Acknowledgments Introduction Chronology of Authors and Texts Maps Latium in the Period of the Kings The City of Rome and the Forum The Roman World Italy xiv xv xxiv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxx LITERARY TEXTS Appian, The Civil Wars 1 A. The Crisis of the Late Republic (1.1 6) 2 B. The Problem of Land and Tiberius Gracchus (1.7 16) 5 C. Spartacus and the Great Slave Revolt (1.116 120) 11 Augustus, The Accomplishments of the Deified Augustus 14 Catullus, Selected Poems 23 1 24 5 24 7 24 8 25 10 25 11 26 13 27 16 27 22 28 28 28 29 29 34 30 48 30 49 31 50 31 51 32 72 32 75 32 83 32 85 33 v
vi 93 33 101 33 Cicero, M. 34 In Defense of Archias 35 Letters 43 1. July 65 BC, On His Candidacy for the Consulship (Ad Atticum 1.1) 44 2. July 65 BC, On the Birth of His Son (Ad Atticum 1.2) 46 3. January 25, 61 BC, On the Bona Dea Scandal (Ad Atticum 1.13) 46 4. Early July 61 BC, On the Trial of Clodius (Ad Atticum 1.16) 48 5. July 59 BC, On the First Triumvirate (Ad Atticum 2.19) 53 6. April 3, 58 BC, On the Law Relating to His Exile (Ad Atticum 3.4) 54 7. April 6, 58 BC, On His Exile (Ad Atticum 3.5) 55 8. April 30, 58 BC, To His Wife from Exile (Ad Familiares 14.4) 55 9. November 23, 57 BC, On the Gangs and Chaos in Rome (Ad Atticum 4.3) 57 10. October 16, 50 BC, From Athens, On the Looming Conflict between Pompeius and Caesar (Ad Atticum 7.1) 59 11. January 24, 49 BC, On Caesar s March on Rome (Ad Familiares 14.18) 62 12. January 29, 49 BC, On Caesar s March on Rome (Ad Familiares 16.12) 62 13. Around March 5, 49 BC, Julius Caesar to Cicero, Asking Cicero to Stay in Rome (Ad Atticum 9.6A) 64 14. March 20, 49 BC, Cicero s Reply to Caesar, Stating His Obligation to Pompeius (Ad Atticum 9.11A) 64 15. November 27, 48 BC, On His Post- War Position and the Death of Pompeius (Ad Atticum 11.6) 65 16. Mid- April 45 BC, On Tullia s Death (Ad Familiares 4.6) 67 17. December 45, On A Visit from Caesar (Ad Atticum 13.52) 68 18. April 44 BC, On Caesar s Assassination and Its Aftermath (Ad Atticum 14.10) 69 19. September 44 BC, Urging Cassius to Return and Fight Antonius (Ad Familiares 12.2) 70 20. October 44 BC, On the Tyranny of Antonius (Ad Familiares 12.3) 71 21. April 23, 43 BC, On the Defeat of Antonius at Forum Gallorum (Ad Brutum 1.3) 72 22. April 43 BC, On the Defeat of Antonius at Mutina (Ad Brutum 1.3A) 72 23. July 43, On the Voting in the Senate of Honors to Octavian and Penalties for Antonius (Ad Brutum 1.15) 73 Cicero, Q., Running for Office: A Handbook 77 Epictetus, A Handbook of Stoic Philosophy 92 Horace 106 Satires 1.5. A Journey to Brundisium 107 1.6. On Ambition and Noble Birth 110 1.9. The Pest 113
