& Name & Prehistory Early Man Paleolithic Era Neolithic Era Archaeology ' Scientific&name&for&man&=&homo&sapiens& ' Man&emerged&in&Africa&between&100,000&and&400,000& years&ago& ' Man&emerged&from&Africa&to&Asia,&Europe,&Australia,&and& the&americas& ' Early&humans&were&hunters&and&gatherers&whose&survival& depended&on&the&availability&of&wild&plants&and&animals& ' Were&nomadic&(moved&around&in&search&of&food,&water,& and&shelter)& ' Invented&simple&stone&tools& ' Learned&how&to&make&fire& ' Lived&in&clans& ' Developed&an&oral&(spoken)&language)& ' Created& cave&art & ' Neolithic&Revolution&=&discovery&of&agriculture& ' Began&living&in&permanent&settlements& ' Domestication&of&plants&(farming)& ' Domestication&of&animals& ' Used&advanced&stone&tools& ' Made&pottery& ' Developed&weaving&(sewing)&skills& ' Archaeologists&study&past&cultures&by&analyzing:&& ' Human&remains& ' Fossils' ' Artifacts' ' Archaeologist&use&tests&like&carbon&dating&to&determine& the&age&of&fossils& ' Stonehenge&is&an&archaeological&site&in&England&that& began&during&the&neolithic&age&and&was&completed& during&the&bronze&age& ' Aleppo&and&Jericho&are&examples&of&early&cities&in&the& Fertile&Crescent& ' Catalhoyuk&is&an&example&of&a&Neolithic&settlement& currently&under&excavation&in&anatolia&
River Valley Civilizations & Persia The First Civilizations Social Patterns Political Patterns Economic Patterns Religious Patterns Judaism Development of Language Persia **River&valleys&offered&rich&soil&for&farming&and&were&easily&protected& from&invasions& & ' Egypt&=&Nile&River&Valley&and&Delta& ' Mesopotamia&=&Tigris&and&Euphrates&River&Valleys& ' India&=&Indus&River&Valley& ' China&=&Huang&He&(Yellow)&River&Valley& ' Hebrews&=&between&the&Mediterranean&Sea&and&the&Jordan&River& Valley& ' Phoenicians&=&along&the&Mediterranean&coast& ' Kush&=&southern&(upper)&Nile&River& ' Hereditary&rulers&(kings,&pharaohs)& ' Rigid&social&class&system& ' Slavery&was&accepted& ' World s&first&states&(city'states,&kingdoms,&empires)& ' Centralized&government&(often&based&on&religious&authority)& ' Written&law&codes& ' Babylon:&Code'of'Hammurabi& ' Hebrews:&Ten'Commandments& ' Metal&tools&and&weapons& ' Increased&agricultural&surplus& ' Increasing&trade&along&rivers&and&seas& ' Development&of&cities& ' Most&early&civilizations&were&polytheistic&(many&gods)& ' Hebrews&=&monotheistic&(one&god)& ' Important&people:&Abraham,'Moses& ' Important&city:&Jerusalem& ' Holy&book&=&Torah& ' Written&law&code&=&Ten'Commandments& ' Spread&by:&Exile,'Diaspora& ' Earliest&written&symbols&=&pictograms& ' Sumer:&Cuneiform& ' Egypt:&Hieroglyphics& ' Phoenicians:&Alphabet& ' Tolerant&of&conquered&peoples& ' Development&of&an&imperial&bureaucracy& ' Zoroastrianism&as&a&religion& ' Road&system&(Royal&Road)&
India Impact of Geography ' Physical&barriers&like&the&Himalayas,&Hindu'Kush,&and&Indian& Ocean&protected&India& ' Mountain&passes&in&the&Hindu&Kush&provided&invasion&routes& ' The&Indus&and&Ganges&were&important&rivers& Aryans Mauryan Empire (Asoka) Gupta Empire Hinduism Buddhism ' Migrated&to&India&through&the&Khyber&Pass& ' Introduced&rigid&caste&system,&which&influenced&social& interactions&and&choices&of&occupations& ' Politically&unified&India& ' Established&free&hospitals& ' Established&veterinary&clinics& ' Spread&Buddhism& ' Golden&age&of&classical&Indian&culture& ' Contributions&in&math,&astronomy,&new&textiles,&and& literature& ' Caste&system&based&on&occupations& ' Belief&in&many&forms&of&one'deity&(god)& ' Reincarnation&(cycles&of&rebirth)& ' Karma&(reincarnation&based&on&present&behavior)& ' Vedas&and&Upanishads&=&sacred&writings& ' Founded&by&Siddhartha&Gautama&(Buddha)& ' Four&Noble&Truths& ' Eightfold&Path&to&Enlightenment& ' Asoka s&missionaries&spread&buddhism&to&china&and&other& parts&of&asia&
