DOWNLOAD Anna Heine William Shakespeare Motivierende Materialien für den Englischunterricht am Gymnasium. 0 1 9. e s s a l K
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William Shakespeare famous playwright, poet, and actor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Today over 400 years later the playwright, poet, and actor William Shakespeare is a legend. He is regarded by many as the greatest English-speaking writer of all time. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small town in the heart of England1. When he was 18 years old, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who was already pregnant with their first child Susanna. Two years later she gave birth to twins, Judith and Hamnet. When exactly he established himself as an actor and a playwright in London is unclear. It is assumed that most of his work was written between 1589 and 1613. During these years he divided his time between Stratford, the seat of his family home, ome, and the capital, London. 14 In 1594 he joined the Lord Chamberlain s n s Me Men,, a well-est well-established blishe London theatre company. ompany As a leading member of the company, only performed in many of London London s most popular y, he not o nly perform sm ost pop theatres but also before Queen Elizabeth I. In 15 1599, purchased 9 he and other company ny members p rchased their own playhouse, the Globe which for performances of Glob be Theatre, w hich tthen became the venue ue fo or performanc many of Shakespeare s plays, Julius Caesar Caesar and the trage tragedy e s own pl ys, such as his history play Jul King Lear. 15 His successes, ccesses, b both th as a writer and as an actor, made e Shakesp Shakespeare eare a wealthy and wellconnected conn ected man: H He became acquainted with h many infl influential uential pe people and made a profit through his inv investments estments iin the company. 16 17 18 19 20 21 He di died 23 April 1616, at the age e of 49. At this poin point he was widely recognized as a skilled writer and admired by many. A few years an rs after his de death, a funerary monument was erected in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford Stratford. The inscription scrip on the monument compares William Shakespeare to writers and thinkers inke s of th the ancient world such as Socrates. Annotations: nnotation : playwright plays laywright = writer riter of pl of means possessing significant wealth ans = poss to assume sume = to suppose to be true to purchase chas = to buy venue = a place in which events take place to become acquainted with sb. = to get to know sb. personally influential = powerful funerary = of a funeral, relating to a funeral monument = a structure built in the memory of sth. or sb. inscription = text on a wall, grave, or monument Read the text and try to understand the general meaning. Only use a dictionary if necessary. Visualize the most important facts about Shakespeare s biography by drawing a timeline. 1 He was baptised (getauft) 26 April 1564, the exact date of birth is unknown. 1
Life in London in Shakespeare s time Politics: In 1558 six years before Shakespeare s birth Elizabeth I. became Queen of England. The 45 years of her reign are often referred to as the Golden Age because political conflicts were resolved or put on hold, the country had a healthy economy, and the arts flourished. Arts: During her reign, Elizabeth I. permitted the construction of several playhouses in and around London. Theatres were one of the main sources of entertainment for the 200,000 Londoners and they were affordable to almost everyone. Hygiene and living situation: The living situation in the city was quite different to today: a sewage system didn t exist, the streets were often Globe Theatre London filthy, and waste was dumped into the River Thames. Diseases like the plague spread easily and led to the deaths of thousands of people. The average life expectancy was 40 years. Social order: The Elizabethans believed in a strict God-given social order in which everyone had their place: The monarch was at the top, the labourer at the bottom. Everyone was expected ed to fulfil his or her duty and act according to his or her social status. Women had to be obedient to their fathers and their husbands; they usually stayed at home and raised the children. Annotations: to rule = to be in charge of reign = the period during which a king or a queen rules the arts = literature, music, architecture, painting etc. to flourish = to grow well, to prosper sewage = waste water the plague = deadly disease, also called the Black Death life expectancy = expected number of years to live [N]ot of an age, but for all time : Shakespeare s plays In total, Shakespeare wrote 38 plays. They can be divided into three genres: comedies (e.g. A Midsummer Night s Dream, The Comedy of Errors ), tragedies (e.g. Romeo o and Juliet, Macbeth ) and histories (e.g. Henry V, King John ). The histories are named after English monarchs and are based on historical events. One of the most common themes in Shakespeare s history plays is the gain and loss of power. Similar concepts can be found in his tragedies: The main protagonist often loses everything