Odes 1.1. To Maecenas 116 1.2. To Augustus 117 1.3. To Vergil 119 1.4. To Sestius 120 1.8. To Lydia 120 1.9. To Thaliarchus 121 1.11. To Leuconoe 122 1.37. The Fall of Cleopatra 122 3.2. The Meaning of Virtus 123 3.6. A Plea to the Romans 124 3.30. Poetic Immortality 126 Juvenal, Satires 127 1. Why I Write 128 3. Umbricius Leaves Rome in Disgust 133 Livy, The History of Rome from Its Foundation 142 A. Preface 143 B. From Aeneas to the Foundation of Rome (1.1 7) 144 C. The Reign of Romulus (1.8 17) 150 D. The Reign of Numa (1.18 21) 158 E. The Reign of Tarquinius Priscus (1.34 40) 162 F. The Reign of Servius Tullius (1.41 48) 167 G. The Reign of Tarquinius Superbus (1.49 60) 174 Lucretius, On the Nature of Things 184 A. Epicureanism and the Concept of Atoms (1.1 264) 185 B. Freedom from Pain and Worry (2.1 124), The Swerve and Free Will (2.216 93) 190 C. The Gods Are Far Removed from Our World (2.570 660) 193 D. Mind and Body Are Inseparable; Death Is Not to Be Feared (3.784 1094) 195 Martial 201 On the Spectacles 1. The Colosseum Outshines All the Wonders of the World (Spectacles, 1) 202 2. A Spectacular Execution (Spectacles, 9) 202 3. A Beast- Fighter (Spectacles, 17) 203 4. A Trained Elephant (Spectacles, 20) 203 5. A Tame Tigress Made Savage (Spectacles, 21) 203 6. A Sea- Battle in the Colosseum (Spectacles, 27) 203 7. Synchronized Swimming (Spectacles, 30) 203 8. Gladiators Fight to a Draw (Spectacles, 31) 204 Epigrams 9. To My Readers (Book 1, preface) 204 10. The Book Addresses Its Reader (Epigrams, 1.1) 205 11. A Sexual Exhibitionist (Epigrams, 1.34) 205 12. A Doctor (Epigrams, 1.47) 206 vii
viii 13. A Neighbor Never Seen (Epigrams, 1.86) 206 14. Hard on the Outside, Soft on the Inside (Epigrams, 1.96) 206 15. Desperate for a Dinner Invitation (Epigrams, 2.11) 207 16. A Client s Client (Epigrams, 2.18) 207 17. An Eager Supporter (Epigrams, 2.27) 207 18. The Outside Doesn t Match the Inside (Epigrams, 2.36) 207 19. A Cruel Master (Epigrams, 2.82) 208 20. Dinner Replaces Handouts (Epigrams, 3.7) 208 21. A Corpse at Dinner (Epigrams, 3.12) 208 22. Hopes and Dreams of a Life in Rome (Epigrams, 3.38) 208 23. A Man to Be Avoided (Epigrams, 3.44) 209 24. Perfume (Epigrams, 3.55) 209 25. An Unequal Dinner Party (Epigrams, 3.60) 210 26. An Elegant Man (Epigrams, 3.63) 210 27. A Boy Lover Grows Up (Epigrams, 4.7) 210 28. A Day in Imperial Rome (Epigrams, 4.8) 211 29. A Rich Atheist (Epigrams, 4.21) 211 30. An Urban Villa (Epigrams, 4.64) 211 31. A Mystery in the Country (Epigrams, 4.66) 212 32. Roman Girls Never Say No (Epigrams, 4.71) 213 33. Epitaph for a Slave Girl (Epigrams, 5.34) 213 34. Escaping the Salutatio (Epigrams, 7.39) 213 35. Troubling Dreams (Epigrams, 7.54) 214 36. An Effeminate Husband (Epigrams, 7.58) 214 37. Clearing the Streets (Epigrams, 7.61) 214 38. Rich Wives in Charge (Epigrams, 8.12) 215 39. Punishing a Cook (Epigrams, 8.23) 215 40. Diminishing Gifts for Saturnalia (Epigrams, 8.71) 215 41. A Way to Stay Young (Epigrams, 8.79) 215 42. A Loud Schoolmaster (Epigrams, 9.68) 216 43. Gold- Digging (Epigrams, 10.8) 216 44. An Ungenerous Friend (Epigrams, 10.15) 216 45. The Good Life (Epigrams, 10.47) 216 46. A Poet Must Eat (Epigrams, 11.24) 217 47. A Paedagogus (Epigrams, 11.39) 217 48. An Impoverished Philosopher (Epigrams, 11.56) 218 49. A German War- Captive (Epigrams, 11.96) 218 50. A Prudish Wife and Her Adventurous Husband (Epigrams, 11.104) 218 Novatian, On the Spectacles 220 Ovid 227 The Art of Love, Book 1 228 Fasti, April 21 248 Tristia 4.10 252 Perpetua, The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas 257 Petronius, Trimalchio s Dinner Party 267