China Ancient China Contributions of Classical China Confucianism Taoism ' The&Great&Wall&of&China&was&built&by&Qin&Shi&Huangdi&to& protect&against&invasions& ' China&was&governed&by&a&succession&of&ruling&families&called& dynasties& ' Chinese&rulers&were&considered&divine,&but&they&served& under&a&mandate&of&heaven& ' The&Silk&Road&facilitated&trade&and&contact&between&China& and&cultures&as&far&away&as&rome& ' Civil&Service&System&helped&the&government&to&run& efficiently&and&effectively& ' Major&Trade&Goods:& ' Paper' ' Porcelain' ' Silk' ' Influenced&China s&society&and&political&order& ' Belief&that&humans&are&good& ' Respect&for&elders& ' Code&of&Politeness& ' Emphasis&on&education& ' Ancestor&worship& ' Influenced&Chinese&culture&and&values& ' Humility' ' Simple&life&and&inner&peace& ' Harmony&with&nature& ' Yin&and&Yang&represented&opposites&
Greece Geography ' The&Greek&peninsula&is&located&near&the&Aegean&and& Mediterranean&Seas,&close&to&Asia&Minor& ' Had&access&to&the&Black&Sea&through&the&Dardanelles& ' Major&Greek&city'states&=&Athens,&Sparta,&and&Troy& ' To&the&north&was&the&kingdom&of&Macedon& Impacts of Geography Greek Mythology Economic'and'Social'Development& ' Limited&arable&land&resulted&in&colonization& ' Trade&and&commerce&helped&to&spread&the&Hellenic&(Greek)& culture& ' Shift&from&barter&to&money&economy& ' Political'Development' ' Mountainous&terrain&resulted&in&the&development&of&isolated& and&independent&city'states& ' Greek&cities&were&designed&to&promote&civic&and&commercial& life& ' Colonization&was&a&result&of&overUpopulation&and&the&search& for&arable&land& ' Greeks&were&polytheistic&(many&gods)& ' Mythology&explained&natural&phenomena,&human&qualities,& and&life&events& ' Major&gods/goddesses:& ' Zeus&=&Father&of&the&gods& ' Hera&=&Goddess&of&marriage& ' Apollo&=&God&of&the&sun&and&light& ' Artemis&=&Goddess&of&the&hunt&and&wild& ' Athena&=&Goddess&of&wisdom& ' Aphrodite&=&Goddess&of&love&and&beauty&
Social'Structure'and'Citizenship' ' Citizens&=&free&adult&males&'&had&political&rights&and& responsibility&of&civic&participation&in&government& ' Women,&foreigners,&and&slaves&had&no&political&rights& Greek City-States Athens' ' Stages&in&Athenian&government&=&Monarchy,&Aristocracy,& Tyranny,&Democracy& ' Tyrants&who&worked&for&reform&=&Draco&and&Solon& ' Origin&of&democratic&principles:& ' Direct&democracy& ' public&debate& ' duties&of&the&citizen& Sparta' ' Oligarchy&(rule&by&a&small&group)& ' Rigid&social&structure& ' Militaristic&and&aggressive&society& Persian Wars ' Persian&Wars&united&Athens&and&Sparta&against&the&Persians& ' Greek&victory&left&Greeks&in&control&of&the&Aegean&and& Mediterranean&Seas& ' Athens&continued&innovations&in&government&and&culture& Peloponnesian War Golden Age of Athens ' Caused&by&competition&for&control&of&the&Greek&world& ' Athens&and&the&Delian&League&vs.&Sparta&and&the& Peloponnesian&League& ' Resulted&in&the&slowing&of&cultural&advance&and&the& weakening&of&political&power& ' Pericles&extended&democracy&and&rebuilt&Athens&after& destruction&in&the&persian&wars& ' Example&=&the&Parthenon&(temple&dedicated&to&Athena)&
