BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS & TURKS INTERACT, 500-1500 Chapter 11, Honors World Civilizations
WHAT THEMES TO LOOK FOR (ESSAY QUESTIONS ON TESTS) RELIGIOUS & ETHICAL SYSTEMS: In this chapter, they are most definitely a source of conflict CULTURAL INTERACTION: Focus on how Byzantines affected the Russians, and what cultural practices influences the Turks EMPIRE BUILDING: Violence & assimilation. A familiar story GEOGRAPHY: As usual
SECTION 1: BYZANTINE EMPIRE A New Rome established in 330-395 Constantinople was the capital Carried on traditions of Western Empire Mare Nostrum no more But Wait. Mr. Sitzmann, please tell me more about the Roman Empire.
IF YOU INSIST From Julius Caesar to Constantine (we ve already gone over this). Terms and Things to know: Roman Empire: 0-350, became very large, almost too large Where was it? Mare Nostrum Why did it get so big? Romanization What problems led to Diocletian s Tetrarchy in 293? Constantine, an ambitious Roman General.. In 310 does what? Milvian Bridge vision. Wow. How does this ultimately create a great turning point in history? In Constantines Sword, what are James Carrroll s insights about Christianity and Constantine? -violence -Explosive growth -political
OVERVIEW OF ROMAN EMPIRE -> BYZANTINE EMPIRE GEOGRAPHY. ENJOY
NEW ROME, NEW SETTING Justinian, beginning in 527, regained much of the lost Roman Empire, but from the new capital, Constantinople. (Belisarius helped him a lot) To put in in perspective, imagine if we lost New England to Canadian hordes, moved the capital from Washington DC to, say, New Orleans, and then took back New England with our President in a New capital. It was sort of like that. One major change that had happened (driven by Constantine), was that the Roman Empire was now a CHRISTIAN empire. Very important. Emperors ruled with absolute power.
LIFE IN NEW ROME Latin language dying.in favor of. The Eastern Empire was similar, but in many ways different than the old Roman Empire. Justinian realized this, and decided to.. Come on now. JUSTINIAN CODE! Consisted of 4 Works: CODE DIGEST INSTITUTES NOVELLAE Byzantines also preserved knowledge, and promoted education Public Building Program was HUGE, rebuilt Constantinople. Fortifications, buildings, churches, you name it. The Crowning Glory was the..???
HOLY WISDOM!
LIFE IN NEW ROME, CONTINUED Pace of life was hectic. They can t mean compared to now, but for their time, it was. How so? List a few things that made their life hectic. What makes your life hectic? Hippodrome! Fun, but maybe too much fun? Are there modern parallels? Watch a chariot race Nika Riots. Uh oh. Wife Theodora saved him, maybe empire?
HERE S ANOTHER THE EMPIRE FALLS SLIDE Sounding very familiar: Religious quarrels Lack of leadership Riots Foreign threats BUT, there was a new cause PLAGUE of Justinian. What were the statistics?? The usual attacks from outside peoples also hurt. Who were they?
CHURCH DIVIDES We are talking about the Christian Church now. Begins in about 357, when St. Basil (wo lived in the Eastern empire) wrote rules for monks. Remember now that the Bishop of Rome at the time was the leader of the Christian church. And St. John Chrysostom became a leader (Patriarch) of the eastern church. They just started developing their own habits.. Icon Controversy. 730, Emperor Leo bans icons. Why??? This is really a test of Emperor authority over church (we will pick this up much later in European history. Don t get me started about the Investiture Controversy of 1122) Let s summarize. This all ends in 1054 with the East-West Schism. The church breaks into 2 over religious doctrinal matters (and really authority). Book does not explain this at all. Weird. Transubstantiation Nature of the Holy Spirit / Trinity More Of course they then competed with each other for converts. Lets LOOK Divides into Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic
SECTION 2: RUSSIAN EMPIRE Russians (Slavs) essentially born from Byzantine and Greek cultural influence Know general region where this culture was born (on next slide) Russia really began around 800 when Nordic travelers came down from Scandinavia, known as Rus Novgorod founded in 862 by Rurik, then Kiev, by Ruriks son Oleg, around 880. (But are they Russian now?) Kiev becomes Orthodox in 989 (so, Christian) with the help of Vladimir I. This is important. What does The Primary Chronicle say Vladimir did in his search?
Know Rivers (3) Know Black Sea Know Baltic Sea
THE RISE & FALL OF KIEV RISE: Credit Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) What did he do? Married off sisters and daughters to European powers for trading alliances Created a legal code (sensing a theme here?) Built a library! Religious life prospered. FALL: Blame his death He divided his realm (should ve asked Charlemange about this) Crusades disrupted trade Then, the biggie. The..????
MONGOL INVASIONS! 1237 it all began. We ll learn more about them in chapter 12, I promise. Horse-riding, ferocious warriors Their empire at it s greatest was HUGE Batu Khan was their leader, and he destroyed Kiev They then ruled the area for 200 years, and it was known as the Khanate of the Golden Horde Allowed Russians to follow Their customs Tolerated religions Demanded absolute Obedience and $$ Russian nobility went along with the Mongols
BACK
RUSSIA BREAKS FREE! How did this happen? What role did Grand Prince Ivan Moneybag play (Ivan I)? What city emerged as the dominant city? Who did Ivan strategically invite to move to his city? Ivan III then openly challenged Mongol rule. He took the name Czar, and wanted to make a 3 rd Rome. Wow! 1480, at the Ugra River it was over Let s REVIEW Ivan III tearing the khan's letter to pieces, an apocryphal 19thcentury painting byaleksey Kivshenko.
SECTION 3: TURKISH EMPIRES RISE IN ANATOLIA Know the geographical term Anatolia Remember the Abbasid Empire. Their grip on political power ends around 945
This is also a story of Abbasid decline RISE OF THE TURKS Know brief history of the Seljuk people Chinese recorded information (1300 BC) about the Tu-Kiu nomads Abbasids noticed military skills of the Turks One obedient slave is better than 300 sons (mamelukes) [They later would fight Napoleon!] Converted to Islam In 1055, conquered Baghdad! 1077-1308 Sultanate of Rum
What was it?? TURKS DO SOMETHING SMART Yes! They integrated Persian people (vizier) into their kingdom They also adopted Persian learning/culture, including Islam! Names and things to know Malik Shah (1055-1092) Vizier Rubaiyat Masjid-i-Jame (Great Mosque of Isfahan)
SELJUKS CONFRONT CRUSADERS & MONGOLS Know the basics of the Crusade, from the European point of view: Urban II, 1095 calls for a Holy War to take back the Holy Land, and help the Eastern Christians (Alexius). They take back Jerusalem, lasted about 100 years 1187, Saladin (vs. King Richard I) won back the city, but agreed to visitation rights After more crusades from the west, Turks eventually consolidated their hold, but then, ni 1258.
MONGOL INVASIONS! 1258 it all began (again) with Hulagu. We ll learn more about them in chapter 12, I promise. Horse-riding, ferocious warriors; took Baghdad, burned down the palace, had 10 s of thousands executed. Their empire at it s greatest was HUGE And yet, as big as they got, they seemed just as quickly to disappear into history. Out of the rubble of the Mongol invasions rose the Ottoman (Turks) we know that!