CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. General Concept of Moral The word moral derives from Latin word, mores, the plural of mos. It means that are manners, custom, conduct, and the way of life. According to Runes (1977:202) moral is sometimes used as equivalent to ethics more frequently it is used to designate the codes, conduct, and custom of individuals, or of groups, as when one speaks of the morals, of a person or of a people. Here it is equivalent to the Greek word ethos and the Latin mores. Ethics (also referred to as moral philosophy) is that study or discipline which concerns itself with judgments as to the rightness, or wrongness, goodness, or badness, virtue or vice desirability or wisdom of actions, dispositions, end, objects or states of affairs. Angeles (1981:179) defined moral into some; they are : 1. Having to do with human activities that are looked upon as good or bad, right and wrong, correct and incorrect 2. Conforming to the accepted rules of what is considered right (virtuous, just, proper conduct). 3. Having a capacity to be directed by (influenced by) an awareness of right and wrong, and the capacity to direct (influence) others according to rules of conduct judged right or wrong. 4. Pertaining to the manner in which one behaves in relationship with others.
According to Oxford Dictionary, (1982:657) moral is concerned with goodness or badness of characters or disposition, or with the distinction between right and wrong, dealing with regulation of conduct; concerned with rules of morality; virtuous in general conduct. Based on that definition, moral is a basic of human to distinguish among right and wrong intensions, thoughts or actions and to arrange of human conducts. Based on Burhanuddin Salam (2000: 2-3) defined moral as: Moral mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan kesusilaan, memuat ajaran tentang baik buruknya perbuatan. Jadi, perbuatan itu dinilai sebagai perbuatan yang baik atau perbuatan yang buruk. Penilaian itu menyangkut perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja. Etika ialah suatu ilmu yang membicarakan masalah perbuatan atau tingkah laku manusia, mana yang dapat dinilai baik dan mana yang jahat, Moral has the same meaning with ethics, which contains the lesson about the good and bad of our conduct. So, conduct is evaluated as the good conduct or the bad conduct. The evaluation concerns the action, which is done expressly. Ethics is science, which talks about of human action or behavior, which can be evaluated as good and bad conduct. A moral is the right to do. A person said moral if he/she is good in character or conduct, virtuous according to civilized standards of right and wrong. A person gets a moral from what they do, think, and say. Moral employs terms such as good and bad, right and wrong to express preferences, decisions and choices or to criticizes, grade, persuade, praise, blame, and encourage. In other word, moral norms are standards to decide whether human conduct is right or wrong and bad or good.
World Book Encyclopedia (2006:1349) stated that moral: is good in character or conducts, such as: 1. virtuous according to civilized standards of right and wrong; right; just: a moral act, a moral man. 2. capable of understanding right and wrong 3. Having to do with character or with the difference between right and wrong 4. based on the principles of right conduct rather than on law custom. 5. teaching a good lesson; having a good influenced. Moral has three principal meanings: In its "descriptive" sense, moral refers to personal or cultural values, codes of conduct or social mores that distinguish between right and wrong in the human society. Describing morality in this way is not making a claim about what is objectively right or wrong, but only referring to what is considered right or wrong by people. For the most part right and wrong acts are classified as such because they are thought to cause benefit or harm, but it is possible that many moral beliefs are based on prejudice, ignorance or even hatred. In its "normative" sense, moral refers directly to what is right and wrong, regardless of what people think. It could be defined as the conduct of the ideal "moral" person in a certain situation. This usage of the term is characterized by "definitive" statements such as "That act is immoral" rather than descriptive ones such as "Many believe that act is immoral."
Moral may also be defined as synonymous with ethics, the field that encompasses the above two meanings and others within a systematic philosophical study of the moral domain. Ethics seeks to address questions such as, how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation, how moral values should be determined, what morals people actually abide by, what the fundamental nature of ethics or morality is, including whether it has any objective justification, and how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is. Like moral, ethics also described goodness and badness of humans conduct. However, a distinction is sometimes made between morals and ethics. According to Dictionary of Philosophy (1981), ethics derives from Greek, ethikos, from word ethos, that has some meanings: usage, character, custom, disposition, and manners ) which explain further as: 1. the analysis of concepts such as ought, should, duty, moral rules, right, wrong, obligation, responsibility, etc. 2. the inquire into the nature of morality or moral acts. 3. the search for morally good life. Based on Wikipedia, free encyclopedia; ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is a branch of philosophy, which seeks to address questions about moral; that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice, and virtue.