Alexander the Great ' Philip&II&of&Macedon,&conquered&most&of&Greece&& ' Alexander&the&Great&established&an&empire&that&stretched& from&greece&to&egypt&to&the&indus&river& ' Hellenistic&culture&was&spread&through&trade&throughout& Alexander s&empire& Greek Contributions People' Contributions' Theater Aeschylus' - Two&types&of&plays:&tragedies&and&comedies& Poetry History Art & Architecture Homer' Herodotus' Thucydides' Phidias' Euclid' Two&epic&poems&about&Trojan&War,&Iliad&and& Odyssey& - Father&of&history& - Wrote&about&Persian&Wars& - Wrote&about&Peloponnesian&War& - Emphasized&perfection& - Parthenon&=&temple&for&Athena&in&Athens& - 3&types&of&columns&(Doric&=&dull,&Ionic&=&eyes,& Corinthian&=&curly)& - Father&of&Geometry& Math and Science Pythagoras' Archimedes' - Pythagorean&Theorem& - Principles&of&levers&and&pulleys& Hippocrates' - Father&of&Medicine& &stressed&hygiene&andðics&! Philosophy Socrates' Plato' Aristotle' - Emphasized&questioning& - Said& Know&thyself & & - Student&of&Socrates& - Wrote&The$Republic&about&an&ideal&society& - Opened&the&Academy&(a&school)& - Student&of&Plato& - Tutor&of&Alexander&the&Great& - Wrote&many&books&about&sciences&and&logic&
Ancient Rome Geography Roman Republic Punic Wars and the Evolution of Rome Causes for the Decline of the Republic Origin of Imperial Rome ' Centrally&located&in&the&Mediterranean&Basin&and&far&from& the&eastern&mediterranean&powers& ' Located&on&the&Italian&Peninsula& ' The&Alps&Mountains&offered&mountains&to&the&north& ' The&Mediterranean&Sea&offered&protection&and&access&to& sea'borne&commerce& Social'Structure'and'Citizenship' ' Patricians&=&powerful&wealthy&nobility& ' Plebeians&=&common&person& ' Slavery&was¬&based&on&race& ' Citizens:& ' Patrician&and&plebeian&men& ' Selected&foreigners& Government& ' Representative&democracy&=&republic& ' Senate&=&law'making&body& ' Consuls&=&replaced&the&king& ' Law&Code&=&Twelve'Tables& ' Series&of&wars&between&Rome&and&Carthage&over& competition&for&trade&in&the&mediterranean&sea& ' Hannibal&invaded&the&Italian&Peninsula&during&the&Second& Punic&War& ' 3&wars&resulted&in&Roman&victory,&the&destruction&of& Carthage,&and&expanded&wealth&and&territory&for&Rome& ' Rome&covered&the&Mediterranean&Basin&and&Western& Europe& ' Spread&of&slavery&into&the&farming&system& ' Migration&of&small&farmers&into&cities&caused&unemployment& ' Civil&war&over&the&power&of&Julius&Caesar& ' Devaluation&of&Roman¤cy&caused&inflation& ' First&Triumvirate&=&Caesar,&Pompey,&Crassus& ' Caesar&seized&power,&became&dictator&and&was& assassinated&by&the&senate& ' Augustus&Caesar&became&the&first&Emperor&of&the&Roman& Empire& ' Failed&to&provide&for&a&peaceful&succession&of&emperors&
Pax Romana Christianity Christianity Two'centuries&(200&years)&of&peace&and&prosperity& ' Economic'Impacts' ' Uniform&system&of&money& &expanded&trade& ' Safe&trade&and&travel&on&Roman&roads& ' Promoted&prosperity&and&stability& ' Social'Impacts' ' Returned&stability&to&social&classes& ' Emphasized&the&family& ' Political'Impacts' ' Created&a&civil&service& ' Uniform&rule&of&law& Origins' ' Had&its&roots&in&Judaism& ' Was&led&by&Jesus&of&Nazareth,&who&people&thought&was&the& Messiah& ' Conflicted&with&the&polytheistic&beliefs&of&the&Roman&Empire& Beliefs,'Traditions,'and'Customs' ' Monotheistic&(believed&in&one&god)& ' Jesus&was&both&the&son&and&incarnation&of&God& ' Life&after&death& ' Holy&Book&=& ' Old&Testament&=&Jewish&teachings& ' New