due to his own weakness, betrayal, or fate. Other themes es that often occur in the tragedies are hatred, death and, of course, love and its (fatal) consequences. Love is also the main theme in most of Shakespeare s comedies. In many cases, lovers have to overcome obstacles and difficulties before they can finally be together. The first edition of Shakespeare s eare collected works, called the First Folio, was published in 1623. In the preface, the famous writer Ben Jonson stated that Shakespeare was not of an age, but for all time. 2 This statement has proved to be true: Many of his famous plays are still being performed on stages all over the world. Annotations: gain = growth, increase to occur = to be presented or found obstacle = sth. that stands in the way Read the text Life in London in Shakespeare s time. Compare life in the Elizabethan era to modern life. Read the text Not of an age, but for all time Shakespeare s plays. Try to explain why Shakespeare s plays although over 400 years old and from a historical period very different to our time still appeal to a modern audience. 2 Ben Jonson: To the Memory of my beloved Mr. Shakespeare and what he hath left us. In: Mr. William Shakespeare s Comedies, Histories and Tragedies. Edited by John Heminges and Henry Condell. London 1623. p. 9, l. 43. 2
Modern adaptations of Shakespeare s plays Because many of the themes in Shakespeare s plays are still relevant today, many screenwriters decide to adapt Shakespeare s plays and place his stories in a modern day setting. Below you find short summaries of a few original plays and their modern film adaptations. Read the summaries and connect the original 1 3 with the modern version A C. Which version would you prefer to see? Discuss. 1 Othello Roderigo, a nobleman, complains to Iago that he hasn t been informed about the secret marriage between Othello, a black general in the Venetian army, and Desdemona. Iago, who hates Othello, persuades Roderigo to tell Desdemona s father about his daughter s actions. Consequently, Desdemona s father accuses Othello of having used witchcraft to seduce his daughter, but Othello successfully defends himself. Iago comes up with a new evil plan: He tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with one of his officers. When Othello believes to have proof of his wife s infidelity he kills her. Later, he finds out that Desdemona was innocent all along and commits suicide. 2 Twelfth Night Viola and her twin brother r Sebastian have both escaped from a sinking ship. When Viola reaches land she believes that her brother is dead. She puts on male clothing and pretends to be a man called Cesario. She starts to work for Duke Orsino, whom she soon on starts ts to love. Orsino, on the other hand, thinks he is in love with Olivia. Olivia, in turn, is fooled by Viola s disguise and falls in love with Cesario. When Sebastian arrives, Olivia assumes he is Cesario and declares her love for him. They secretly get married. Finally, Viola tells Orsino that she is female and that Sebastian is her twin. Viola and Orsino then decide to get married. 3 The Taming of the Shrew Petruchio, a nobleman of Verona, is in the process of wooing the headstrong and independent Katherina Minola. Unlike her sister Bianca, Katherina isn t interested in courtship and marriage. Bianca has many admirers who would like to marry her. Her father, however, decides that she is only allowed to marry after her older sister Katherina has found a husband. Bianca s suitors then try their best to get her older sister married. Petruchio uses clever psychological tricks to tame Katherina. In the end he succeeds in turning her into an obedient bride. 3
Modern adaptations of Shakespeare s plays (continuation) A She s the Man Viola, who plays soccer, wants to join the male high school soccer team. The coach, however, refuses to accept her as a player. Her brother Sebastian wants to go to London, although he should play in a match for the soccer team of his new school in Illyria. Viola decides to take his place, both in the soccer team and in the new school, and gets a complete makeover, which makes her look like a boy. In her new role as Sebastian she shares a room with Duke Orsino, who is also a player in the soccer team. When her classmate Olivia develops a crush on her, Duke is frustrated. He tries to persuade Sebastian to help him to get a date with Olivia. During a match to which both Sebastian s mother and sister have been invited, Viola has to switch between herself and her brother all the time. When the real Sebastian arrives Olivia kisses him. Duke feels betrayed by his roommate, who has to explain the situation and introduce her brother as the real Sebastian. Her coach then tells her that he doesn t discriminate against women and lets Viola continue playing. Sebastian and Olivia start dating, as do Viola and Duke. B O Odin is the star of the basketball team and the only black student at his high h school. The basketball coach s son Hugo tries to destroy Odin. He tells Odin that his girlfriend Desi may be cheating on him with Michael, another basketball all player. At first, Odin doesn t believe e Hugo. But when he finds a picture