Razumijevanje uloge zakonâ u Platonovu Državniku SANDRINE BERGES. Understanding the Role of the Laws in Plato s Statesman SANDRINE BERGES

Similar documents
English Language III. Unit 18

Fritz Jahr s Bioethical Imperative: Its Origin, Point, and Influence

THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY 1

Williamson on Wittgenstein s Family Resemblances and the Sorites Paradox

UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

COMPLEX FREEDOM * Regular paper Received: 3. November Accepted: 2. July 2009.

ON THE ROOTS OF PROFESSION AND COMMUNICATION UDC: Nenad Živanović

Harry G. Frankfurt, On Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 102 pp.

Boran Berčić, Filozofija. Svezak prvi, Zagreb: Ibis grafika, 2012, XVII str.

Symbols of Conflict and Hope: An Introductory Analysis of the Symbolism of Daniel and Revelation

Varieties of Apriority

Testimony and Moral Understanding Anthony T. Flood, Ph.D. Introduction

WHAT DOES KRIPKE MEAN BY A PRIORI?

UNITY OF KNOWLEDGE (IN TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABILITY) Vol. I - Philosophical Holism M.Esfeld

Croatian Franciscan Friars S. Princeton Ave. Cardinal Stepinac Way Chicago, IL Fr. Ivica Majstorovi, OFM - Fr.

PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY

Croatian Franciscan Friars S. Princeton Ave. Cardinal Stepinac Way Chicago, IL Fr. Ivica Majstorovi, OFM - Fr.

Intro to Ground. 1. The idea of ground. 2. Relata. are facts): F 1. More-or-less equivalent phrases (where F 1. and F 2. depends upon F 2 F 2

Important dates. PSY 3360 / CGS 3325 Historical Perspectives on Psychology Minds and Machines since David Hume ( )

Naturalized Epistemology. 1. What is naturalized Epistemology? Quine PY4613

Is there a good epistemological argument against platonism? DAVID LIGGINS

Issue 4, Special Conference Proceedings Published by the Durham University Undergraduate Philosophy Society

Hoong Juan Ru. St Joseph s Institution International. Candidate Number Date: April 25, Theory of Knowledge Essay

Falsification or Confirmation: From Logic to Psychology

Lecture 18: Rationalism

1/7. The Postulates of Empirical Thought

The Poverty of the Stimulus: Quine and Wittgenstein

KANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON. The law is reason unaffected by desire.

The British Empiricism

In Defense of Pure Reason: A Rationalist Account of A Priori Justification, by Laurence BonJour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

A Brief History of Thinking about Thinking Thomas Lombardo

Class 4 - The Myth of the Given

AN EPISTEMIC STRUCTURALIST ACCOUNT

REFLECTIONS ON VALUES IN LAW UDC Suzana Medar

What is knowledge? How do good beliefs get made?

Right-Making, Reference, and Reduction

Rationalism. A. He, like others at the time, was obsessed with questions of truth and doubt

Croatian Franciscan Friars S. Princeton Ave. Cardinal Stepinac Way Chicago, IL 60616

Please remember to sign-in by scanning your badge Department of Psychiatry Grand Rounds

Virtual Mentor American Medical Association Journal of Ethics May 2007, Volume 9, Number 5:

Courses providing assessment data PHL 202. Semester/Year

Philosophy 427 Intuitions and Philosophy. Russell Marcus Hamilton College Fall 2011

UTILITARIANISM AND THE IDEA OF UNIVERSITY A Short Ethical Analysis 1

Now and at the Hour of Our Death. A Pastoral Letter from the Roman Catholic Bishops of Wisconsin on End of Life Decisions

Direct Realism and the Brain-in-a-Vat Argument by Michael Huemer (2000)

How Do We Know Anything about Mathematics? - A Defence of Platonism

What is the Nature of Logic? Judy Pelham Philosophy, York University, Canada July 16, 2013 Pan-Hellenic Logic Symposium Athens, Greece

