åˆñ^q ^Ò Ý^ÏÚ oú^`ö] 1Ò äú^þ ` 1òÞ ]ZŠ z]ã%zb!* Æã* ZXë ]g@* l^ê] jâ] 1Ò Øfñ^e ànïïvú (! ózdk^q-z ~[Z Æ]ŸZ Z6, ˆyWŒÛ Æ~ƒz~gŠ0* g ) D åçe! äm Ûu] äãú^q Ø ŠÞ μ! ^Þ Ûu] çûvú nú n E Ðh! 3 ðštòšw Zz* XM7 ê O z Ìq-Zðû)* Ç6~y!* ikzxšh ~y!* iã* - )* h+ Ãx òazæ)* Ç6gzZìZÇ!* ÐkZ Xì[ÂŒ6, Qî * ÐO h! ðãb Å ì@* YHA$% Ägt Ã] "NÆ ÐŠXZÅ:{?Y {z ì@* YH7t }gø )* Ç* `W Ç* ì@* YŒtxk!* ˆyWŒÛ Ì )* Ç* D XìCàyv ìt ~ŠZ ÅVz% ~] "yzxñƒk, ~k, i ZgzZ6,½»ÆnZgzZ ~V ZgzZVââiZ] "tgzz q-zðn¾kzgzzå HäVßZz Ý Z ñyc* ÎØ ìcyåòãt ÄgÃæÃ] "ZyZX ]Ã%ZgZDÙVzgZDÙb!* Å ]Ã%Zb!* ÆyZgzZì@* Yc* Zz sg»] "yzu VŒXìxÎñÐx* ÆTextual Criticism ì[w~š z Zg 7 XìCYÅ7 q-z ì@* YHA$%Ð] "Z )* Ç*{Š ñ ìœ6,] "yz ) )«XìŠHc* Š ~Vo)P næª œãyzì@* YHA$%)* Ç*`WÐ ] "X Ð~X] "Æ þ Ð~{~œ ax x % ~szwã* -}(, gzz yxgšæ~{~œ,îšð~{~œ a ^!Â] "ˆÆ~œ a1 DYÇg ~^Åwzh{zèYX DB (Scroll) wzh7š ñ~^åìð à ª ëzðƒ næä A$%)* Ç*À`W ) )tå] "(ì Codices ÅÂkZ)XÑäYñBoeÃgzZ g( Z : toeãëz Æ ) )kzxìcy :Sinaiticus o eãc* (ì³zãz t) : oeã' ( 1) ˆÆ[zZ~kzggzZ c* Š6,gîÆjà kzggziäkz 5Ð ízuâ {Õ{ðƒµ6,#gîÃsgZ å5b FEH g Ý H$ ð` oeãt X1 pô~*iñß', h+y ä 6 ', :VaticanusoeÃc* B oeã' ( 2) "t~yz c* ÑB næy á gözkz{zyâz ÂH ìozz# ä^g0* * 1AzgzZ å~ èe ½54& G GH z~~k, $ÑÅ\7 "t Xˆƒ[x»~äVZ {Z+ÃÐkZ *Šdb kzgzzxåï áì :AlexandrinusoeÃc* A oeã' ( 3) Xì~yß*iñß', [ZgzZc* ŠjÃyàZ{ áä Cyril Lucar& ç $ EL ÆGé 5k4Ó ã* G -ÆÅF, " t :BezaeoeÃc* D oeã' ( 4) Xì~~k, $ÑÅ;gE-[ZgzZc* ŠjÃ;gE-` ä Theodore BezaeÝ q-zgzzì»~œ,v0* J-ŠXZÅ:{?YÐ~{~œ,â ìcyàšæñƒd A$%)* Ç*ÐT ) )~uzšå] " '/
gzz ñz ~óvó âz0+{ ÐzzÅpg¹xë!* gzz ÐzzÅäƒ~gZl{Šc* i gzz x % ~B;VZzg~szwã* -Lg X CYªëZ{Šc* inæ+zd+ zkmf, Å)* Ç6Ô 13 (Family) ÄgzZ Ô1 (Family) ÄÐ~yZX } LgLgÆ] "ñƒ ÆIÐ~œ aé7œ6, ] "å ) )~ŠÅ] " '/ [ W[î%1ìLgpô¼ Â~Zƒz[WȽ»tX 6,½» ñ Ð}Š7áZzäB PapyrusáZzuQ6,i ÆB A$ % )* Ç*7ZgzZìZƒÐZƒz[WÈÅ^m<!* sïz»vz Æ] ",Z~Vß 80X70 / Xì@* YƒùŸ~Zƒ z Xì@* Y3gÃæñƒD )* Ç6 G~:âiäZ6,ìCY gãæñƒd A$%ci+ZÆ)* Ç6 ) ) aå] " '/ Vâ!* i ã sgzz8hzôëíôˆfgw WZF, ázzpgìz~âu* gzz G~~;gzZ~ì Vâ!* izšå^gzzòzgwôhñ WZF, Æ Xìs%Z~ª!* Yf ~{g!* kz7 c*å Š ñàf,»)* Ç6~y!* i!²iðxszxñƒ~ äz6, ] ½Z{zÆ )* Ç6ìCYàŠæ~ä ³Q»)* Ç6ÐX ) ),v0* Å] " '/ XG`gŠ~? KZ yzgzšæv-œ /ä èe 4 3{! E G ð Æ A$%)* Ç* *Š ð ~ *ŠÅ` ÉW 7Š ñ î * ÐO h! Ô ðã» )* Ç6 ìcùªð { Ñ!* {gãè ] Ã%Z Š¼~:W ] "t gzzì@* YH7Æ ~.Z._Æè%ÅVßZzä A$%Ð] "й{zìC 7 ì[w~g¼ {!* q-znæä A$% )* Ç*Ð] "yzgzz ìbyj-äñ&ãœûšz ÅX np g Xì xîñðx* Æ Textual Criticism : Ý szcq-zæª!* ~{g!* kz "It may be thought in the case of the Bible there is no need for textual investigation; that God would not allow textual errors to creep in to it during the years it has been handed down. But that is simply not true. God did not choose to exercise such a miraculous providence over the books of the Bible". (The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible by Ronald E. Murphy,O. Cram. p37-38) ò:»\7~{g!* ÆiZ ÆoÅQÆ)* Ç6 ìcyåoåqæ)* Ç6 =gfætextual Criticism gzz DYñ0* ]Ã%Z ~] "yzæ)* Ç6 : ŠH¹~kZH~gY~{g!* kzò: ä\7~yâ 1943XìŠ ñìò:»\7 ~{g!