 170, 190, 249, 303, 345 Course timing, 43 CPD. See Continuous professional development (CPD) Critical reflection, 166 168 Critical thinking, 33, 86, 90, 92, 94, 133, 147, 219 220, 324, 331, 375 Culture, 9, 27 29, 63, 87, 92, 100, 102, 150, 155, 177, 201, 300, 321, 334, 335, 340, 342 344, 346 Curriculum, 13, 25, 32, 34, 40, 47, 48, 55, 73, 76 78, 89, 90, 94, 115 123, 127, 129, 133 136, 143 147, 150, 152, 156, 157, 185, 187 190, 198, 207, 219, 224, 253, 257, 267 274, 279, 283, 284, 287, 291, 292, 299 301, 303, 308, 313 316, 318, 320 322, 325 327, 331 337, 339 348, 354, 356, 358, 363 367, 369, 373, 375, 384, 386 388 design, 13, 47, 48, 116, 325 curricular development/curriculum development, 116, 255, 327, 394 curricular integration, 272, 332 336, 388 management, 145, 146, 333, 336 curricular reform/curriculum reform, 248, 313, 314, 316 D Debriefing, 51, 145, 148, 150 Deming cycle, 263 Demonstration, 16, 26, 43, 47, 50, 58, 66, 67, 75, 121, 147, 148, 161, 188, 199, 228, 242, 244, 248, 264, 301, 314, 365, 368, 373, 374 Demonstrators, 26, 39, 45 46, 263 Index Dental anatomy, 353 355, 358 Dental programmes, 355 Dental students, 353 360 Design (of laboratory activities), 214 217 Detached concern, 195, 196, 198, 200 Dexterity, 215, 319 Diagrams, 28, 29, 43, 91 94, 110, 159, 237, 242, 244, 375 Digital model, 239, 259 Directive feedback, 144 147 Dissection, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25, 34, 42-44, 46, 56, 78, 90, 92 94, 99 100, 108, 109, 118 122, 126, 128, 129, 134, 145-146, 148, 149, 151, 155, 158, 159, 175 181, 185, 187 190, 195 201, 203 210, 213 220, 224, 225, 227 234, 238, 248, 251, 253, 259, 270, 300, 301, 303, 306, 320 323, 325, 326, 331 337, 339, 341, 342, 347, 353, 356, 357, 365 369, 373, 374, 377, 379, 384, 386 389 instruments, 231 233 room, 42, 43, 118 122, 187, 200, 205, 388 workstation, 227 231 E E-books, 13, 19, 89, 251 253 Educational research, 46, 256, 383 385, 387, 391 397 Educational technology, 13, 14, 394 E-learning, 20, 32, 121, 131 132, 169, 186, 188, 190, 193, 247 257, 354, 386, 387, 396 Embalming, 178, 179, 188, 189, 223, 229, 232 234 Embryology, 25, 90, 138 140, 247, 256, 303, 332 336, 353, 354, 359, 360 Emotions, 195, 198, 200, 201, 323, 348 Empathy, 83, 126, 195 Enthusiasm, 47, 48, 63, 64, 68, 70, 86, 151, 217, 262 263, 265, 333, 378, 379 Ethics, 325, 326, 347 Evaluation, 6, 8, 18, 20, 33, 48, 51, 62, 82, 86, 87, 91, 92, 107, 126, 138 139, 143 148, 150, 159, 165 168, 170, 178, 181, 191, 203, 205, 209, 220 264, 283, 297, 301 304, 306, 308, 320, 323, 333, 334, 347 Expertise, 13 15, 20, 75, 91, 116, 145, 175, 341, 343, 378, 379 Extraneous load, 241 243, 245 Eye contact, 63, 64, 66, 70, 86, 207 F Facilitative feedback, 143, 144, 146 147 Faculty development, 110, 128 129, 132, 137, 326, 368, 370, 392 Feedback, 3, 8 10, 14 16, 19, 20, 27, 48, 49, 51, 52, 61, 65, 66, 81 85, 87, 90 93, 109, 111, 112, 127 129, 134 136, 139, 143 152, 160, 161, 166, 168 171, 199, 206 210, 217, 220, 249, 259, 263 265, 268, 272, 273, 280, 285 286, 301, 303, 306, 308, 320, 321, 324, 326, 327, 364, 367, 369, 376, 379 Flexner Report, 331 Flipped classroom, 19 Foils, 295