of Michael in the hotel room in which he is staying with hde Desi, he assaults s her. He later kills her. After having found out about Hugo s manipulations he kills himself. C Ten things I hate about you Cameron, a new student, falls in love with Bianca, a, the high school beauty. Bianca s strict father, however, doesn t want her to go on dates. He comes up with a new rule: Bianca is only allowed to date a boy when her unpopular sister Kat is in a relationship. There is a problem, though: Kat doesn t seem to be at all interested in boys or dating. Joey, who is also interested in dating Bianca, gives Patrick, an outsider at school, money to take her out on a date. Patrick wins Kat s heart and takes her to the prom. Cameron also achieves his goal: Bianca agrees to go to the ball with him. At the prom Kat finds out that Patrick got paid to ask her out and storms out. In the end, they make up and declare e their feelings for each other. Annotations: nobleman = aristocrat consequently = as a result to seduce = to have sexual intercourse with infidelity = having an affair to commit suicide = to kill oneself male = masculine female = feminine shrew = a woman that likes to argue and complain to woo = to try to persuade sb. to marry oneself courtship = the act of wooing soccer = football to assault = to attack prom = high school ball held at the end of an academic year 4
A Midsummer Night s Dream: Call you me fair? Warming-up exercise: Write the question Call you me fair? on a piece of paper. Then stand in a circle of 6 8 students. One of you has got the piece of paper in his/her hand. He or she now looks his/her left-hand neighbour in the eye and says the sentence out loud. Then he/she passes the piece of paper to his neighbour who addresses his/her neighbour on the left. Make sure that each of you says the sentence differently. Be creative: You can scream or whisper, speak in a high pitched/deep voice, speak with an accent, look angry/happy/sad/, underline your words with a gesture Decide afterwards which performance you liked best and give a reason why. What has happened so far? A short summary Helena is sad and melancholy: Demetrius, who once loved her, is now in love with her best friend Hermia. Hermia, however, doesn t share Demetrius feelings elings because she has fallen in love with Lysander. Helena s Monologueogue 1 [ ] Call you me fair? That fair again unsay. Demetrius loves your fair: O happy fair! Your eyes are lode-stars; and your tongue s sweet et air 5 More tuneable than lark to shepherd s ear, When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear. Sickness is catching: ching O, were favour so Yours would I catch, ch, fair Hermia, ere I go [ ] (A Midsummer mer Night s Dream, Act I, Scene 1) Source: Shakespeare, William: The Globe Edition. The Works of Shakespeare. Ed. by William George Clark and William Aldis Wright. London and Cambridge 1866, p. 162. Annotations: fair = pretty; beauty to unsay = to take back lode-star = leading star tuneable = musical lark = a type of singing bird hawthorn = a type of flower bud = a flower before it has opened catching = contagious/infectious favour = here: beauty ere = before 5
A Midsummer Night s Dream: Call you me fair? (continuation) Work with a partner. Read the excerpt from Helena s monologue. Make sure you understand the gist. Use the annotations and a dictionary if necessary. Helena is jealous of Hermia. Explain to each other why. Imagine you are screenwriters and your task is to write a modern day adaptation. Rewrite the dialogue. Use modern language. Which setting would you choose for your adaptation? What should the actors look like and how should they act (costumes, facial expressions, gestures, positions on stage,...)? Make notes. Now present your version in front of the class! Early Modern English: Shakespeare s are s language In the Elizabethan era, English sounded slightly different from modern day English. The grammar rules that we know today hadn t been fully established. As a result, the sentence nce structures Shakespeare uses sometimes mes surprise us. For example, the characters in his plays don t always form questions or negative statements with the auxiliary do (e.g. Call you me fair? instead of Do you call me fair?). Shakespeare and other writers also introduced new words into the English language some of them are still common today, others (e.g. unsay) have been forgotten or replaced. And although you was already used as a personal pronoun, oun, thou meant the exact same thing. The same applies to the possessive pronouns your and thy which coexisted for a while. 6
Solutions Seite 1 1564 birth (baptised on 26 April 1564) 1582 marriage to Anne Hathaway; birth of Susanna 1582 1613 writing phase 23 April 1616 death 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1584 birth of Judith and Hamnet 1594 Shakespeare joined the Lord Chamberlain s Men 15999 construction tion of the Globe Theatre Seite 2 Many of the themes in Shakespeare s are s plays e.g. love, hatred, betrayal, death are not outdated, but are rather as relevant ttoday as they were back in the 16 th century. Seite 3/4 1B, 2A, 3C 7
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