Development of Thought. The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek philosophia, which

AUGUSTINE et inquietum est cor nostrum donec requiescat in te. Monday, February 9, 2015

Moral Objectivism. RUSSELL CORNETT University of Calgary

Kant s Copernican Revolution

Sličnosti i razlike u Wittgensteinovom i Derridaovom shvaćanju jezika kao djelovanja

Philosophy 12 Study Guide #4 Ch. 2, Sections IV.iii VI

At the Frontiers of Reality

Is there a distinction between a priori and a posteriori

Rethinking Knowledge: The Heuristic View

Ayer on the argument from illusion

1 The Philosophic Principles of Rational Being

Philosophy Courses-1

The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology

PHILOSOPHY (413) Chairperson: David Braden-Johnson, Ph.D.

III Knowledge is true belief based on argument. Plato, Theaetetus, 201 c-d Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Edmund Gettier

THE SEMANTIC REALISM OF STROUD S RESPONSE TO AUSTIN S ARGUMENT AGAINST SCEPTICISM

PHILOSOPHY IM 25 SYLLABUS IM SYLLABUS (2019)

Philosophy Courses-1

THESES SIS/LIBRARY TELEPHONE:

Kant s Transcendental Idealism

Philosophy of Science. Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology

Introduction to Ethics

1/8. Introduction to Kant: The Project of Critique

Phenomenology, Empiricism, and Science

Ayer and Quine on the a priori

Areas of Specialization and Competence Philosophy of Language, History of Analytic Philosophy

On the epistemological status of mathematical objects in Plato s philosophical system

DUALISM VS. MATERIALISM I

Edinburgh Research Explorer

The Many Problems of Memory Knowledge (Short Version)

Philosophy 5340 Epistemology. Topic 6: Theories of Justification: Foundationalism versus Coherentism. Part 2: Susan Haack s Foundherentist Approach

Primitive Concepts. David J. Chalmers

From the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Adam Smith and the Limits of Empiricism

CONSCIOUSNESS, INTENTIONALITY AND CONCEPTS: REPLY TO NELKIN

Department of Philosophy. Module descriptions 2017/18. Level C (i.e. normally 1 st Yr.) Modules

PHIL 480: Seminar in the History of Philosophy Building Moral Character: Neo-Confucianism and Moral Psychology

Honors Ethics Oral Presentations: Instructions

Honours Programme in Philosophy

Law as a Social Fact: A Reply to Professor Martinez

CLASS #17: CHALLENGES TO POSITIVISM/BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

World without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Natural- ism , by Michael C. Rea.

Aspects of Western Philosophy Dr. Sreekumar Nellickappilly Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

From the Categorical Imperative to the Moral Law

Moral Argumentation from a Rhetorical Point of View

Has Logical Positivism Eliminated Metaphysics?

PHI 1700: Global Ethics

Reasoning, Part I. Lecture 0, MATH 210G.02, Fall 2016

NATURALISED JURISPRUDENCE

! Jumping ahead 2000 years:! Consider the theory of the self.! What am I? What certain knowledge do I have?! Key figure: René Descartes.

Department of Philosophy

Constructive Logic, Truth and Warranted Assertibility

Seeing Through The Veil of Perception *

Transcription:

SAŽECI ABSTRACTS

Razumijevanje uloge zakonâ u Platonovu Državniku SANDRINE BERGES SAŽETAK: Čini se da Platon u Državniku zagovara shvaćanje prema kojemu u odsutnosti istinskog kralja koji će vladati neovisno o zakonima druga najbolja stvar, što se tiče pravedne vladavine, jest strogo pridržavanje postojećih zakona, što god oni bili. Uloga istinskog kralja navodi se kao primjer vrle vladavine u tom smislu što politika ili jurisprudencija koje se zasnivaju na vrlini drže da zakoni ne mogu uvijek pravedno izlaziti na kraj s pojedinačnim slučajevima. No čini se da Platonovo shvaćanje toga što moramo činiti kada ne postoje istinski kraljevi sprječava razumijevanje politike i zakonâ koje se zasniva na teoriji vrline. U ovom članku ispitujem shvaćanje prema kojemu slika istinskog kralja, koji se na pisane zakone oslanja samo iz praktičnih razloga, pruža model za realističnije pozivanje na vrlinu u jurisprudenciji, to jest poštivanje zakonâ koje je spojivo s nepristranošću u onom smislu u kojem to razumije Aristotel. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Aristotel, etika vrlina, jurisprudencija, nepristranost, Platonov Državnik. Understanding the Role of the Laws in Plato s Statesman SANDRINE BERGES ABSTRACT: In the Statesman, Plato seems to be advocating that in the absence of a true king who will rule independently of laws, the next best thing as far as just rule is concerned is to adhere rigidly to existing laws, whatever they are. The rule of the true king is given as an example of virtuous rule in the sense that virtue politics or jurisprudence holds that laws cannot always deal justly with particular cases. But Plato s view of what we must do when there are no true kings forthcoming seems to preclude a virtue theoretical understanding of politics and laws. In this paper I will investigate the view that the image of the true king, who relies on written laws for convenience only, provides a model for a more realistic appeal to virtue in jurisprudence, that is, a respect of laws that is compatible with equity, in the sense understood by Aristotle. KEY WORDS: Aristotle, equity, jurisprudence, Plato s Statesman, virtue ethics.

190 Prolegomena 9 (1) 2010 Značenje, klasična logika i semantički realizam MASSIMILIANO VIGNOLO SAŽETAK: Tvrdim da postoje dva načina shvaćanja Wittgensteinova slogana da je značenje upotreba. Jedno prihvaća gledište da se pojam značenja mora objasniti na osnovi istinitosnoteoretskih pojmova te je obvezano na epistemičku koncepciju istine. Drugo pojam značenja i istinitosnoteoretske pojmove drži odvojenima te nije obvezano na epistemičku koncepciju istine. Tvrdim da Dummett prihvaća prvo shvaćanje Wittgensteinova slogana. Problemu pristupam tako što raspravljam o dvama Dummettovim argumentima protiv realističke istinitosnoteoretske koncepcije značenja: o argumentu iz manifestacije i argumentu za neshvatljivost klasične logike. Ispitujem dijalektiku tih argumenata i pokazujem da počivaju na pretpostavci da se značenje mora objasniti na osnovi istinitosnoteoretskih pojmova. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Dummett, istina, upotreba, Wittgenstein, značenje. Meaning, Classical Logic and Semantic Realism MASSIMILIANO VIGNOLO ABSTRACT: I argue that there are two ways of construing Wittgenstein s slogan that meaning is use. One accepts the view that the notion of meaning must be explained in terms of truth-theoretic notions and is committed to the epistemic conception of truth. The other keeps the notion of meaning and the truth-theoretic notions apart and is not committed to the epistemic conception of truth. I argue that Dummett endorses the first way of construing Wittgenstein s slogan. I address the issue by discussing two of Dummett s arguments against the realist truth-theoretic conception of meaning: the manifestation argument and the argument for the unintelligibility of classical logic. I examine the dialectic of those arguments and show that they rest on the assumption that meaning needs to be explained in terms of truth-theoretic notions. KEY WORDS: Dummett, meaning, truth, use, Wittgenstein.

