The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

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The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648) Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Civil War In France (1562-1598)

The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End v Henri II was the last powerful Valois v Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III v Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

The French Civil War v There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance v Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. v St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre

The French Civil War v Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. Catholic League CIVIL WAR Protestant Union v Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. v Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris Peter Paul Reubens

Henry IV of France v Ended Spanish interference in France v Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] Fighting for the royal inheritance v Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom for all

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

1618-1648

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War v The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. v At the beginning à it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. v At the end à it was Habsburg power that was threatened. v Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 v Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. Defenestration of Prague à May, 1618 Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 v Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria. Frederick lost his lands in the fighting. v The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

Bohemian Phase

v German princes feared Ferdinand à he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 v Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north. v Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.

Danish Phase

Albrecht von Wallenstein

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 v France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support. v Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire. Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped. v German princes still feared Ferdinand II. v Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

Swedish Phase

Gustavus Adolphus

The French Phase: 1635-1648 v France & Sweden switched roles. v All countries in Europe now participated. v This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed à famine resulted. 8 million dead à 1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648] Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years War

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) v Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent à so. part remained a Sp. possession. Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace. Sweden à got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor à Swiss Confederation. Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp. Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) v Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Nobody Was Happy! v Many Protestants felt betrayed. v The pope denounced it. v Only merit à it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! v For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years War?

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