The distinction between moral and ethics is moral shows our action directly while ethics is a science. When this distinction is made, the term morals is taken to refer to generally accepted standards of right and wrong in a society and the term ethics is taken to refer to more abstract principles which might appear in a code of professional ethics or in a textbook in ethical theory. However, the terms moral philosophy or moral theory would refer to a set of abstract moral principles as appropriately as the term ethics, so it may be more practical to use the words interchangeably. Both of the terms refer to standards of right conduct and the judgments of particular actions as right or wrong by those standards. Moral define personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those moral are applied. In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs. This could be national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, professional ethics, or even family ethics. A moral theory can be conveniently divided into three parts. First, there is a moral standard, a criterion or test of what is right or wrong. It has the general form: "Those actions are right that possess characteristic X." Thus, those and only those actions are right that possess some characteristic X. We could fill in X by a phrase such as, "producing the greatest total amount of human well-being" or "equally respect the humanity of each person." Obviously these expressions need further definition. What do we mean
by human well-being? What do we mean by respect for the humanity of each person? These questions would have to be answered in an adequate moral theory. Second, moral principles serve to categorize different types of actions as right or wrong. Moral principles have the following form: "Those actions of type Y are right (or wrong)." Such actions are right because they conform to the moral standard by possessing characteristic X or wrong because they fail to conform. Examples of moral principles would be, "Bribery is wrong" and "Killing innocent people is wrong." These practices might be wrong because they fail to promote human well-being or because they fail to respect the humanity of each person. In any case, they serve to show the implications of the moral standard for a broad class of actions. Third, moral judgments are statements about the rightness or wrongness of particular actions. Moral judgments have the following form: "Action Z is right (or wrong)." Examples of moral judgments would be "someone should not have bribed the foreign official to buy his product" or "someone should not have agreed to work on the defense contract". Moral judgments apply moral standards or moral principles to specific situations. They are thus the ultimate goal of moral reasoning.
From distinguish between moral and ethic can be concluded that moral is a conduct, which has been determined by ethic. Conduct that has been determined by ethics concerned with good and bad and said as moral. Said good if the conduct, which is absolutely known by ethics as goodness, and said bad if the conduct, which is absolutely known by ethics as badness. Moral is divided into two parts; they are personal moral and social moral. There is a fundamental difference between personal moral and social moral. Personal moral defines how we personally respond to life from or within our own integrity, and within our own personal values. Social moral defines how we respond to our environment, our immediate community and the world community. We are all personally guided by our own sense of what is right and wrong. Socially, we must be guided as well. Moral also can be measured subjectively and objectively. Conscience gives subjective criterion, while norm give objective criterion. When Conscience wants implying something right, then norm will help to search a moral goodness. Human depends on morality, culture, custom, and religion to help them in point out someone s conduct. Moral related to morality. Morality is politeness, everything that related with etiquette and politeness. Morality is guidance, which is had of individual or society concerning to what is wrong and right according to moral standard. Morality can source from tradition and custom, religion or ideology. Moral standard is a standard, which interrelated to a case that having serious consequence, based on good reasoning not power authority, more than
own interest, impartial and its breaches is associated with feelings of guilt, shame, regret, etc. In literature moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event. The moral may be left to the hearer, reader or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. However, other morals can often be taken from the story itself; for instance, that "arrogance or overconfidence in one's abilities may lead to failure or the loss of an event, race, or contest". The use of stock characters is a means of conveying the moral of the story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enables the writer to generate a clear message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in Shakespeare's plays, the moral may be more nuanced but no less present, and the writer may point it up in other ways (for example: the Prologue to Romeo and Juliet). 2.2. Character Before discussing characterization, we have to know something about the characters. Character is an important element in novel because without them story will not exist. Character is a person who acts in the story. Generally, characters are divided into two classes, namely the major character and minor character.
Dictionary of Literary Terms (1972:70) defines that: Character is the aggregate of traits and features that form the nature of some person or animal. A person represented in a story, novel, play, etc. Characters also refer to moral qualities and ethical standards and principles. In literature, character has several meanings notably that a person represented in a story, novel, play, etc. In 17 th century England, a character was a formal; sketch or descriptive analysis of a particular virtue or vice as represented in a person, what is now more often called a character sketch. E.M. Foster (1990) distinguishes two kinds of characters, those are: 1. Flat: a flat character is constructed round a single idea or quality; he is unchanging, static; at the end of the novel he I essentially what he has been throughout. His every response is predictable, the readers can anticipate exactly the character will react. 2. Round: quite the opposite is a character portrayed in the round. He is profoundly altered by his experiences. His responses take us by surprise. He does not embody a single idea or quality, but is much more complex. Literary work usually portrays some different types of characters; the dimensions the characters assume and the roles they are given. Some types of characters are,
1. Stereotypes A stereotype is a conventional character representing a particular group or class or occupation. Because the character is conventional, he acts according to set patterns. His appearance is familiar, his speech is predictable, and his actions are standardized. Stereotyping is a simplified way of looking at people representative of a group rather than as individuals. Stereotypes often seem true experience, not because they are exact replicas of people who walk in the streets, but because people whom we meet show some of the same traits of talking, dressing, and acting associated with types. Unquestionably, stereotypes in literature have had their effect in social attitudes. Despite the serious social and personal implications of stereotyping, it persists in literature as a quick means of characterization. The typical senator, the typical servant-these are all characterization that may be used by writer for a purpose, perhaps for comedy or satire. Stereotypes may also be related to races and ethics group. As an example, it is often said that the Irish are people who easily get angry. 2. Stocks characters Closely related to stereotypes are stock characters. Even though the word stock has close association with drama, stock figures appear in other genres as well. They are figures who because of their customary associations with dramatic situations have become conventions.
