1 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism German friar Martin Luther (1517) Denouncing the authority of priests and popes Announcing the Bible the only source of God s word Called for religious reform
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Swiss John Calvin of Geneva (1536) Endorsed Martin Luther Calvinism Dominant creed of the upcoming Puritans in America Scottish Presbyterians French Huguenots Dutch Reformed Church
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Basic Doctrine Institutes of the Christian Religion Five Points 1. Total Depravity (also known as Total Inability and Original Sin) 2. Unconditional Election 3. Limited Atonement (also known as Particular Atonement) 4. Irresistible Grace 5. Perseverance of the Saints (also known as Once Saved Always Saved)
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Calvinism doctrines gaining little ground in Europe King Henry VIII s problem Church of England Head of State is the Head of the Church Fueled anti- Catholicism movement with a new group of Puritans
The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth Extremists Puritans Separatists (1608) departed for Leyden, Holland Dutchification New World the only option available Contracted with Virginia Company of London Plymouth Company Secured rights Mayflower and Speedwell William Bradford Capt Myles Standish 102 passengers strangers Voyage to Plymouth Bay Mayflower Compact 41 signed (11 misters
The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth First winter (1620-1621) Samoset, Squanto and Massasoit 44/102 survive Thanksgiving William Bradford Governor Chosen 30 times in annual elections 70 year peace with the Wampanoags By 1691 7,000 settlers in Plymouth Colony
The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Moderate Puritans Change the Church from within itself Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629) Great Migration of the 1630s (England) 11 ships/1,000 passengers John Winthrop Governor (19 years) Economy Fur, fishing and shipbuilding
Building the Bay Colony Franchise extended to all freemen Magna Carta Adult males Puritan membership in Church congregation (i.e. Congregational Church) John Adams
Building the Bay Colony Government Not a democracy Distrust for the commons as a meaner sort Paid taxes Followed God s laws Colony known as a Massachusetts Bible Commonwealth
Building the Bay Colony Ministers Not absolute power Congregation had power to hire and fire the minister Congregation had power to determine salary Clergymen barred from holding political office Loose interpretation of separation of Church and State
Building the Bay Colony Puritans believed in the doctrine to a calling to do God s work on earth. Protestant work ethic Sumptuary or Blue laws passed in many communities
Michael Wigglesworth s Day of Doom 1662 For sinners They cry, they roar for anguish sore, and gnaw their tongues for horrour, But get away without delay, Christ pitties not your cry: Depart to Hell, there may you yell, and roar Eternally
Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Anne Hutchinson She claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man Antinomianism ( against the law ) was high heresy Brought to trial 1638 Came to beliefs by direct revelation from God Even higher heresy Banished Set foot to Rhode Island; later to New York Killed by Indians
Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Roger Williams (1636) AKA the Independent Man Providence, RI First Baptist Church in America Established no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no compulsory attendance at worship, no taxes to support a state church, and set up shelters for abused Quakers (despite disagreeing with them) Sewer with outcasts or Rogues Island filled with the Lord s debris
New England Spreads Out Reverend Thomas Hooker Hartford, Connecticut (1635) Fundamental Orders Modern constitution Democratically controlled by its citizens
Puritans Versus Indians Shortly before1620, New England plagued with an epidemic (European fishermen) Killed 75% of Indians on the coast Wampanoag v. Narragansett Chief Massasoit signed treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 for mutual defense
Puritans Versus Indians Hostilities (1637) against the Pequot tribe in CT Militia with Narragansett allies virtually annihilated 4 decades of peace King Philip (1675) Massasoit s son named Metacom King Philip s War Outcome for Indians Outcome for colonists
Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence New England Confederation Primary purpose was defense against foes or potential foes Indians, French and Dutch Process Each colony got 2 votes Exclusively Puritan Although weak in nature; it was the first attempt in America of a union
Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence Oliver Cromwell Executes Charles I Puritan 11 year rule Dies in 1658 Richard Charles II Monarchy restored 1660 Active and aggressive part of management of colonies Revokes charters and begins nationalizing them as royal colonies