Formal curriculum, 185, 340, 342 348 Formative assessment, 280, 281, 285, 363, 366, 368 Formative feedback, 280, 281, 285, 363, 366, 368 Fresh cadaver, 223 225 Fresh tissue, 223, 224 Functional anatomy, 41, 373 G Good lecturing, 240 Graduate attributes, 219 220 Graduate nurses, 363 365, 367, 369 370 Grasha s learning styles, 111 112 Gross anatomy, 23, 28, 29, 40 43, 55, 56, 58, 99, 158, 159, 175, 185 193, 195, 198, 199, 203, 206 208, 210, 227 234, 247, 256, 269, 292, 294, 299 308, 324, 332, 334, 336, 353 360, 373, 376 379 Group dynamics, 24, 101 104 Group learning, 108, 130, 270, 271 H Hidden curriculum, 339 348 Histology, 40, 41, 79, 126, 188, 191, 247, 332 336, 353, 356, 359 Honey and Mumford s learning styles, 26 Horizontal integration, 116, 272, 335, 360 Humanism, 195, 340 Humanities, 198, 200 Human morphology, 332 335 I ILOs. See Intended learning outcomes (ILOs) Image processing, 250 251 Imaging, 18, 23, 26, 42, 43, 56, 99, 121, 122, 142, 158, 188, 190, 205, 218, 219, 224, 248, 253, 270, 273, 274, 294, 295, 315, 316, 355, 366, 368, 369 Imaging anatomy, 42, 43, 355 Immediacy, 264, 265, 269 271, 357 Implementation (of laboratory activities), 217 220 Implementing team-based learning (TBL), 133, 136, 139 Infectious disease, 224 Informal curriculum, 344 Information literacy, 19 Information technology, 267 271 Inquiry-guided learning, 129, 269 Instructional design, 107, 208, 249 250, 256 Integrated curriculum, 116, 133, 272, 291, 313, 316, 334, 335, 337, 388 Intended learning outcomes (ILOs), 5, 6, 31 37, 61 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 205, 264 Interactive, 5, 14 16, 19 20, 29, 39, 74, 77, 92, 127, 133, 137, 145, 187, 188, 190, 191, 199 Interactive learning, 74, 137, 224, 257, 314, 316 Internet, 44, 69, 74, 75, 91, 93, 160, 177, 186, 247, 252, 257, 269, 386 Interpersonal skills, 112, 301, 304, 320, 321, 327 Interprofessional education, 187, 353, 356, 378 379 Interprofessional learning, 325 Inter-relational learning, 12, 17, 20 K Knowles, M., 3 Kolb s learning cycle, 8, 203 Kolb s learning styles, 26, 110 401 L Large group, 74, 77, 125, 133, 162, 165, 374 Leadership, 46, 90, 91, 147, 148, 151, 299 301, 303, 304, 306, 308, 319 322, 327, 333, 334, 347, 348 Learning anatomy, 115 123, 130, 134, 162, 165, 213 215, 250, 265, 270, 300, 316, 326, 385, 386 assessment, 35, 259 260, 284, 342 in context, 315, 316 environment, 13, 15, 25 26, 30, 56, 82, 90, 94, 100, 101, 103, 107, 129, 143, 148, 158, 160, 186, 190, 191, 193, 203, 223, 244, 248, 255, 259, 270, 279, 303, 308, 339, 342, 343, 346, 348, 379 landmarks, 157 objectives, 17, 18, 56, 84, 99, 110, 111, 117 119, 122, 134, 135, 161, 167, 191 193, 199, 240, 249, 250, 291, 292, 316, 319, 323, 345, 347, 374, 379 outcome (s), 5 7, 10, 11, 14 20, 27, 29, 62, 65, 107, 126 131, 141, 159, 161, 166, 168, 170, 186, 191, 205, 214, 216 218, 238, 249, 263, 264, 279 283, 320, 321, 325, 326, 385 spaces, 186 188, 190 style, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 23 30, 