Today we tend to identify the stock villain with the snarling, mousthached character of 19 th century melodrama, but that figure is only an exaggerated portrayal of a long tradition. Among other stock figures, one could talk of traditional scapegoats and fallen women. 3. Allegorical and symbolical characters Allegorical characters are usually not given human names; they represent human attitudes and emotions. Allegorical characters are not symbolical ones. Any character may be interpreted as symbolical when it appears that his actions and words seem to represent some thought, view, or quality. A symbolical figure is one whose accumulated actions lead the readers to see him as something more than his own person, to see him as the embodiment of redemptive power or hope. 4. Full-dimensional characters Full dimensional characters in literary works are usually described at greater length and revealed in more detail-they are capable of greater individuation. No doubt, many people whom we encounter casually and see only as stereotypes- the waitress, the cab driver, the servant-would be interesting subjects for study, but, just as in life, literature does not permit us to know every character equally well. Leading characters of a literary work are drawn in full; others are only sketched in to fill out the scene. Though poetry ordinarily does not permit the same space for character development that fiction and drama do, it is still possible to describe the full dimensionality of its characters.
The very length of fiction and drama permit the possibility of presenting characters that grow and change over a period. A novelist like Charles dickens often accounted for the full lifespan of his characters, from birth to death. Now let us see what the meaning of characterization is. Characterization is the author s way of describing his characters in a literary work; or it is the author s means of differentiating one character to another. Characters are closely related to the plot because character means actions, while actions from the plot of literary work. Dictionary of Literary Terms (1972:71) defines that: The creation of images of imaginary persons in drama, narrative poetry, the novel and the short story is called characterization. In effective narrative literature, fictional persons, through characterization, become so credible that they exist for the reader as real people. Every reader is interested in people, or should be, because people are the most important single factor in individual lives. In fiction, a reader, primarily interested in individual concerned, has a natural tendency to identify with the hero and to hate the villain or to feel for with one individual or group and against another. Writers uses any or all several basic means of characterization: a characters is revealed by (1) his actions, (2) his speech, (3) his thought, (4) his physical appearance, (5) what other characters say or think of him. Without
characterization no thesis, no plot, and no setting can developed genuine interest for a reader or cause him to care what happen, to whom, and why. It is difficult to identify with a character that one does not know or understand. This is why characterization is important in fiction. Before a writer can make his reader sympathize with or oppose a character, that character must come alive. The reader wants to be able to visualize him-to see him act and hear him talk. Characterization, no mere by product, is an essential part of plot. Character generates (causes) plot and plot result from, and is dependent upon, character. An author may present his characters in two general ways, those are, 1. Directly, telling his readers the characters qualities. 2. Through actions, showing the characters deeds by which his characters may be revealed. It has often been assumed that characters in a literary work can be judged from four levels characterization. These four levels of characterization are helpful for us to see the very basic description of characters. The four levels of characterization are: 1. Physical: physical level supplies such basic facts, as sex, age, and size. It is the simplest level of characterization because it reveals external traits only.
2. Social: A social level of characterization includes economic status, profession, religion, family and social relationships all those factors that place a character in his environment. 3. Psychological: this level reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, likes and dislikes the inner workings of the mind, both emotional and intellectual which lead to action. Since feeling, thought, and behavior define a character more fully than physical and social traits and since a literary work usually arises from desires in conflict, the psychological level is the most essential parts of characterization. 4. Moral: moral decisions more clearly differentiate characters than any other level of characterization. The choices by a character when he is faced with a moral crisis show whether he is selfish, a hypocrite, greedy, miserly, or he is the one who always acts according to his belief. A moral decision usually causes a character to examine his own motives and values, and in the process, his true nature is revealed both to himself and to the readers. Reading a literary work, we often feel sympathy for a character; on the other hand, we may feel unsympathetic for another. A character s honesty, boldness, or suffering may create a moving story that stirs our emotion and feeling. On the contrary, a character who is wicked, cruel, dishonest, etc, may give rise to our dislike. The ability of an author to describe his characters makes a reader feel that he is watching the reality of human life, and, consequently, the literary work becomes more interesting.