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion (royal) of New England Created in 1686 Imposed by monarchy in London New England colonies plus New Jersey and New York Supported by Parliament
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of New England Designed to promote defense Designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of New England Sir Edmund Andros as the head Autocratic leadership; dismissed many democratic principles of the previous government Impose taxes without consent Enforce Navigation Laws
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution The Navigation Act 1660 and Staple Act (also called the Act for the Encouragement of Trade) of 1663 required all European goods bound for America (or other colonies) to be shipped through England or Wales first. The 1733 Molasses Act levied heavy duties on the trade of sugar from the French West Indies to the American colonies, forcing the colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from the British West Indies
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 Dethroning the despotic and unpopular Catholic James II Enthroned the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands Dutch born William III English wife, Mary, daughter of James II
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Parliament now restricted the powers that he, or any future monarch, could exercise. They drew up the English Bill of Rights, which declared that the crown could not suspend laws made by Parliament, raise taxation except through Parliament or have a standing army without the consent of Parliament Above all, it forbade any Catholic from becoming the English monarch and the monarch from marrying one.
Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of New England Swept up in the Glorious Revolution Andros flees, but caught in woman s clothing Exiled to England End of the Dominion Irony More English officials came and controlled the government
Old Netherlanders at New Netherland 17 th Century the Golden Age in Dutch history Emerged as a major commercial and naval power, challenging, England
Old Netherlanders at New Netherland Three Anglo-Dutch naval wars Dutch Republic became a major player in colonization Dutch East India Company 10,000 men 190 ships 40 warships Sailed into New York bay in 1609 Henry Hudson Dutch West India Company Carribean South American and Africa
Old Netherlanders at New Netherland New York New Amsterdam Established patroonship Contracts of land awarded for those who agreed to settle 50 people on them (e.g., Albany) Peter Stuyvesant Governor of New Netherland
Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors Dutch New Netherland Wall Street origin Indians New Sweden Delaware River Golden Age of Sweden 30 Year War King Gustavus Adolphus Protestantism Exploration
Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors Peter Stuyvesant Father Wooden Leg Bloodless siege of New Sweden territory Leaving behind for Sweden Sprinkling of Swedish place names Swedish log cabins Admixture of Swedish blood
Dutch Residues in England v. Holland Charles II Land grant Brother Duke of York Fleet of naval ships and marines to secure birthday present Same outcome as New Sweden Names Admixture of Blood Gambrel-roofed architecture New York
Dutch Residues in New York Dutch influence Harlem (Haarlem) Brooklyn (Breuckelen) Hell Gate (Hellegat) Easter eggs Santa Claus (Sinterklaas) Waffles Sauerkraut Bowling Sleighing Skating And golf (kolf)
Penn s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Religious Society of Friend (Quakers) Quakers Refused to support the established Church of England with taxes Built meeting houses (no churches) Abhorred strife and warfare and refused military service Believed in religious and civic freedom
Penn s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania William Penn Wellborn Imprisoned Father was friend to Charles II Land grant Out of sight; out of mind Penn s Woodland Pennsylvania
Penn s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens Industrious carpenters, masons, shoemakers and manual workers Liberal land policy Inspired immigration Penn s Treaty Indians Market price for the land
Quaker Pennsylvania and its Neighbors Launched colony in 1681 City of Brotherly Love Diversity Peace treaty Chief Tammany Lenape tribe Representative government No tax-supported state church Freedom of worship But, forced to impose sanctions against Catholics and Jews by Monarchy and Parliament No death penalty except for treason and murder England had 200 crimes punishable by death No military defense No restrictions on immigration and naturalization Social reform (earliest origins of abolitionism)
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania Fur trade Farming bread colonies Ports for trade Hudson Susquehanna Delaware Ben Franklin Child of the Middle Colonies coming to life at 17