74, 92, 100, 107 114, 162, 190, 217, 252, 256, 257, 301, 368 theories, 111, 249 250 Lecturalgia, 84, 85 Lecture, 5, 13, 25, 34, 43, 55, 61, 73, 81, 91, 99, 108, 116, 126, 133, 159, 186, 198, 224, 237, 248, 264, 268, 279, 303, 314, 323, 334, 347, 365, 373, 388 Lecture recording, 74 79, 110 Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accreditation standards, 55 Life-long learning, 8, 18, 19, 36, 55, 100, 139, 219 Living anatomy, 42, 43, 158, 159, 218 219, 321, 355 Long essays, 286 Longitudinal integration, 315 Long term memory, 240 244, 250 M Massive open online courses (MOOCs), 89, 257 Mayer s cognitive model, 241 MCQ. See Multiple choice questions (MCQ) Medical curriculum context, 267 Medical education, 8, 55, 89, 131, 133, 144, 155, 175, 179, 185, 187, 203, 213, 223, 250, 267 269, 273, 274, 280, 299, 304, 319, 331, 333, 339 341, 343, 347, 348, 376, 387, 388, 394 397 Medical school museums, 267 274, 388 Mental stress reduction, 200 Mental translation, 43 MEQ. See Modified essay questions (MEQ) Millennial, 12 14, 90 91, 94, 133, 147, 252, 253, 256, 257, 373
402 Miller s pyramid, 6, 286 M-learning, 247 257 Modeling, 49, 50, 108, 111, 162, 163, 324, 378 Models, 5, 6, 9, 18, 23, 25, 29, 34, 42, 44, 46, 49 51, 55, 74, 92, 99, 107, 108, 110 112, 119, 121, 127, 128, 130, 133, 135, 136, 145, 159, 161 163, 166, 167, 185, 187, 188, 191, 198, 200, 206, 207, 210, 214, 216, 217, 237 239, 241, 242, 248, 249, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259 265, 267, 269, 286, 320, 321, 324, 331, 332, 347, 366, 374, 378, 385, 391 Modified essay questions (MEQ), 282, 284, 285 MOOCs. See Massive open online courses (MOOCs) Motivation, 3 5, 14, 47 49, 107, 115, 118, 144 146, 208, 210, 237, 240, 257 Multimedia, 68 70, 108, 109, 185, 186, 188, 190, 237 245, 247, 248, 250 252, 254 256, 269, 271, 373 Multimedia principles, 68, 237, 242 Multiple choice question (MCQ), 86, 93, 134 136, 138, 140 141, 282, 284, 286, 291 297 Multiple intelligence theory, 107 108 N Narrative, 200, 384, 385 Near-peer teaching, 46, 49, 50, 103, 145, 324, 374 376 Need analysis, 364 Negotiation, 363 370 Neuroanatomy, 79, 247, 353, 354, 358 360 Non-technical skills, 299, 308, 320 Non-traditional discipline independent skills, 144, 146 148, 150, 299 308, 319 327 Null curriculum, 344 O Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), 127, 191, 268, 284, 287, 387 Objective structured practical examination (OSPE), 191, 192, 287 Observational skills, 270, 271, 273 One-minute paper, 66, 67 One-minute preceptor (OMP), 206 208, 210 Outcome-based approach, 6, 7, 31 37, 61, 70 Outcomes, 3 8, 11, 13 20, 23, 24, 27, 31 34, 37, 47, 50, 51, 61 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 79, 89, 91 92, 94, 101, 107, 126 131, 138, 143, 147, 148, 159, 161, 166 168, 170, 180, 182, 186, 191 193, 205. 214. 