Millie and Yates (1982:228) say, There are at least six methods by which an author can show characters. They give an example of some ways that we may follow. The character describes in the example below has a strong will and won t give up. 1. by what the person says: Give up? Don t be silly. I haven t even started yet! 2. by what someone else says: Jenkins? A bulldog is a quieter compared to him. 3. by his or action: Wearily Marlene straightened her shoulders, took a deep breath, and tried again, as she had trying for hours, to make the figure balance. 4. by indicating his or her thoughts: So they thought she would give up. What a laugh! She d show them 5. by the way that other people treat him or her: Here was a mission on which only a person who would never quit could succeed. The colonel s glance went swiftly down the eager line standing before him. Then, banter you re the one, he barked. 6. By the author s direct words: Sophia was a person who never gave up. Roberts and Jacobs use five ways to present characters: 1. Action. What characters do is our best way to understand what they are. For example, walking in the woods is creation for most people, and it shows little about their characters.
2.description, both personal and environmental. Appearance and environment reveal much about a character s social and economic status, of course, but they also tell us more about character traits. 3.dramatic statements and thought. 4. statements by the other character 5. statement by the author speaking and storyteller or observer.
2.3. Novel The word "novel" is derived from Italian word "novella" that used to describe a short, compact, broadly realistic tale popular during the medieval period. Until the seventeenth century novel, if it was used at all, meant a short story of the kind written and collected by Boccacio (1313-75) in his decameron. By about 1700 is had got something like its present meaning, which, as the shorter oxford dictionary tells us, is a factious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. In other word a novel, as we understand it today, is a story longer, more realistic and more complicated than the Italian novella as written by Boccario and other writers of his time. The novel is now the most widely read all of kinds of literature, and the new form of such kind of prose was then called novel (novel means new ). Taylor (1981:460 says Novel is a form of literary work. Novel is normally a prose work of quite some length and complexity, which attempts to reflect and express something of the quality or value of human experience or conduct. Therefore, novel creates by authors to represent their life experience that they put in written form. The novel deals with a human character in a social situation, man as a social being. The novel places more emphasis on character, especially one wellrounded character, than on plot. Another initial major characteristic of the novel is realism--a full and authentic report of human life.
The novel can be considered a work of imagination that is grounded in reality. On the other hand, during the middle Ages a popular literary form was the romance, a type of tale that describes the adventures, both natural and supernatural, of such figures of legend as the Trojan heroes, Alexander the Great, and King Arthur and his knights. Thus, the modern novel is rooted in two traditions, the mimetic and the fantastic, or the realistic and the romantic. There are certain elements, which every novel has, and these are: Plot This is what happens in the novel, it is the author's arrangement of the story. There can be a logical development of events with a careful linking of scenes or there can be a series of apparently unrelated scenes, which are not shown to be connected until the end of the novel - there should be a beginning, middle and an end. Setting The setting of a novel encompasses a number of different, but linked, elements: Time: day or night; summer or winter; the historical period (an actual date) Place: inside or outside; country or city; specific town and country; real or fictional Social: the minor characters who take little part in advancing the plot, but whose presence contributes to the realism of the novel
Characterization Characters in a novel are the vehicles by which the author conveys to us his / her view of the world. We learn about individual characters from their own words and actions; from what other characters say about them and the way others act towards them. Characters help to advance the plot and characters must grow and change in response to their experiences in the novel. Theme This is the central idea which runs through the novel; the author's purpose in writing. There may be a moral in the story - such as the need for social reform in many of Dickens' novels. It is the message that author wishes to convey or the lesson author wants the reader to learn. Theme is revealed through the values of characters when confronting obstacles and resolving conflict in pursuit of their goal. It can be considered the foundation and purpose of your novel. Without purpose, the story becomes trivial.. The theme gives the story focus, unity, impact and a 'point'. The theme becomes clear by looking at what happens to the major characters. If the main character survives while others do not, it shows us that the author is rewarding his (or her) behavior.
Point of view Point of view is who is telling the story. This can be done several ways. In first person, one character is speaking in the "I" voice. Second person, which uses "you," is the least common point of view. Third person, which can be handled in a variety of ways, is the most often used method. In third person limited, the narrator can only go inside the head of the character telling the story. This requires the character to be in every scene, which must be told through their eyes. Third person omniscient gives the author the most freedom. Using this, the author can have different point of view characters for different scenes. Style and presentation. This is the way the story is written. There are four main ways a story can be presented (and countless combinations of these): 1 the central character tells the story in his / her own words 2 a non-central character tells the story 3 the author refers to all characters in the third person, but reveals only what can be seen, heard or thought by a central character 4 the author refers to each character in the third person and describes what most or all of the characters see, hear and think; the author can also describe events which do not concern any of the characters
The author can adopt: 1 a subjective point of view, which means he / she judges and interpretes the characters for the reader 2 or an objective view, in which the author presents events and allows the reader to make judgments 3 an author can use 'flash-backs' to fill in background.