Frye AWC2 Rev Fall 14
Papal politics Fees for the faithful Misbehaving monks Simony Poor pastoring The relic racket Indulgences Michelangelo doesn t come cheap Leo X and Johann Tetzel My conscience is captive to God Here I stand Martin Luther 1483-1546 Erasmus Greek NT: The just shall live by faith repent 1517-95 Theses Debates, 4 books by 1520, excommunication Diet of Wurms 1521 Scripture and plain reason
Luther [Protestantism] Every man his own priest Read Bible for self in common tongue 2 sacraments Salvation by faith, through grace alone, individual [free will] Church focus on teaching Vocation and equality of clergy & laypeople Catholicism Priest [church] mediates between lesser laity [note: somewhat more egalitarian today] Bible in Latin; too complex for laymen [note: this has changed today] 7 sacraments Salvation by faith, through grace, accessed via church alone and sacrament, communal [free will] Church focus on communion
Sola Fides faith alone [no works] Solus Christus - in Christ alone [no church gatekeeper] Church is an association of believers Sola Gratia by grace alone [can t earn it] Sola Scriptura understood by Scripture alone [not any added church decrees] Soli Deo Gloria - and all things are to glorify God [so lay people are equal to church people]
I cannot recant that is a silly hat, your majesty Luther in hiding Translates Bible into German 1525 - German Peasant Revolt: but Luther rejects violence revolt suppressed German princes Protest of 1530 1546-1555 War in Germany Princes v. Emperor Charles V Lutherans: northern Germans, Scandinavians Worms Wittenburg I m really tired of That German monk
Begin in Zurich as followers of Ulrich Zwingli who rejects them Zurich Anabaptists [1525] Adult baptism No politics, Pacifism Radical equality even letting women speak Brethren, Amish, Mennonites Persecuted by all communal retreat Communities in Holland, East Europe, Germany and England I m not a fan of Anabaptists
John Calvin 1509-1564 French, lawyer, Protestant (flees Paris 1533) eventually in Geneva 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion Rational study of Scripture (systematic theology) otal Depravity It s all about the sovereignty of God nconditional Election imited Atonement rresistible Grace erseverance of the saints Churches later called Reformed, Presbyterian [Scotland, John Knox], Puritan [England], Huguenot [France]
Covenant democracy Elected leaders Covenants Right of revolt Popular with middle class 1541-1564 Calvin in Geneva The Academy exiles and secret agents 1630 Great Puritan Migration
Advised by religious intellectual Thomas More, the king at first opposes reformers like William Tyndale Translation into English Lord open the king s eyes
It s complicated Marries brother s widow, Catherine of Aragon [daughter Mary] Wants divorce [mistress Anne Boleyn] Act of Supremacy 1536 and divorce Thomas More executed Anglican Church at first few changes in religious practice Confiscates church property, Later, English bible and Influence of Protestant sympathizers
DIVORCED DIED Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn gives birth to Elizabeth Accused of treason - execution Jane Seymour dies giving birth to Edward Anne Boleyn BEHEADED Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves DIVORCED Catherine Howard Catherine Parr SURVIVED Whew! I beat the odds BEHEADED
Edward VI [r.1547-1553] Protestant but dies young Bloody Mary [r.1553-1558] Catholic comeback 320 killed Marries Phillip II of Spain but no kids so throne goes to. Hey, I m a Tudor what did you expect? Elizabeth We Tudors put the fun in dysfunctional
Reforms: Creation of seminaries, end of fees relic abuse, and indulgence sales, crackdown on naughtiness Doctrine reaffirmed Grace and works mediated through the church Free will Papal authority, sacraments, purgatory Efficacy of prayer to saints, Mariology education, linguists, missionaries, intellectuals, ambassadors If the church says white is black,
1517-95 Theses 1533 Calvin s Institutes 1536 Act of Supremacy Council of Trent 1570 Jesuits and Catholic Reform Anglican Catholic English dissenters [incl. Baptists] Lutheran Zwingli Catholic Calvinist [Reformed] Anabaptist
CATHOLIC church is bigger than nation, can instruct the state from a superior position LUTHERAN National church is supported by and inferior to but partially separate from state CALVINIST church and state separate but in cooperation; democracy ANABAPTIST no connection [other than church speaking truth into society]; adopted by Baptists and other evangelicals ANGLICAN King head of church; similar to Lutheran
Wittenberg Anabaptist Geneva Zurich Trent Rome
1545-1648 in Europe Frye AWC2
Tired of war: Retires, splits empire Austrian Hapsburgs [Brother Ferdinand] gets HRE and Austrian land Son Phillip II gets Spain, Netherlands, Italy and Overseas Gracias, Papa
Henri III Duke Henri Guise The War of the 3 Henris: 3 Rival families King Henri III and mum, Catherine d Medici [Catholic, moderate] Henri Guise [Catholic, pro-spanish] Backed by Phillip s secret agents Henri Bourbon, King of Navarre [Huguenot] A war of shifting alliances and assassins 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Rise of politiques like Michel d Montaigne 1589 Two assassinations, Henri Bourbon becomes Henry IV but converts to Catholicism 1598 Edict of Nantes tolerates 2 sects 1610 Henry IV assassinated Henri Bourbon It is putting a very high price on one's conjectures to have someone roasted alive on their account. Paris is worth a mass
I prefer Starbucks Devout hates Protestantism - controlling, vast empire, agents, inquisitors and spies Siglo de Oro 1553 married to Queen Mary of England [d.1558] 1571 defeats Turks at Lepanto 1580 Invasion of Portugal Crackdown on the Netherlands [1568] Raises taxes without a vote of Dutch Estates-General Dutch Calvinists are tolerant of most groups [including Anabaptists, Jews, and the English Pilgrims] Dutch Spain Portugal Ottomans Ming Spain Mughals
Phillip sends army, Inquisition and the Duke of Alva William the Silent of Orange The Sea Beggars [1/3 of Spanish shipping was Dutch] The Remonstrance William is assassinated Northern provinces fight on successfully 80 Years War 1568-1648 CGPGrey on Neth
Anglican via media Catholic style, Protestant belief Dissenters Puritans [Calvinist] the virgin queen loved and feared progresses, plays, and P.R. Sir Francis Walsingham master spy 1570 excommunication 1571 crushes Catholic noble revolt; 1572 crushes Calvinist Puritan rebels Hmmm Bacon or hamlet?