* ÆiZ ÆkZ "In the present day indeed this art, which is called Textual Criticism and which is used with great and praiseworthy results in the editions of profane writings is also quite rightly employed in the case of the Sacred Books because of that very reverence which is due to the Divine Oracles. For its very purpose is to insure that the sacred text be restored, as perfectly as possible, be purified from the corruption due to the carelessness of the copyists and be freed, as for as may be done, from glosses and omissions, for the interchange and repetitions of words and from all other kinds of mistakes, which are wont to make their way gradually in to writings handed down through many Centuries." Vc* ŠZm, ZgzZV p èsšzgz ( Yâ1943Divino Afflante Spirtu y Z>â» Pius XII \7) ÔV Åk, Ô ]Ã%Zb!* ÔªÅ] " CYð0* Ì Vc* ŠZm, ZgzZV p èsšzg ÉZ /»gzzv Åk, gzz ]Ã%Zb!* sü:~] "y Z ìgãåo$ì%zt äy6,y WÆ PG! ] ŠãCÅá {Š ñx 20@*8 ] c* W16[!* ª]c* W~y WÅ[!* ~y WÆgZŲ%wVg q-zåkzx ²%gzZŠHH ŸZzp ~ )* Ç6nÆä `gšã{o ŠãC"kZnkZåM7Ð]Zk, *Š f»kèz a1ìˆ g6, Interpreters Bibleª!* g ÅM%Z~{g!* kzxiåz+zi Œ6, fæäyñvz6, y WÆ P G ]! ]c* tw ~y W Æ
Ð ~g⃠~(, ~ TÔ~ :ì ÔìˆÅÒÃÅäXÃZ+ ð Šg "One of the oldest attempts to supplement and finish Mark is the so called "longer endingo"(vss.9-20). This is not found in the best MSS (B SK sys,etc.) and dates probably from the second century; it was compiled out of the data of the other Gospels, and even of Acts,and may have been originally independent list of resurrection appearances.the author was probably, as Burkitt and Conybere held, the second century presbyter Aristion or Ariston. It is attributed to him in an Armenian MS written in 989." (The Interpreters Bible. New york Abingdon. Cokesbury Press Neshvill Parthenon Press Nashville.U.S.A) y*»k Z ìˆåòãå%ze{š6, tô 7~[ÂÝZ 20@*9]c* W~y WŲ% ˆÆä tã kz~!zjk Z ² %ÝZtH ìtâwzîâ NYà Ìt'!* VâzŠtnÁ!* Xì ä AristonuÆ~œ~uzŠc*ìŠH1Ðã Z* ~uz Š ñoåˆywœû nz Z»YZíZÃr# ~ z~gš0* HgzZìCY{gHwòAZÅ[ÂkZQÂì /Z 7 Ì ZÍ ãzg0+zå²%špé'ƒ7"$u* ¹ÒZ~³Æ ZÍÅ "And they said nothing to anyone,for they were afraid." ] "sü]c* W~y WŲ% gzz?7c* ìp gzz ŸZ~? c* å e* 6,)* Ç6 ìgãæì%zt8vœ X:ìŠHHb kz ÀF,zŠgQ»e$W,^WÅ[!* ~y WkZ èyì Xó ó Cge{zèY ¹:¼ÐËäVrZgzZ :ì@* YHb kàz F, ~m, ôz : tpöz~y WÆe$W,^W~ã* -ÝZX7 gšb ~g7àf, t ˆ ˆðCÅägezzðÃ~²%ÝZ ìcùªs X ó CgeèY L :Ôèó Y Cge Ê ìàf,»kz (gçõ1 Z) Xc* Š ŸZÐs KZÆ sv.ãkzävrzgzz ðw7iãvßzzäw~ it was compiled out of the data of 17Âz»²%ÝZ]c* W~y WŲ%p / Z ìšhhìòúšt~!zjñ!* {gãè èe 4 3{ E Æ! G kzèyìñzzä `Ã~gZÈc* ŠÅ Interpreters BibleòúŠtXìŠHH~.zZ tðã* Z~uzŠ Ôother gospels gzå ßgzZX7 fðã»äyñvz6,y WÆ[] ~yz [ s ÅV-gZj zšð~ã Z* Yb hzt äinterpreters Bible ŠpXå7 fðã»äy6,y W~ ßÝZ ìc "$U* ZÍÅ ] "R1 ìš ñ fcù ~ Å ß ~ gzç,-8 GE E { áxq Revised Standard q-zgzzq»ç,-8 GE E { áq-zx ñšu/uqzšæª!* Ðô=KZ6, CÙ : t pöz~y WÆgZ "he was parted from them,and carried up in to heaven,and they worshipped him and returned to Jeruselem." à zk, ÐÙp~(, Æ {>ÃkZ{zgzZŠHc* VZ6,y WgzZ ŠHƒZ].Ðy Z Zƒ(ZÂ Õ ì@* YHb kz~wzf, zšgz ÀF,»kZ ^ÎçÖEXó ó DQN!QMVNP! ^ß : ìàf, b kz~ gz Revised Standard1 "he parted from them and they returned to Jeruselem with great joy." : ìb kàz F,»kZ~ New English Bible."... he parted from them and they returned to Jeruselem with great joy." :gzzå f»äy6,y WÆ PG ] :~ ßÝZ c* ÍXó ó ^ßà zk, ÐÙp~(,{zgzZ uzšì f»äy6,y WÆ PG ] ~X ŸZ ¹ÒZ»]c* W~y WŲ% It»góy*Æ ŠHƒZ].ÐyZ {z Ê ÇƒV-ÀF,c* Í Xì ŸZ»ˆtX»ä {>ÃyZÆV-gZj ~ Interpreters Bible: Xìß%ÜÔìF6, ã Z*