Pliny the Younger, Letters 299 1. False Activity and Authentic Leisure (1.9) 300 2. Long and Short Speeches (1.20) 300 3. Status- Grading at Dinner Parties (2.6) 303 4. A Solicitation of Electoral Support (2.9) 303 5. A Dramatic Trial in the Senate (2.11) 304 6. Legacy Hunting (2.20) 307 7. Choosing a Teacher (3.3) 309 8. The Writings and Amazing Energy of Pliny the Elder (3.5) 309 9. The Character of a Philosopher (3.11) 312 10. A Farm Estate and Its Tenant- Farmers (3.19) 313 11. Hiring a Teacher for Comum (4.13) 314 12. On His New Wife (4.19) 315 13. The Death of Fundanus Daughter (5.16) 315 14. A Freedman Comic Actor (5.19) 316 15. The Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and the Death of Pliny the Elder (6.16) 317 16. The Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius as Seen from Misenum (6.20) 320 17. A Mysterious Disappearance (6.25) 321 18. A Roman Lady and Her Pantomime Troupe (7.24) 322 19. Worship of an Italian River God (8.8) 323 20. On His Wife s Miscarriage (8.10) 324 21. Grief over Dying Slaves (8.16) 324 22. Advice to a Provincial Governor (9.5) 325 23. On Not Going to the Races (9.6) 325 24. Entertainments at Dinner (9.17) 326 25. Hopeless Debt among Tenant- Farmers (9.37) 326 26. Rebuilding a Rural Temple (9.39) 327 27. Financing a New Public Bath Building (10.23, Pliny to the Emperor Trajan) 327 28. Reply (Trajan to Pliny, 10.24) 328 29. On the Treatment of Convicts (10.31, Pliny to Trajan) 328 30. Reply (10.32, Trajan to Pliny) 328 31. On the Status of Exposed Children Raised in Slavery (10.65, Pliny to Trajan) 329 32. Reply (10.66, Trajan to Pliny) 329 33. How to Conduct Trials of Christians (10.96, Pliny to Trajan) 329 34. Reply (10.97, Trajan to Pliny) 331 Plutarch 332 The Life of Cato the Elder 333 The Life of Aemilius Paullus (chs. 26 34) 354 Polybius, Histories 361 A. The Roman Constitution (6.11 18) 362 B. The Roman Army (6.19 26) 366 C. The Roman Camp (6.26 42) 370 D. Roman Funerals (6.53 54) 380 ix
x Quintilian, The Instruction of an Orator 382 Letter to the Bookseller 383 A. Intellectual Capacity (1.1.1 3) 383 B. First Instruction (1.1.4 14) 384 C. The Alphabet (1.1.24 29) 385 D. Home- Schooling vs. Public Education (1.2.1 29) 386 E. Classroom Management (1.3.6 13) 389 F. Corporal Punishment (1.3.14 18) 390 G. Language Study under the Grammaticus (1.4.1 5) 391 H. Training under the Teacher of Public Speaking (Rhetor) (2.1.1 13) 391 Seneca The Younger 394 Philosophical Letters 394 1. What Matters Is on the Inside (Epistulae Morales 5) 395 2. Avoid the Crowd (EM 7) 396 3. Self- Examination (EM 27) 398 4. On the Humane Treatment of Slaves (EM 47) 400 5. Sin City: Baiae and Its Harmful Ways (EM 51) 403 6. Vatia s Villa, or, A Life Not Worth Living (EM 55) 405 7. Living above a Bathhouse (EM 56) 407 8. Nature Requires Little, Humans Much (EM 60) 410 9. Stop Wasting Time (EM 62) 410 10. On the Liberal Arts (EM 