Silly boy Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots, {French} Catholic [r. 1542-1567] but John Knox convinces Scotland to become Calvinist [Presbyterian] Nobles stage coup, Mary abdicates in favor of infant son James VI Mary takes refuge with her cousin Elizabeth Elizabeth vs. Phillip Francis Drake and Sea Dogs Imprisons cousin Mary Queen of Scots for plotting with Phillip Elizabeth sends soldiers and money to help Dutch Execution of Mary of Scots [1587] I should have been a wee bit nicer to Cousin Liz
THE PLAN: Phillip prepares a grand armada Link up with army in Flanders Crush England, Crush Dutch Drake s raid Miscommunication and poor leadership The fire-ships in the Channel Storms and wrecks And more failed fleets. So what? Beginning of Spanish decline Phillip defaults 4 times English to New World Protestantism survives 1609 Dutch-Spanish truce
Henry VII Margaret 1 James IV Scotland STUARTS Henry VIII x6 ENGLAND TUDORS 2 Earl of Angus Margaret Matthew Stuart Mary Edward VI ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 James V 1 Mary Guise of France [later Queen of Scots] 2 Lord Darnley aka Henry Stuart [murdered] JAMES VI of SCOTLAND aka JAMES I of ENGLAND [1603-1625
I m just a wee bit miffed "Sirrah, ye are God's silly vassal; there are two kings and two kingdoms in Scotland: there is king James, the head of the commonwealth; and there is Christ Jesus, the king of the Church, whose subject James the Sixth is, and of whose kingdom he is not a king, not a lord, not a head, but a member. Professor Andrew Melville, one of the founders of Scottish Presbyterian Church addressing King James VI of Scotland, later James I of England and successor to Elizabeth I.
God has put me here over you daft English peace out, you Puritan dogs James I [r.1603-1625] The wisest fool ignores Parliament, ergo, no money [but avoids war] Caught between Calvinists and Catholics : Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder plot Jamestown 1607 Charles I [r.1625-1648] Wars - Illegal fees and taxes Star Chamber S. Rutherford Lex Rex
1628 The Petition of Right Charles needs money; calls parliament finally in 1640 Charles disbands parliament but the new parliament demands the heads of his advisors 1642 Charles attempts to arrest Parliamentary leaders 1648 Charles captured and tried beheaded, 1649 Could we just trim a little off my beard? English Civil War 1642-48 Commonwealth 1648-1660 Charles refuses to call Parliament War with Scots [1637] Parliament demands reform Cavaliers [Royalists] Parliament [Roundheads] & Scots Puritans - Oliver Cromwell s New Model Army The English Civil War
1549 The Rump 1553 The rule of the major Generals Puritan rules Levelers suppressed Persecution of Baptists, Dissenters, and Quakers Wars against Irish [massacres], Scots [defeated], Dutch, and Spanish [seizure of Jamaica] Bah, humbug
1618 Defenestration of Prague Imperial forces gather; Protestant alliance prepares for war Mercenaries; Germany devastated [25% die] Portuguese rebel More political than actually religious LUTHERAN CALVINIST CATHOLIC
Protestants Dutch Lutheran German princes Swedes Danes Portuguese [Catholic] French [Catholic] Cardinal Richelieu, [Louis XIII] is more concerned about politics than religion Catholics Spain [Hapsburgs] Austrian and Imperial [Hapsburgs] Catholic German princes Give me six lines written by the most honorable of men, and I will find an excuse in them to hang him.
Results Secularization of politics Pope not invited Concept of international law and nation states Portugal, Swiss, Dutch, Prussia independent Spain s decline, French dominance Christendom divided End of the Reformation era