]ZŠ z]ã%z~:i+zz{š ñ Æ)* Ç6 ßgzZ äx DWÃ]Ã%ZgzZŠ Ì~yZ ÂBŠ ci+z VâzŠyZÃsÐ]!* kz1xå: gðã Zg{Z',»yZЊ-èÑq ñšäcåš-ó* Æ PG! ],~*Š {Š ñæ)* Ç6 hgã] "Ñ!* gãè ~ã* ZVâzŠ )* Æ ßgzZ x* 40 J-Š-Ðx;Z', Z~)* ÆäXÌ~ŠZ ÅVñ* gzzìs%zì~ ÅVñ*~Vñ*? ìeg»s%z kz~v1âzšåz}.q-zhx 54~ ±ÅŠîZŠ[ÑZzä W ì@* YHt6, gîx ~Š wìtgzz ïšgzœû ŠÑzZÅŠð îzš] à P G ]! ó* VâzŠ ßgzZä ä W Ôc~Š ]!* t1x ñšó* ÆŠ-nÆä "$U* бŊîZŠ7ZäVÁâgZnkZ XǃР] {z7 ågzüz» ²ÔǃбÅìPÑ] dwæšð îzš] {z ë XǃбÅdW¾ÆŠîZŠ] [ÑZz gzœû ±ÅyÑ] à P G ]! ää Xc* Š ib ¾Xt~ILZLZäVÁâgZ ŠXǃÐ~ŠÑzZÅ@* dwæšîzš XбÅ@"*ä ßgzZìc* Š}Š?ìwìH~{g!* ÆÃÅ)* Ç6Šp»yZ DÎxZ²Z»YZíZv!* fí6, ˆyWŒÛ r# ~ z~gš0* '/'/'/' ƒ{æ -] e$gñâè ZCZä PG ] 9s# Ÿ1ã* ZŲ%ÔäX Š wvgzzq- ZÅ]Ã%ZÆnk Z Æ - ì@* ƒx šÿzð 3 [!* gz Å -1X ( 14e$ W1[!* ²% X17@*12e$ W4[!* äbš)xhˆæäyñzzñ Xå[ƒqzÑ Ÿ»V~gzZ` e$gñây Z P G ]! I ²ÐäYñZzñ X?Ð,Š gzœû x» Z}.Ãã* ZVÐyZ Š z!* Æs%ZãZzkZ r# ~ z~gš0* H '/'/'/' {zèyƒðƒ"$u* ^Ñ Mh 77ðr+ZðÃňyWŒÛ {zp DÎxZ²Z»äƒYZíZ6,ˆyWŒÛ r# ~ z~gš0* : ìhkß7~ 7çnÓßn ãix1 ê ìß6, gî $ËYÅ7V r+z Ð)* Ç61Xìx»Z}.ØZÝ Ð?ëçOXÇñWáB ÆÏZÐazÆqÁ Î ÌÃyZ Z}.b ÏZÂVZYgzZŠH%qÁ ì t Z# y WŠp0+ zz}.èyxð³(, : / CÙ / CÙÐVîƒñÎ Ð g¹!* J-äWÆ0+ zz}.gzz {0+ i ë ë._æ x Æ0+ zz}. B ÆyZ ÐVƒ¹!* {0+ i ëqð ZYññ~[ {zâ gzzxçñwf, ZB Æ ì3, ÆZ}.gzZ izzwå Û [HgzZg Ð DMT ^MO i kp m]? h^e 7çnÓß Šãi( MEXózó c* Š ö Ðh O G$ à }uzšq-z ÐVÂ!* yz?:x, wlz» 0+ zz}.nzƒ @*ÐNYñVZ6,Vߊ!* ã* ZVzge._Æ{o\èY @* ŠgZznZ Z6,)* Ç6Â_^Ñ»kZÌA$CƒÅÐs KZðrtäkß7 /Z ì;gäg6,x Æ PG ]._Æ 15 e$wšãcåðrkz kß7âvœ1x ÞZÄ 6, gîv7oèævíß}uzšgzzkß7gz Z ƱkZ~TìqŠ á gtz» P G ]! ~ 24[!* äço Œ6,ðrkZ Š ñ]zl,zæ P G ]! Ì~ã* ZgzZX : Dâ Û P G ]! Xì f» ãu* æwå P G ]! Ð䃻 ðh' ÅVâ WgzZÐ, / Ðy W}g*gzZÇ}Š:ÝzgKZ0+egzZÇñYƒq-g@* `gîˆæ ÅVâŠyZ y BW Æw gzz]gš~(,ãxšw0zgzzïöf CY~ ƒ Å}i ÜzkZgzZ Ug gzz Ç}Šð3Š6,y Wy K»xŠW0Z ÜzkZgzZÏNY }g)ksæy W Ðs VzgeÃVzh+ / ', ÆkZ{zgzZ ÇÇÃV Û LZB ÆiZzW~(,Åì3, {zgzzïbš DW6, Vߊ!* Æ XÐ, J-}g)kQÐþ ƒ yz?z# b ÏZX ìq-š4, ò / ƒfeyy? ä3ígzz Cƒx3, wzeåkz4 X³šq-ZÐ #gšæîz[z NYTÞ}igzZy WXσ:xÓ / CÙ±tBƒ:'!* ƒ tj-z# VƒHsÐ? èg 4 X$ M ì6,{izzgšéq-š4, {z ßyYÂdŠÃVÂ!* DOQ^NUVNP i ojúexóïó ½: / CÙ'!* ~ p Ð : Dâ Û P G ]! ~ 16[!* ä VƒHsÐ? èg 4 X$ M Ç}Š!$+._ÆVñ»ÆkZÃq-CÙZ ÜzkQXÇñ BW ÆV Û LZ~w Æ\!* LZxŠW0Z
G H G E G o ³³jÚE óðó : X / CÙ{'»]ñÐBNŠ:ñƒDW~ á Š!* ÅkZÃxŠW0ZJ-Z#,Z Ð~yZ }9VŒ DNT!NS VMR : ë P G ]! ~²% Çñ BW ÆV Û u0* ~w Æ\!* LZZ# ÌxŠW0ZÇñâÑÐVÂ!* ~ gzzðí~x g» ægzz g»* ikzðã Æ]gŠÃ á Š!* ÅZ}.J-Z#,Z Ð~yZ }9VŒ VƒHsÐ? èg 4$ M ¹ÐyZäkZgzZXÇñâÑÐkZ Ðx!ZÆgzŠ ãu* æw Å\ W B ðrtå P G ] E G è 4 3{ E Æ! DOT!OS VT Î ÚEXóÐó : {'»]ñbnš:zƒc* BW )* Ç6 ìcùªs Ð]Y!ZjÑ!* {gãè Xðƒ7~g7ðrtŠ z!* ÆäYg /w gzdùzš[zgzzxzƒ7(z1ïñyƒk, 5+g¼?ìgZÜZ6, äƒþzä gzzkl[âæ)* Ç6gzZäƒYZíZv!* fíæˆywœû Ì[ZÃr# ~ z~gš0* H '/'/'/' ËÆ\W: ÔìðƒèÅ P G ]! :k, ðãð~]zk, Å)* Ç6 ìcà)œ¹]!* tãäƒ[âræ)* Ç6 XÅ~gZj ä1x7k, ÅV-gZj6, gîî * ÐO h! ã* ZÅ ßgzZ²%Ô7"Å~gZjË{z ì szc]!* tâ0æzšð~ gzã Z* "$U* ßÐïKZÅVð 3{! E OE \[Z]!* t1x "Å~gZj -gzz~gzjä{z ì@* YHwìt Üz 0Æã* ZÅ -gzz èe 4 3{! E G \[Z Zƒ f 6gzZ "ÅV-gZjVâzŠt 7Š ñòúštìèsg áz}~v1âvâzšyzšp ìg Šc* gzzxì_ƒ X7"Å~gZjé O E 58-gzZ~gZjäã* ZVâzŠt D gzœûzxk!