88) 411 The Ascension of the Pumpkinhead Claudius into Heaven 418 Sulpicia, Elegies 431 1. A Love That Should Be Talked About (Corpus Tibullianum, 3.13) 431 2. A Rotten Birthday in the Country (3.14) 432 3. An Unexpected Surprise (3.15) 432 4. A Cheating Lover (3.16) 432 5. A Hard- Hearted Lover (3.17) 432 6. A Lover s Mistake (3.18) 432 Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 434 Preface 434 A. General Organization of Roman Religion (1.1) 435 B. Religious Procedure (1.3 4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.10) 436 C. The Retribution of the Gods (1.14, 1.19) 437 D. Foreign Superstitions (3.3) 438 E. The Importance of the Auspices (4.2, 4.3, 4.6) 438 F. Omens (Chance Utterances) (5.1, 5.3, 5.7) 439 G. Prodigies (Unnatural Occurances) (6.1, 6.9, 6.11 13) 440 H. Dreams (7.2, 7.3, 7.5) 442 I. Miracles (8.1 3) 443 Vergil, Eclogues 445 1. A God Gave Us These Carefree Days 446 4. This Glorious New Era Will Begin 448
DOCUMENTARY SECTION xi Inscriptions 451 I. Epitaphs and Other Documents about Individuals 452 Persons of Senatorial Status 1. The So- Called Praise of Turia 452 2. An Aide to Augustus 457 3. A Member of Julius Caesar s and Augustus Inner Circle 457 4. A Paelignian Senator 457 5. A Lady of the Highest Nobility 458 6. A Brother and Sister from the Age of Trajan 458 7. The Death of a Young Girl 459 Persons of Equestrian Status 8. A Young Equestrian 459 9. Graffito Mocking an Equestrian 459 10. A Military Tribune 459 11. An Imperial Procurator 460 12. A Businessman and His Wife Who Achieved Equestrian Status 460 Town Councilors (Decurions) 13. Election Notices from Pompeii 460 14. A Patron and Official from Ostia 461 15. A Priest and Patron from Spain 462 16. A Priestess and Patron from Spain 462 17. A Kind Official from a Village in Gaul 462 18. An Aedile and Duumvir from Germany 462 Soldiers 19. A Legionary Soldier Serving in Britain 463 20. An Aged Legionary Soldier 463 21. A Legionary Trumpeter 463 22. A Legionary Standard- Bearer 463 23. A Legionary Cavalryman, the Captor of Decebalus 464 24. A Gallic Cavalryman 464 25. An Archer from Sidon Serving in Germany 464 26. A Soldier in the Imperial Fleet 465 27. A Centurion Who Came up Through the Ranks 465 28. A Centurion on the Danube Frontier 466 29. A Praetorian Guardsman 466 30. A Decorated Praetorian Guardsman 466 31. A Reservist of the Emperor 467 32. A Member of the First Urban Cohort 467 33. A Mounted Guardsman from the Reign of Hadrian 468 Persons Certainly or Probably Freeborn 34. A Man Who Enjoyed His Wine 468 35. A Father s Love for His Daughter 469 36. An Exemplary Mother 469
