Chapter 22
What is an object? nouns or pronouns that receive the action of verbs
What is a direct object? a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb directly, without a preposition it answers the one-word question what? or whom?
The god loves the nymph. The god loves whom? answer: the nymph The nymph is the direct object The girl sees the bull. The girl sees what? answer: the bull The bull is the direct object
Never assume that a word is the direct object. Always ask the oneword question. The girls work well. The girls work whom? The girls work what?
What is an indirect object? a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb indirectly, through the preposition to or for it answers the two-word questions to whom? or for whom? to what? or for what?
The boy gives a present to his mother. They boy gives his mother a present. The boy gives a present to whom? answer: to this mother his mother is the indirect object The farmer did a favor for me. The farmer did me a favor. The farmer did a favor for whom? answer: for me me is the indirect object
Indirect objects are used with verbs of, giving showing and. telling
Activity 1: Underline all indirect objects and circle direct objects 1. I sent Mark and Rachel a card for their anniversary. I sent a card to Mark and Rachel for their anniversary. 2. At Thanksgiving, I gave a basket of fruit and some flowers to my aunt.
3. Please lend Allison your sheet music for that chorus. Please lend your sheet music to Allison for that chorus. 4. Peter assigned me the role of secretary. Peter assigned the role of secretary to me. 5. My veterinarian gave a fuzzy new toy to my cat.
6. Clarence built a tree house for his older sister s children in the backyard. 7. Worrying about his college entrance exam gave Alex headaches. Worrying about his college entrance exam gave headaches to Alex. 8. The chef ordered everyone bread, cheese and fruit after dinner. The chef ordered bread, cheese and fruit for everyone after dinner.
9. I picked my mom a bouquet of flowers for her birthday. 10. Derrick offered tickets to three of us for the school play.
Dative Case Look at the following sentences: Mandata servis dabat. He was giving orders to the slaves. Omnia Marco explicavit. He explained everything to Marcus. Cornelius fabulam uxori narravit. Cornelius told the story to his wife.
There are some verbs in Latin that will take its object in the dative case rather than the accusative case. appropinquo, appropinquāre, appropinquavi, appropinquatus + dat. Cornelii urbi appropinquabant. The Cornelii were approaching the city.
Pronouns singular plural nominative dative nominative dative ego mihi nos nobis tu tibi vos vobis is ei ei eis ea ei eae eis id ei ea eis Quis? Cui? Qui? Quibus?
Activity 2: Write the dative singular and plural for each word dative singular dative plural 1. viator, viatoris 2. fabula, fabulae 3. ager, agri 4. auxilium, auxilii 5. lectus, lecti 6. homo, hominis 7. hospes, hospitis 8. iter, itineris 9. cena, cenae
Activity 3: Underline the word or words in the dative case and translate the sentence. 1. Patruus pecuniam pueris dat. 2. Ancilla invita cauponi scelesto cibum tradit. 3. Omnia patri meo semper dico. 4. Nihil legato principis dixit.
5. Cornelius epistulam Tito misit et omnia ei explicavit. 6. Marcus, Tace, Sexte! inquit. Nobis non licet hic clamāre. 7. In somnis Aulus amico Septimo apparuit.
8. Dum Cornelii urbi appropinquabant, Titus omnia eis parabat. 9. Apollodorus Corneliis cubicula monstrat. 10. Servi alium lectum Aureliae paraverunt.
Nouns: Dative or Ablative: You will have noticed that the dative and ablative cases often have identical endings, e.g. servo, puellis, militibus. How are you to tell which case is used in a particular sentence? The Latin will usually provide clues to help you decide correctly. 1. Is the noun preceded by a preposition? If it is, the noun will be in the ablative case because no preposition governs the dative case. 2. If there is no preposition, does the noun refer to a person? If it does, it will normally be in the dative because nouns referring to persons are usually governed by prepositions if they are in the ablative. If the noun refers to a thing, it is more likely to be ablative rather than dative.
Activity 4: Identify each as dative or ablative and then translate the entire sentence: 1. Septimus omnia de Aulo mortuo civibus explicavit. 2. Mihi necesse est equis meis cibum dāre. 3. Marcus ramo lupum repellit.
4. Raedarius habenis equos devertebat. 5. Nos bonam cenam hospitibus paravimus, domine. 6. Media nocte Aulus somno amico suo apparuit.