Sažeci Abstracts 191 Dužnost umiranja ELVIO BACCARINI MILICA CZERNY URBAN SAŽETAK: U suvremenim raspravama o eutanaziji i liječnički potpomognutom samoubojstvu, te odustajanju od tretmana, osim uobičajenih razloga koji se temelje na slobodi i izbjegavanju patnje osobe koja traži ubrzavanje smrti, postoji i teza o dužnosti umiranja. S obzirom na to da je pojedinac ujedno i član zajednice, odnosno da ima obitelj i voljene, nužno je raspraviti o slučajevima kada bolest izaziva značajne teškoće za život njegovih bližnjih. Smatramo kako i pacijentova pravedna prosudba o dužnosti umiranja može biti legitiman kandidat za opravdanje postupaka ubrzavanja smrti, uz nužne preduvjete pravedne društvene podrške pacijentu i dužne skrbi od strane obitelji i društva. U ovom tekstu razlažemo osnovne značajke teze o dužnosti umiranja, izdvajamo prigovore i dajemo smjernice za nastavak rasprave te izražavamo važnost ustanovljavanja društvenih okolnosti i preduvjete za zaštitu pojedinaca. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Autonomija, dužnost umiranja, eutanazija, kategorički imperativ, klizeći klin, liječnički potpomognuto samoubojstvo, pravičnost, primarna dobra, recipročnost. Duty to Die ELVIO BACCARINI MILICA CZERNY URBAN ABSTRACT: In contemporary debates on euthanasia, physician assisted suicide and withholding and withdrawing life prolonging treatments, besides commonly used reasons, which are based on presumption of freedom and avoidance of pain, there is also an idea of a duty to die. Given that individuals are also members of society, and that they have families and loved ones, it is necessary to discuss cases when illness causes severe burdens for lives of loved ones. We consider that patient s just assessment of duty to die can be legitimate candidate for justification of procedure of acceleration of death, taken care of necessary conditions of justified social support for patients and necessary aliment from family and society. In this paper we examine main features of duty to die thesis, extract objections, and offer guidelines for continued discussion. We also want to express the importance of establishing social circumstances and preconditions for protecting the individuals. KEY WORDS: Autonomy, categorical imperative, duty to die, euthanasia, justice, physician assisted suicide, primary goods, reciprocity, slippery slope.

192 Prolegomena 9 (1) 2010 Heuristika sidrenja MARKO BOKULIĆ DARKO POLŠEK SAŽETAK: U članku se opisuju noviji eksperimentalni nalazi vezani uz heuristiku sidrenja kao i modeli koji ih objašnjavaju. Heuristika sidrenja označava jedan od načina na koji ljudi donose odluke u nedostatku informacija i/ili vremena, a podrazumijeva korištenje standarda usporedbe kako bi se došlo do željene procjene. S obzirom na pretpostavljenu široku upotrebu ove heuristike, u članku se istražuju teoretska objašnjenja, razjašnjavaju razlozi zbog kojih je utjecaj te heuristike nedostupan svijesti te kako umanjiti njome izazvanu pristranost u razmišljanju. Osim standardnog nacrta kojim se ispituje ovaj fenomen opisani su i dokazi prema kojima sidro može vršiti svoj utjecaj i kad se ne dovodi u direktnu vezu s procjenom, čak i kada je percipirano nesvjesnim putem. Najnoviji skup istraživanja pak pokazuje da se heuristika sidrenja, prvotno zamišljena kao jedinstveni mehanizam, zapravo može podijeliti na dva bitno različita procesa. Zaključno se razmatraju kakve bi implikacije ovaj razvoj u istraživanjima mogao imati za područje socijalne kognicije općenito. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Heuristika sidrenja, donošenje odluka i procjena, nedovoljna prilagodba, nesvjesno procesiranje, pristranosti, selektivna dostupnost, socijalna kognicija, udešavanje. Anchoring Heuristic MARKO BOKULIĆ DARKO POLŠEK ABSTRACT: The article is a summary of recent experimental data on anchoring heuristic and models that seek to explain it. Anchoring heuristic represents one of the mechanisms of decision making in situations of limited information or time, by using a comparison standard called an anchor. Given the supposed wide usage of this heuristic, authors explore the unconscious character of the heuristic and ways of making its biasing effects less prominent. Apart from the standard experimental design in which anchor is directly connected to the judgment in question, evidence shows that people can be anchored indirectly, even when the anchor is perceived unconsciously. Newest data show that anchoring effect should be explained by two distinct processes. In the concluding remarks, authors consider broader implications of anchoring for the field of social cognition. KEY WORDS: Anchoring heuristic, biases, insufficient adjustment, judgment and decision making, priming, selective accessibility, social cognition, unconscious processing.