216 219, 238, 249, 263, 264, 270, 279 283, 286, 287, 303, 314, 319 321, 324 327, 336, 357, 363, 368, 370, 384 388 Outcomes-based teaching, 31 32, 35 P Painting/drawing, 377 378 Passive learning, 74, 111, 314 316 Peer evaluation, 91, 138 139, 148, 301 303, 306, 308, 323 Peer learning, 73, 378, 379 Peer review, 81 84, 92, 166, 376, 383, 391 Peer teaching, 45, 100, 135, 200, 322, 324, 358, 368, 373 377 Pendleton s rules, 9, 83 Personal learning network, 19, 20 Personal protective equipment, 233 234 Personal reflection, 83 85, 324 Phases of TBL, 135, 137 Physician assistants (PA), 225, 270, 325, 363, 365 367, 369 Plastination, 121, 179, 216 Portfolio, 31, 32, 48, 209, 287, 323 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 195 Presentation, 28, 32, 35, 41, 42, 47, 48, 56, 57, 62, 64, 65, 67 70, 74, 75, 77, 83, 85 87, 91 93, 101, 102, 110, 121, 122, 127, 128, 131, 144, 145, 151, 190, 198, 199, 237 241, 243 245, 248, 250 254, 256, 300, 303, 306, 316, 321, 322, 326, 332, 334, 340, 341, 358, 370, 373, 374, 376, 392, 396, 398 Presenter, 64, 244, 376, 396 Problem-based learning (PBL), 7, 19, 26, 27, 32, 35, 100, 101, 115 123, 126, 169, 185, 187, 206, 208, 248 250, 254, 314, 331, 356, 386 388 Problem behaviors, 107 114 Problem-oriented dissection (POD), 203 210 Problem solving, 3, 16, 25, 27, 148, 204, 208, 218, 219, 279, 303, 306, 322, 331, 334, 365 369 Professional development, 47, 84, 128, 143, 144, 147, 186, 190, 220, 303, 319, 323, 340 Professionalism, 25, 46, 49, 52, 90, 100, 111, 112, 147, 148, 163, 195, 198, 203, 208, 217, 280, 282, 283, 299 301, 303, 308, 319, 320, 322 325, 327, 340, 345 348, 357 Professional societies, 392 395, 397 Prosection, 23 25, 42, 43, 56, 99 100, 108, 110, 130, 155, 162, 169, 179, 188, 190, 198, 213 220, 224, 225, 248, 256, 270, 314, 336, 353, 360, 365 367, 386, 389 PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Publications, 47, 115, 180, 256, 279, 339, 342, 383, 387, 391, 392, 394, 396 398 Q Qualitative research, 384 386, 392 Quality assurance (QA), 7, 31, 33, 82, 176, 180, 384 Quality management system, 179 182 Quantitative research, 384 Index R Reciprocal peer teaching, 322, 324, 373 374 Reflection, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, 16, 47, 51, 83 85, 87, 90, 148, 150 152, 165 168, 203 210, 217, 324 Regional dissection, 332, 337 Relevance, 3, 45, 46, 49, 51, 101, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 131, 134, 156, 158, 161, 284, 291, 294, 323, 325 326, 343, 354 356, 358, 359, 374 Reliability, 50, 139, 283 287, 293 Resident teaching, 45, 46
Respect ceremonies/services of thanksgiving, 177, 323 Role models, 46, 50, 55, 198, 200, 320, 324 Room safety, 233, 234 S Scenario, 14, 15, 20, 56, 58, 94, 100, 101, 108, 109, 117, 128, 144, 145, 165, 167, 168, 170, 240, 242, 272, 285, 291, 293 295, 356, 358, 359, 386 Scholarship in education, 383, 394 Scholarship of teaching and learning, 391 398 Self-directed learning, 5, 66, 115, 119 122, 155, 185, 204, 205, 269 271, 273, 314, 334 Self evaluation, 147, 148, 165 166, 171, 254, 305, 306 Sensitivity, 29, 63, 149, 161, 265, 320, 323 Simulation, 18, 109, 127, 187, 188, 190, 248, 253 256, 269, 273, 314, 357 Situated learning, 187, 250 Slides, 57, 62, 64, 67 71, 73, 93 95, 108, 186, 191, 242, 243, 250 255, 300, 342 Small group, 7, 24, 