* X:ì ~Yâ 1975ci+Z é¹1454& ', c* be K Z "Although there is a Matthew named among the various lists of Jesus disciples, more telling is the fact that the name of Levi, the tax collector who is Mark became a follower of Jesus, in Matthew is changes to Matthew.It would appear from this that Matthew was claiming apostolic authority for his Gospel through this device but that the writer of Matthew is probably anonymous." D Biblical Literature ÀËÖ m 6nãÓm E X:ì 0ÆgZÅ -gzz "Irenaeus calls John the beloved disciple, who wrote the Gospel in Ephesus. Papias mentions John the son of Zebedee, the disciple, as well as another John, the presbyter, who might have been at Ephesus. From internal evidence the Gospel was written by a beloved disciple whose name is unknown. Because both external and internal evidence are doubtful, a working hypothesis is that John and the Johannine letters were written and edited somewhere in the East(perhapes Ephesus) as the product of a "school," or Johannine circle, at the end of the firest century ". (Biblical Literature k, ibš ). : ì ~ The Westminster Dictionary of the Bible~{g!* kz?7c* ~gzjäý 3{!ÆgZÅ E O ä "The Question of authorship is no easy problem. There is a strong and consistent tradition in the early church that Matthew was the author. This tradition is confirmed: (1) by the conclusive evidence, furnished by the contents, that the writer of this Gospel was a Jewish Christian emancipated from Judaism; (2) by the improbability that so important a book would have been attributed to so obscure an apostle without good reason;(3) by the likelihood that a publican would keep records; by the modest way in which the writer speaks of the feast given by Matthew to Jesus". (ch.9:10 of Luke 5:29). "On the other hand, many scholars feel that internal evidence makes it difficult to accept this tradition of the Early Church. Matthew reproduces about 90 percent of the subject matter of Mark in language very largley identical with that of Mark. Now it is highly improbable that an apostle would have used as a major source the work of one who in all likelihood had not been an eyewitness of the ministry of Jesus. Papias, bishop of Hierapdis in Phrygia, writing C. A. D. 140, may provide a key to this problem. Eusebius (H. E. iii. 39, 16) quotes him as saying,"matthew collected the logia(sayings, or oracles) in the Hebrew language, and each one
interpreted them as he was able. This brief sentence is probably to be interpreted as follows. The Apostle Matthew (C.A.D 50) wrote down Jesus, saying in Aramaic. These sayings, with a brief frame of historical narrative were translated into Greek and thus constituted the document that scholars designate by the symbol (for German Quelle, source). This document and material from Mark and other sources were woven into what is now our First Gospel. By this hypothesis, The name Matthew, originally attached is the Aramaic source of Q, was transferred to the whole work which had incorporated it." (The Westminster Dictionary of the Bible by John D. Davis, Phd., D,LL.D., late professor of OldTestament Literature, Princeton Theological Seminary Revised and Rewritten by Henry Snyder Gehman, Phd., S.T.D Professor of Old Testament Literature and chairman of the Department of Biblical Literature Princeton theological Seminary and Lecturer in Semitic languages, Princeton University London and New York. Collins Clear Type Press. Glasgow-Toronto-Sydney and Auckland.) X:ì ~[ÂÏZ~{g!