xii 37. A Musician 469 38. Graveside Banquets in Honor of a Mother 470 39. A Mother Who Lost Her Children 470 40. A Young Wife 470 41. A Loving Couple 471 42. A Wife and Business Partner 471 43. An Avid Ball Player 471 44. A Wife Who Died in Childbirth 472 Persons of Unknown Status 45. An Anonymous Infant 472 46. An Anonymous Foster- Son 472 Persons of Freed Status 47. The Family of a Swine Dealer 473 48. A Seller of Goat- Skins 473 49. Freedman of a Slave Dealer 474 50. A Freedman Murdered by His Slave 474 Slaves 51. A Favorite Slave Girl 474 52. A Fourteen- Year- Old Slave Who Died after Giving Birth 475 53. A Short- Hand Writer 475 54. A Scholarly Slave Boy 475 55. A Twelve-Year-Old Gold Worker 476 56. Collars Worn by Recaptured Fugitive Slaves 476 II. Proclamations by and for Emperors 478 57. Oath of Loyalty to Augustus and His Family 479 58. Oath of Loyalty to Caligula Sworn by Residents of Aritium, Spain 480 59. Claudius Speech to the Senate Concerning Admission of Gauls to the Senate 480 60. Senatorial Resolution Ratifying the Powers of the Emperor Vespasian 483 61. Vespasian s Letter to the Town Councilors of Sabora 484 62. Inscription on a Triumphal Arch in the Circus Maximus, Honoring Titus 485 63. Hadrian s Address to the Army at Lambaesis 485 III. Inscriptions Relating to Public Works 486 64. An Aqueduct and Other Amenities for Aletrium 487 65. Walls and Towers Repaired at Private Expense 487 66. Wall for a City Square Financed by a Freedman 487 67. Streets Financed by a Governor 487 68. Streets Financed by a Group of Freedmen 488 69. A Playing Field Financed by a Local Magistrate 488 70. A Temple of Apollo Restored by a Local Magistrate 488 71. Wall around a Shrine Financed by a Woman 488 IV. Documents Relating to Festivals, Games, and Shows 488 72. Decree of Town Councilors Sponsoring Public Events as Part of Imperial Cult 489 73. A Sponsor from Pompeii 490
74. A Sponsor from Alife 490 75. A Producer and Head of the Guild of Latin Mime Actors 491 76. A Star Mime Actor 491 77. Epitaph of a Pantomime Dancer 491 78. Epitaph of a Pantomime Dancer 492 79. Epitaph of the Gladiator Flamma 492 80. Epitaph of the Gladiator Ajax 492 81. Epitaph of the Gladiator Exochus 493 82. Epitaph of the Gladiator Niger 493 83. Epitaph of the Gladiator Volusenus 493 84. Epitaph of the Gladiator Felix 493 85. Epitaph of the Gladiator Amabilis 494 86. Epitaph for Two Gladiators who Killed Each Other 494 87. Inscription Honoring Polynices the Charioteer 494 88. Inscription Honoring Diocles the Charioteer 494 V. Prayers and Dedications to Gods 495 89. Dedication of an Altar to Jupiter Optimus Maximus 496 90. Dedication of an Altar to the Numen of Augustus 496 91. Prayer of Married Women to Juno 497 92. Votive Offering to Bona Dea 497 93. Altars near a Fort on Hadrian s Wall 498 VI. Curse Tablets (Defixiones) 499 94. Lead Curse Tablet from Chagnon, France 500 95. Lead Curse Tablet from Minturno, Italy 500 96. Lead Curse Tablet from Carthage 500 97. Illustrated Lead Curse Tablet from Carthage 501 VII. Certificates of Sacrifice from the Decian Persecution 501 98. Two Brothers and Their Wives 501 99. A Priestess of the God Petesouchos 502 100. Inaris and Her Children 502 Laws of the Twelve Tables 503 A Roman Calendar: April 512 A Roman Schoolbook (Colloquia Monacensia) 516 Appendices: 522 Roman Naming Conventions 522 Roman Time Reckoning 526 Roman Currency, Weights, and Measures 527 List of Roman Emperors to AD 337 529 Notes on the Texts and Translations 530 Glossary 533 Index 543 xiii