The Reformation AP European History
Trouble in the Church Babylonian Captivity 1309-78 Great Schism 1378-1417 Clement VII Leo X w/ Giulio
Seven Sacraments Baptism takes away Original Sin Confirmation receive Holy Ghost Holy Eucharist Body / Blood of Christ Penance confession; takes away sin Extreme Unction prepares you for death Holy Orders preparation for priesthood Matrimony marriage; obey God s law
Signs of Disorder What are some of the problems in the Church? Thomas a Kempis
John Wyclif (1328-1384)
John Hus (1369-1415)
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Pope Leo X Grants permission to Archbishop of Magdeberg, Albert, to sell indulgences
John Tetzel
Indulgences
Tetzel and Indulgence Box
Actual Letter of Indulgence
95 Thesis - Wittenberg
Charles V
Holy Roman Empire Eventually becomes an aristocratic federation of seven electors Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, Cologne Margrave of Brandenburg Duke of Saxony Count Palatine of the Rhine King of Bohemia
Duke Frederick of Saxony
Edict of Worms Diet of Worms Jan. through April 1521 Presided by Charles V Frederick III, Elector of Saxony offers protection Edict of Worms May 1521 states: Luther = outlaw, heretic and banned all of his literature Open season to kill Luther (without legal consequence)
Katharina von Bora
Luther s Four Questions How is a person to be saved? Where does religious authority reside? What is the Church? What is the highest form of Christian life?
Baptism Luther s Sacraments Holy Eucharist
Social Impact of Luther German states ripe for reform Church and clergy had many privileges: taxes, exempt from civic duty (defense) Luther (1520): A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none. Social unrest is on the horizon very powerful Luther and followers referred to themselves as Evangelicals until 1529 when governments around them began calling them Protestants (those who protested)
Twelve Articles 1525-26 Swabian peasants Demanded end of serfdom, hunting/fishing rights, free use of forests, and free election of clergy Thought they had Luther as supporter initially YES Revolt crushed in the end This pamphlet is only surviving copy
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Götz von Berlichingen Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (c. 1480 23 July 1562) and also known as Götz of the Iron Hand German Imperial Knight and mercenary Fought against the Swabian League Goethe wrote play about him famous line:
Luther and Women Monasticism abolished in Protestant circles so HOME is the refuge of spiritual reflection Clergy allowed to marry Luther believed home = domain of wife Marriage is the primary profession Husband should rule household, wife control the economy of home (manage goods, money, food, and raising of kids)
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Zwingli Introduces Reformation in Switzerland Preaches directly New Testament Matthew to Revelation Critic of indulgences, Mass, monasticism, clerical celibacy Doesn t agree entirely w/ Luther dispute on Eucharist (Zwingli = memorial, Luther = consub) Colloquy of Marburg
Zwingli s home at birth
Colloquy of Marburg Held in October 1529 Attempt to unify all Protestants seeking reformation Came to much agreement but couldn t close the deal fails to completely unify Biggest differences on Eucharist Catholic = transsubstantiation (miracle) Luther = consubstantiation (essence change happens after you consume) Zwingli = memorial
Five Solas Five Latin phrases or slogans of Reformation 1. Sola fide by faith alone 2. Sola scriptura by the Word alone 3. Solus Christus or Solo Christo by Christ alone Mary, saints, priests no mediators or intercessors 4. Sola gratia by grace alone (not merit) 5. Soli Deo gloria Glory to God alone not glory to popes, saints, or institutions like the Church
What made Reformation possible? The Intellectual Reformation The Print Revolution Christian Humanism Humanist Movement Erasmus
Printing Before 1500 14 complete Bibles in German, 4 in Italian, French, and Spanish, 1 in Czech, and 1 in Flemish (100 s in Latin) 1 million German Bibles sold in first half of 16 th century population Germany = 15 million, 90% illiterate Between 1518-1525 1/3 of all books sold were written by Luther
Before Gutenberg 300 sheep skins needed to produce one Bible Early 15 th century copyist substituted paper made from linen rags save on cost
The Printing Press Huge investment for type and paper press was not expensive (could use corn/wine press) Printed books were considered inferior to hand-written manuscripts But, still very expensive Bibles like Gutenberg s cost the equivalent of purchasing a house today Religious topics/authors ruled the market Cicero was most popular classical author
Christian Humanism Trained originally in Italy classical literature, Latin, Greek, eloquent style, new learning in the liberal arts Applied techniques to the study of authorities and texts of Christianity Reform was central better Christians through better education Especially interested in education for women
Thomas More (1478-1535) For what is more fruitful than the good education and order of women, the one half of all mankind. Raised his own daughters among educated elite in England Wrote Utopia Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) Spanish humanist, The Instruction of a Christian Woman
Humanist Movement Christian humanists mocked popular practices that were close to superstitious e.g., pilgrimages to holy places, relics, etc. Many of the top elites were educated as humanists and/or directly supported them Ferdinand of Aragon, Henry VIII, Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor
In Praise of Folly (1500) Erasmus (1466-1536) Greek text of the Bible, New Testament, writings of St. Jerome Critic of Scholasticism (combo of religious dogma and mystical and institutional traditions of Augustine and Aristotle) Very egalitarian in his wholesale approach: all classes, men/women, etc. Books were mostly how to books Speak Latin properly, write letters, improve manners, 22 rules on how to lead a Christian life
Peasant s War 1525
Habsburg Valois Wars (1521-1555)
Peace of Augsburg 1555 Lutheranism is officially recognized Each prince decides for entire region NOTE: not religious freedom either convert, hide, or leave if not in majority
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Michael Servetus
Anabaptists
Anabaptists of Munster
Dirk (Durk) Willems - Netherlands Escapes, then saves pursuer only to be burned at the stake later
Henry VIII
Henry VIII s parents Their marriage united the warring Houses of Lancaster and York Henry VII Elizabeth of York
Supremacy Act 1534
Thomas More
Thomas Cromwell
Pilgrimage of Grace
Edward VI
Edward VI
Thomas Cranmer
Mary Tudor
Elizabeth
John Knox
Sevenheaded beast of the Papacy 1530
Sevenheaded beast Martin Luther
Catholic Reformation Begins before 1517 and reflects the need to make genuine changes (prior to Luther s rebukes) Pope Adrian VI (between Julius II and Clement VII) 13-month reign as pope
Council of Trent Calls the Council to consider reforms Council meets from 1545-1563 Lutherans and Calvinists invited Attempts to reconcile Catholic/Protestant views Pope Paul III (1534-49)
Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) Bernini s statue: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Angela Merici (1474-1540) Ursuline order established to combat heresy through Christian education (1535) Exclusively for women train future wives and mothers
Society of Jesus Ignatius Loyola 1540 founded the Society Followers called Jesuits Soldier turned missionary 2-year training required Travel anywhere Schools adopted new humanist curricula
Congregation of the Holy Office Pope Paul III establishes in 1542, governs the Inquisition Inquisition = committee of 6 cardinals Led by Cardinal Caraffa later becomes Pope Paul IV