* ÆgZÅ - "Like the other Gospels the Fourth does not mention the writer's name but both internal and external considerations lend some support to the traditional belief that the work was written by the Apostle John.....It must be stated, however, that many scholars today do not feel the cogency of the above reasoning. They believe that the author of the Fourth Gospel was distinct from John the apostle, who was the witness to whose testimony the author and his followers appeal (John 19:33;21:24) The Evangelist (The author Proper) was, according to these Scholars a disciple and follower of John the son of Zabedee (the apostle) and wrote from the reminiscences and the teaching of his master, an eyewitness. His name is either unknown to us or, more likely, was John the presbyter or Elder(cf.11 John I and III John I). Thus though the Apostle John was responsible for the Gospel, it was actually written by the pen of another; it is according to this view 'the Gospel of John the Elder according to John the Apostle'." (John The Gospel according toâ k, i). Z}.}gøäVMx* ÆVÍßyZìwÎggzZ {È» ìgd gïz»]!* kz\vg), Ì~èâ [qá Ðs ÅkBy ìh šÿzp /Zâ uz zš»kb Xóìó c* 0* yzzëzgø~~iée 54]ZgÅ[qÁ¾gzZ G Xì7»~gZjkBât tyfz èe 4 3{! E G \xk!* Š z!* ÆkZ1 ~ hæ{o\îzzgxk!* Interpreters BibleXì~gïZÐäƒ'ÆkBe$ÒZ Â[ZgzZì»kBât :ì ~{g!* kzìc ]!* "When Irenaeus(Ca.AD.185) quoted words 'said by Peter', he invariably had in mind passages from I peter. His introductory formula, 'Peter says in his epistle,' implies that he recognised only one epistle as by Peter. He may have known only one epistle under Peter's name. Conceivably, however, he knew II Peter but rejected its authenticity. Contemporary leaders in the west, such as the author of the Muratorian canon, Tertullian, and Cyprian were similarly silent regarding II Peter. Clement of Alexandria was an Eastern contemporary of these Western leaders. Eusebius says that in his Outlines clement gave 'Concise explanations of all the canonical scriptures,' including 'disputed' writings such as 'Jude and the Apocalypse known as Peter's. His statement clearly implies an acquaintance with II Peter. Clement's extant writings, however, contain no quotations from II Peter and reflect no acquaintance with it. The earliest explicit reference to II Peter is made by Origin (AD. 217-51). He says that Peter 'left only one epistle of acknowledged genuineness'. Without trying to account for or refute current scepticism about the authenticity of a second epistle under Peter's name, he says simply, 'This is doubtful'. Eusebius (ca AD.325) included II Peter in his New Testament with the other Catholic epistles. He recognized, however that its canonization, was