Sažeci Abstracts 193 Benacerraf o matematičkom znanju VLADIMIR DREKALOVIĆ SAŽETAK: Uzročna teorija znanja iskorištena je od strane nekih teoretičara koji su se, baveći se filozofijom matematike, dotakli teme matematičkog znanja. Neki od njih govore o nužnosti uzročnog uvjeta za opravdanje, čime se stvaraju uvjeti za obnavljanje starog sukoba empirista i racionalista. Uzročna teorija je, isticanjem uvjeta uzročnosti kao nužnog za opravdanost, dala poticaj suvremenim empiristima da krenu čak i na do tada nedodirljive spoznajne temelje matematike. Međutim, u kom smislu možemo govoriti o opravdanosti kao uzročnosti kad je riječ o matematičkom znanju? Da li uzročnošću-čulnošću možemo opravdati matematički iskaz 2+2=4? Je li nam za znanje tog iskaza neophodna čulnost, vizualna predodžba jabuka ili klikera koje zbrajamo na našim prvim satovima matematike u školi? Stoje li stvari isto i s iskazom da se kroz bilo koje dvije točke može povući točno jedan pravac, ili da je zbroj kutova bilo kojeg trokuta kut čija je mjera jednaka zbroju mjera dvaju pravih kutova? Iako je u ovom radu, uglavnom, dan pregled stavova autora koji pokušavaju govoriti o primjeni uzročne teorije u shvaćanju matematičkog znanja, ideja koja se podržava u njemu jest da je znanje, iskazano matematičkim tvrđenjem, dobiveno i preneseno dokazom. Dokaz, sam po sebi, jamac je istine. On nas uvjerava u točnost matematičkih tvrdnji. Dokazujući spoznajemo. Najveći dio onoga što znamo (tvrdimo) zasnovano je dokazom na prethodnim znanjima (tvrđenjima). Zbog prethodnog možemo reći da je znanje u matematici po svojoj prirodi drugačije od znanja u empirijskim znanostima, to jest da ne iziskuje uzročnu vezu koja se smatra nužnim uvjetom za znanje u tim znanostima. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: Benacerraf, dokaz, matematika, uzročnost, znanje. Benacerraf on Mathematical Knowledge VLADIMIR DREKALOVIĆ ABSTRACT: Causal theory of knowledge has been used by some theoreticians who, dealing with the philosophy of mathematics, touched the subject of mathematical knowledge. Some of them discuss the necessity of the causal condition for justification, which creates the grounds for renewing the old conflict between empiricists and rationalists. Emphasizing the condition of causality as necessary for justifiability, causal theory has provided stimulus for the contemporary empiricists to venture on the so far unquestioned cognitive foundations of mathematics. However, in what sense can we speak about the justifiability as causality when it comes to mathematical knowledge? Can we justify the mathematical statement 2+2=4 by means of causality-perceptibility? Do we need perceptibility, a visual image of apples and marbles we add up in our first mathematics lesson, in order to know that statement? Does the same go with the statement that any two points

194 Prolegomena 9 (1) 2010 can be joined by a straight line, and that the sum of angles in any triangle is the angle the measure of which equals the sum of the measures of the two right angles? Even though the major part of this article offers a review of the attitudes of various authors who endeavor to discuss the application of the causal theory to the problem of understanding of mathematical knowledge, it advocates the idea that knowledge expressed in a mathematical statement is acquired and transmitted by evidence. Evidence is by itself a guarantee of truth. It convinces us of the accuracy of mathematical truths. Proving, we find out. The greatest part of what we know (claim to know) is based on evidence of the previous knowledge (claims). Due to the previous knowledge, we can say that knowledge in mathematics is in itself different from the knowledge in empirical sciences, i.e. it does not require causal relation that is considered necessary condition of knowing in those sciences. KEY WORDS: Benacerraf, causality, evidence, knowledge, mathematics.