49, 51, 90, 99, 100, 103, 104, 111, 112, 128 130, 137, 160, 165, 166, 170, 197, 199, 203, 204, 208, 210, 216, 224 249, 255, 264, 265, 269 271, 273, 313, 314, 365, 367, 369, 377, 386 Small group discussion, 5, 18, 20, 85, 99 104, 110, 111, 165 171, 366 Smartphones, 238, 247, 250, 252, 386 Socialization, 319, 339, 343, 347 Social skills, 108, 306, 320 Software, 73 75, 78, 190, 237, 238, 242, 244, 248, 250, 251, 253 256, 292, 336, 357, 358, 376 Spatial ability, 238, 239 Spiral curriculum, 116, 130 Standard setting, 287 288, 359 Stem, 155, 293, 295, 297 Structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO), 5, 15, 385 Student feedback, 81 82, 87, 93, 145, 148, 220, 273, 379 learning, 26, 30, 31, 45, 47, 48, 50 52, 58, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 85 87, 107, 108, 111, 117, 122, 130, 143 145, 149, 150, 165, 168, 213, 216, 257, 279 281, 283 285, 287, 301, 308, 314, 315, 324, 359 360, 384, 391, 392, 398 Student-centered learning, 102, 213, 313 Summative assessment, 78, 285 287, 363, 368, 369 Summative feedback, 143 Surface anatomy, 15, 25, 42, 67, 99, 108, 121, 129, 130, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161 163, 216, 218, 219, 321, 345, 346, 355, 366 Surgical education/surgical training, 268, 366 Systems-based curriculum, 116, 122, 190 T Tablet, 187, 229, 238, 247, 250 252, 254, 255, 293 TBL. See Team based learning (TBL) 403 Teacher-centered learning, 313 Teacher immediacy, 66, 207, 208 Teaching anatomy, 31 37, 39 52, 213 220, 247 257, 267, 268, 270, 271, 274, 347, 353 360, 373 379, 391 398 as performance, 44 assistant, 45 52, 90, 145, 151, 321, 324 normal anatomy and abnormal anatomy, 269, 274, 321 skills, 46 50, 56, 320, 324, 376, 377 tools, 120, 155, 268 271, 339, 342, 356, 357 Teaching/learning activities (TLA), 6, 7, 32 36, 320 Team based learning (TBL), 19, 92, 94, 100, 133 141, 144, 185, 215, 219, 249, 299, 303. 308. 314, 322, 324 Team interaction, 90, 92, 299 Team skills, 219 Teamwork, 25, 27, 100, 133, 165, 186, 215, 216, 220, 280, 282, 283, 288, 299, 300, 306, 319 322, 324, 325, 327, 347, 348, 378 Technology, 5, 12 14, 20, 74, 76, 90, 113, 145, 185, 186, 190, 192, 237, 239, 245, 247, 248, 251, 253 256, 259, 267 271, 273, 274, 286, 376, 393, 394 Think pair share, 7, 66, 67, 108, 110 Today s learner, 185 193 Training program, 7, 47, 48, 51, 272, 280, 287, 327 Tutor, 100 104, 117, 118, 122, 375, 376 Tutorials, 29, 99, 101 103, 117 122, 127, 169, 216, 268, 379 U U-learning, 247, 250, 254 Undergraduate medical education, 339 Unembalmed cadavers, 223 226 Universal precautions, 225 V Validity, 239, 283 284, 286, 287, 384 VARK, 28, 110, 257 Vertical integration, 116, 272, 335, 353, 358 Video, 64, 69, 70, 74, 75, 84, 93, 131, 179 181, 198, 201, 217, 237, 244, 248 253, 272 Virtual anatomy, 13, 253 255 Virtual patients, 127, 131 Visualizations, 16, 218, 237 244, 255, 257, 269, 271, 385 Visual-spatial intelligence, 108 W Web design, 253, 255 Weeding, 244 White coat ceremony, 340 341 Word processing, 250 251 World Wide Web, 89, 90, 247 Writing cases, 127 129, 131