the outcome of its being 'read in public in most churches' rather than the result of any certainty of its authorship by Peter. Only I Peter he says, is recognised 'as genuine and acknowledged by the elders of olden times.' II Peter is used 'along with the other scriptures' despite the tradition that 'it was not canonical.' The Judgement prevailing in the Church caused Eusebius to describe II Peter as disputed, nevertheless familiar to the majority.' Athnasius and Augustine both recognized II Peter as canonical. Neither says anything about its authenticity. Essentially the same position is taken by the third council of carthage(ad.397). Jerome at about this time expressed the Judgement that Peter 'wrote two epistles which are called Catholic.' "Because of differences in
style, however, he says that II Peter is considered by many not to have been by him." The epistle names Peter as its author. Its message is said to be from 'Simon Peter, a Servant and apostle of Jesus Christ.'(I:I) This ascription is further emphasized by the authors allusion to Jesus prediction of Peter's martyrdom (I:14:cf. John 21: 18-19), his claim to have been with Jesus 'on the holy mountain' on the occasion of the Transfigurations (I:17-18 cf. Matth. 17:5, Mark. 9:7; Luke 9:35) and his implicit reference to I Peter as also written by him(3:1) This Zeal of the epistle for its own authenticity creates more doubt than confidence and other data fail to support its claim. Differences in style from I Peter create insuperable difficulties for the new that the two epistles have a common author. Although both are probably pseudonymous, a strongest case can be made for the authenticity of I Peter. The possibility of Petrine authorship is definitely eliminated by data which locate the second epistle in the second century:(a) the incorporation of Jude as its second chapter;(b) the authors implicit classification of himself with a generation to whom the fathers' were known by tradition (3:2,4); (c) the recognition of Paul's letters as scripture(3:16);(d) the allusion to heretical misuse of Paul's letters(3:16) Because he felt he wrote in Peter's spirit, this unknown Christian leader of the second century felt justified in attributing what he wrote to Peter that this was legitimate by current literary standards is shown by the titles of other second-century such as the Gospel of Peter, the Acts of Peter, the teaching of Peter and the Preaching of Peter. Peter symbolized original and authoratative christaianity.by his authority, therefore,our author condemned heresy.(the Interpreters Bible New York, A bingdon Press Nashville. Vol. XII ) x )ËÉ7»~gZjkBâ uz zš[ s Å~gZjkB } t ìzƒg6~{g!* kzsü:góy*~!zjkz : Zå<Å XE Xì7»~gZjkBÝZgŠÌ⪻kB ì1 tººìt ÉìH[ s ÅkB É~~œ~uzŠ ä ÅV-gZj Ð~X ]Zk, ňÉÅV-gZjÆ P G ]! : Å P G ]! ]Zk, ~uzšå)* Ç6 {z Æã Z* ge X ˆ~Š [ s //'/'// ë 6XñYÅ"$U*:ßZÅ\ W GyÒÐwìkZ ]Z7Æ PG! ] ~ gzã* Zm<!* ÃÅ)* Ç6 ÆòúŠÆäƒÑ:gzZ ïšgzœû Ü`ø ³ Úö c* ÑÃ\WLZ èe 4 3{ E Æ! G kz:ôì@* òúš»äƒxaz:ôìx òaz)* Ç* ` f Ðg à gzã* Z /Zs q-zâ]txìx»z}.x»yzgzz Ñ{z ƒ"$u* ñ3š ]Z7ðÃ~hÆ]tKZäVrBZ X@* ƒ7"$u* Ì* ƒöâõg@* RgzZk^q-Z»yZ ñy Š : Dâ Û x?zz >}mz Šúñ[] ÇçLa» ìcyå"$u* ðz}.åx?mz }] {Zé{ZpÐX ]Z7gŠT~y Z åhìtnz Zq-Z6, V(Zä èg 4$ M Vr Z t ;g¹!* Xc* îš{7ðã:gzzhòúš»]tävrz:gzzmƒ7"$u* ]o Zæ ]tåváâgzèy7"$u* / CÙ]Z7{z Y }uzšgzzƒ:ð ½ zgš{z ì~gz næöâù zèy7¾~yzì_ E ÑZ Å+âù zîƒ Ã ]Z7Æöâù zq-z ä Xƒ:ÑZzä e$ñ6,vâ!* ÒgzZƒ[{z t axƒ:òšw»wìògzz ƒëzr{z t}šgzz ƒ:ñ~cqæk Z t { "$U* tx 7 Š ñoñðãð~vîñyz~váâgz1xƒ:ñzzä 7» 'c* z g h+ å) Ig8 F ¼ t,v0* / Z ~gzgzz c* )6,[{Zé{ZpÃðrÅsZâqgzZGzZpÆ{Ü* çoxìñ1^ñu ~ V(ZKZäVr Z ì%z à VÂ!* ÝZ"ϹgzZ ð3t~vßzj ÆV1 «ìwqt»cqgzzx : ~*ŠÁÂ{zÂDY x»xóæq Á t»qá~ 5[!* ä 6ì^ÑxÑ.Þ e$.~v(zyz ( É :]Š Åhex»ÐïgzZ gzz=ãy Z H"$U* É }Š%xÓ rt»yz (ZX7Š ñ]g t~ V1«èÑqX ]ÐÐ ÔŠLZgzZ ÐÏz7, L Z ƒ`í? ì w h+ å) Ig8 F»kZ{z H7òúŠtäöâgZË ÜzÆ Æ{7ËgzZì]!*{Šƒ gš¾tô W~à òðgåkyzšm "kzš z!* gzzñyhg±z»kzì¼ 7ëÑkZ / CÙyÒ»yZgzZX :Š ñ~yz_ ÑZ Å+âù z ì@* ƒ"$u* :XìZ` â t b q-z ìëñæä wj2zã]!* thxì{oxñ.þ gzzwì?fe$.{z Dš{zs Å]!* T Æ~g±Z Z}.gŠ LZ}ÈÆZ}.gzZ}gâ }hããû{lzt ì$ëyâã ]!* kz=h?}zbz}.ì rgg0+zlzæ+m KZxiZßxÓ
Š]ZgxÓ BZ}. q- Z ì$ëw ÃË]!* th?ƒb Ð ÆyZ ƒz}.{zgzz,šàîãkzgzz,ñãkzgzzxð6,ìæ gzz}z3 ypgzz ìg~ùj-¹âb ÅV b ÌZ}. ìyñyez6, ]!* kzwšðãh?ƒ:wj ŠÅ kzqgzz}»kz Z q-zgzz ñyƒï ˆÆ:âiZ Z"gzZgÑ"Z}. ìy wjã]!* kzwðãh?ƒzað {TÑÅVÂgú Zƒ y W DTS!TQ ävë MO q àñ]ˆì oþ^uæ äm fö] h^jòexóñó Yƒg;»ŒÆyZnÆåŸtgzZÅF, ½uZ Z //'/'// Ãq-Z6, ]x¹üzågz zšgzz ]gßåy K g ZŠÆ[fX@* ƒ7zakˆzðã»ñåx ÆkZÌÂñY ŠÐpÒÆ}pÆkZÃx òazæ )* Ç6 x W, MÐ ½¹ÜZÅ )* Ç 6gzZ,Å P G ] J-ÌZ `ÈqZŠßZÃ[:ßZÔ{gñÔeZ+ îzzgæá Ÿ»»½¹ÜZÅã* ZJ-V X Ð, n²'!* ¼~[Z ÆnZ ZÆ ~ z~gš0* ëâ0æ,å P G! ] X Dƒ : ñâ Û ]ŸZ ZàßZge6, ½kZäx?Zz>}mZ Šúñ[] Çu»Xì;g@* Yc* ŠgZŒÛwV"gzZgÇizg ÒgŠ* ýkZ ì Xì c* ŠhggZÃVp á¹!* XìC ~gòwåc áq-zåvp áå #gšã KèZ Yì½å* gzz³* ½t:'(³Z) 00~V1Â~uzŠÅLuZ ZµgzZŠ> )* ÇäZ6, gzz Qx Ð)* Ç6É7w é I 5. -# EG gzzgçizg {gš* ½t:'([) XìŠ ñ ÐC + G X7._ÆyZ½t ì gƒ~]gšyâ gzz] ö O E Å]ÌÅ\ Z}.:'(`) XH7 6, ½kZÆy¹ÜZq-Zg ävrzšpìcyå[ ½t s Å P G! ] :'(Š) : Dâ Û x?zz>}mz g q-cùz èñqxìhyp»vp á¹!* gzzìîšgzi½ågz6,g / gšgzzéc áq-zsüð~vp áxóåò ã KZ gzzìˆåzaðåð (KZKZ] ã KZq-ZCÙgzZì7gZÐ~kZ qðãìh«ägš gšãy KZ¼ ìy gñð~õãtüz bšzwãxêgzzxùzgzzxxùzgzz]) ÜzË (ZÔ DYŒÐ~tÜZ{ g / gšgzzé6, ûëgzz ÜzË ì@* â Û\ vz 6 ì½ãwœû Xì@* ƒ._æåxùzgzz Zwå:gzZìÅE èl G # ŒÛ,gzZg / gšå: ì@* YH ðã~,kzgzz},ðã 1ˆÅ~$+gŠTìgŠÏZZb Å~$+ªû äô #Ö] o øâø åü ö q» ^øêø xø ø» ]øæø ^ËøÂø à» Ûø Êø ^ãø ö%»úô 躳òø³n ô ù ø èõ ³òø³n ô ù ø ðö ]? ø ³ qø ü Xìk0* ÆZ}.` Z»kZƒŠ b&z Ý^³ Þ å ] n æ] 6na 1i<,e Ñ ì] oþ^³šþ] 1 Œ] ä³óþçnò ^³ãÒ 6³n`Þ ˆ³ñ^³³q ç³ò ˆ³+ æ] ç³ë³â å ³ñ^³³Ê 1³e 1³Þ Ìm ³ á ³ÎV ä³³n ^³³uE D 1Ó ça ] oñçò 1 q 1a p l ^q] oò çëâ Œ]! 1a^i^q ça Üa e Üa»yåO )Ÿ G' xó6,xãôr}uzšã KZgzZìˆ~Š(F, Åg / gšgzz,(q-zcùæoñë%~gz1ì½åpñywœûât uf, e$ gåvp á¹!* gzzxìc* Šgzi6,"(,Æc áq-zsüð~vp áxóå #gšæò ã KZgzZìc* Š wâ0* ì;g^ * ŠÃVzuŠgzZÅ Š$+6,kZ NŠÆV%à #gšæîzxh7 6,½¹ÜZŠpäx?mZ }] ìàqxìˆ~š Yf~Š ~ zq-zcùgzzc* ŠÈJ-xZ Z zãvíg), ~Š (, ~ã!* i$+gškzšp1¼#öûzãë? Š ÌtÃVzuzŠgzZc* 1 VrZ6,T½³* +ZH:X}zîŠ` ¾ÜZ\W ìtn Û»y¹ÜZXÇgx* ÆyZ}æEN % }æe % N gzz,šv1çjjã ywœû gzzxìc lgz6,å c áq-cùz Æ #gšã KZ ìåpñywœû ½ï»gzZu0*?ì$˃Ðs Å\ Z}.H: Ì\Wä ÃxêÆ ÜzgzZûƒ olgzzƒå+œû*, ÐoÑkZ1»Z}. ìwëe$.]!* tx ìt ÆÃ~gøå ìêš½åg / gšgzz,âl ÉmZe7gzi6, Uq-ZsÜpÑ ìk, Å]gŠyâ kzæ\ Z}. gš:xì@* â Û næ ŠZw ½._Æ LZ[ÂEÅ\ Z}. ìgz ì@* Wû\ Z}.~ *Š6, i gzz8-gtªâeäƒ._vâzš gzz w Æb b ÃVñê{zÉ7g / gšgzzò3, å ÙŠë~ Æ\ Z}.XƒCÙªgzZ¼Ðw gzzƒcùªgzz¼ð t:x} EX ìxìkzgzz ììœ{zé7z}.jsüz}.zgøxì fì~v1âv1z±,zxì@* Ì[c* ZwÐV1Z± t KZäZ}. H7{@xLäëX7³#Æ ÆkZ ì{zþzw CgzZì._Æ]gŠyâ ÆkZ ì[â{z[â
q-z Ð =gf } ä \ Z}.n Æ VÍß Tu0* *Ì[Z Xƒc* W: [Z± ðãgzz ƒhnç» g / gš gzz éå B Æ Ãx žPßÔZƒwqH»x Å ß P âðkz X ðƒ7gzšìzìyú gzzxç} uhãyz ì g}š Å!²iu ée54543 G XGE gzzy Zx + þ ÒC GE etë /ZXìÑÁ¾ X* Ýqg0+ZLZtÜZÆ Vz³ñZ}.ªìvZtÜ!* O â»<ñ õgî! c* W7H àñ]ˆì oþ^uæ ( ovnšúÿäû³ 2E Xóìó nz Zq-Z6, tüzæz}.gzzìqøå8-g«gzzãzz"tâƒza~ë»(ðã (, ÌÐZ}. X: Dâ Û \W ~{g!* ÆäƒfpâÐyZgzZäYñ0* ~à ÆkZì~)* Ç6 ½¹ÜZÅ DPQ(PO(OS ävë NL q 6, zvzgzdùæòãkzåkzòãtìšhc* ÐV1 c* V]V#V#pÑyWŒÛ ìåòãt /ZäxsÑZßbr# ¹ÜZÅ gz ìc* Š "$U* Ã]!* kz~wìlzäåãkzxìånæä Äc* gšæzågzä~š åãq-z 7Ì 'g ÅVÂg ìðw~ 6, gîôügškz~gatgzzìˆàðv1âåluz ZµPgzZ gzzš> [ÂÅV-Š ½ ¹ÃVÇ 6,Tý~hN m{gzz ~Š uäkz gšxì zäáâ ùgz ìc* ŠîŠäåÃkZgzZX ˆ~Š Ü Ü'g zäðv1â~uzš (ZgzZ }LgzZ'g ÅŠ> t ìc* ŠîŠgzZ ìc* Š "$U* öâ* ~.ZЊ> ìi* DOOU ävë NL q àñ]ˆì oþ^uæ ( ovnšúÿäû 2EXó ó ƒzáðpšs kzì[æ\g-špçoxìc* ŠwZe~]ªÃVÍßÆ ¹ ÜZÅ P G ] Geddes Macgregorª!* Ýè szcxì_ 0* gzœû î * ÐO h! q-z[zšhc* 1~:âikZÕ@»Tï t : ~ fæ½ "His ethical teaching was in no way radically different from the loftiest traditions of the Judaism into which he was born. This is plain from a careful reading of the Old Testament itself; the recently discovered Dead Sea Scrolls corroborate the already well established fact that as an ethical teacher Jesus gave his hearers a massage, which, however powerfully presented and convincingly demonstrated was not so distinctive as to be accounted a novel. In his ethical teaching Jesus in many ways highly conservative. True, he emphasised certain elements in the now rich Jewish tradition and disapproved of certain tendencies he noted in his development but this would be trueof any teacher worth listening to."(the Bible in making p.24.by Geddes Macgragor) P G ]! : Rev.Charles Francis Potter (ãrw[z),ièszcåm% Z "Moreover,it is extremely embarrassing to read the best part of the Sermon on the mount,for instance, in the Enochan and other similar Essene writings, such as Jubilees, the Psalms of Solomon, and the Testamant of the twelve Patriarchs, when we have found actual pre-christian manuscripts of them in Cave 4." (The Lost Years of Jesus Revealed p.75. by The Rev.Dr.Charles Francis Potter) //'/'// xáz Ôyâ²Z ½øZ»V1ÂÅyZ DYwÈtgzZ DZÆ(v!* fí)yzízãpñywœû gzz DZÆÞZx ÃV1ÂKZr# ~ z~gš0* næ ²Šzöq-ZÌ]xÅyZgzZXnÆå:gzZnÆ*ŠxÓ:ÔìŠzönÆLuZ Zµ._Æ ]Zk, KZÅyZŠp {], ZŠ : Dâ Û x?zz>}mz ÇçLa»] Xìe* 6, yznæ*š~g gzznæåx $˃ L ÿe& ~ {], ZŠ Šzöq-ZgzZ ªx m{q-zj-gzðe$gâ[âå.ñáâxó«ìt?š~(, gzzq-z6,]gz ÅŠ zæpñywœû ÆkZZÎâ ŠzöJ-Š zæluz ZµsÜÉ7nÆ{Z+Ãx tz@åy Z ë ~V/ôÜgzZs gzz CZÆ #CZÃLuZ Zµ D äm fö] h^jòe Xóìó b&zå*šxóãææpñywœû 1X : Dâ Û Q ço! ÌÆ]!* kz[ævç ~gzèyìy ]gˆ:gzzy{g7~ì Îã KZÐzgÅ<ØèLZð q- Z ï» /Z (ZXì»ä B ÆÔŠèY Yƒ74ZŠÌ~` ð Cðà (ZXìŠHHIÐä ÅÀgzZ W Z ävç ]Z ÃT b Åyâ xáz gzzyâ²z q-zg Z ì@* ƒx ÐVÂ!* xóyzxìiì* ~Š á ÃkZÂìð
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