&Testament&=&teachings&of&Jesus& ' Christian&doctrine&was&established&by&early&church&councils& Spread'of'Christianity' ' Carried&by&the&Apostles,&including&Paul,&throughout&the& Roman&Empire& ' Slowed&because&of&the&persecution&(unfair&treatment)&by& Roman&authorities& ' Adopted&and&legalized&by&Emperor&Constantine& Impact'of'the'Church'on'the'Roman'Empire' ' The&Church&became&an&example&of&moral&authority& ' Loyalty&to&the&Church&became&more&important&than&loyalty& to&the&emperor& ' Church&became&the&main&unifying&force&in&Western&Europe&
- Economy& &the&empire&became&too&large& - Cost&of&defense& - Devaluation&of&Roman¤cy& Causes for the Decline of the Empire - Military& &bigger&empire&meant&more&land&to&defend& - Had&to&hire&invaders,&resulting&in&a&decline&in&training&and& discipline& - Moral&Decay:&Loss&of&faith&in&Rome&and&the&family& - Political&Problems& - Civil&conflict& - Weak&administration& - Invasions&and&attacks&on&all&borders& Division and Fall of the Empire ' Move&of&the&capital&by&Constantine&from&Rome&to& Byzantium,&renaming&it&Constantinople& ' Western&Roman&Empire&survived&until&& 476&AD& ' Eastern&Roman&Empire&became&known&as&the&Byzantine& Empire&
Roman Contributions! Art & Architecture Technology Science Medicine Literature Language Religion Law Roman Mythology - Roman&innovations&=&arch&and&dome& - Examples&of&Roman&architecture:& - Pantheon&=&Roman&temple& - Colosseum&=&Roman&stadium& - Forum&=&Marketplace& - Roads&connected&the&empire;&improved&trade&and&travel& - Aqueducts&carried&water&to&Roman&cities& - Arches&were&used&in&Roman&architecture& - Ptolemy&was&a&Roman&geographer&and&astronomer&who& believed&that&the&earth&was&the¢er&of&the&universe& - Emphasized&public&health& - Public&baths& - Public&water&system& - Medical&schools& - Virgil&wrote&the&Aeneid,&an&epic&poem&about&the&founding&of& Rome& - Official&language&of&Rome&=&Latin& - Influenced&Romance&languages&(Spanish,&French,&Italian)& - Roman&polytheistic&mythology& - Adoption&of&Christianity&as&the&imperial&religion& - Roman&law&code&=&Twelve&Tables& - Principle&of& Innocent&until&proven&guilty & & ' Romans&were&polytheistic&(many&gods)& ' Mythology&was&based&on&the&religion&of&Greece& - Major&gods/goddesses:& - Jupiter&=&Father&of&the&gods& - Juno&=&Goddess&of&marriage& - Apollo&=&God&of&the&sun&and&light& - Diana&=&Goddess&of&the&hunt&and&wild& - Minerva&=&Goddess&of&wisdom& - Venus&=&Goddess&of&love&and&beauty&
Constantinople Justinian Art, Architecture & Culture Division in the Christian Church Influence on Russia Byzantine Empire ' Protection&of&the&eastern&frontier& ' Distance&of&Germanic&invasions&in&the&west& ' Crossroads&of&trade& ' Easily&fortified&site&on&a&peninsula&bordering&a&natural& harbors& ' Seat&(capital)&of&the&Byzantine&Empire& ' Preserved&classical&Greco'Roman&culture& ' Codification&of&Roman&law&into&Justinian s&code& ' Impacted&European&legal&codes& ' Reconquest&of&former&Roman&territories&in&the&west& ' Expansion&of&trade& ' Byzantine&art&was&inspired&by&Christianity&and&imperial& power& ' Icons&=&small&religious&images&used&in&worship& ' Mosaics&=&pictures&made&of&small&colored&tiles&& ' Hagia&Sophia&=&domed&church&built&by&Justinian& ' Continued&flourishing&of&Greco'Roman&traditions& ' Preserved&Greek&and&Roman&knowledge&in'libraries& ' Greek&language& ' Greek&Orthodox&Christianity& ' Eastern&Church&=&Eastern&Orthodox& ' Centered&in&Constantinople& ' Used&Greek&in&church&services& ' Authority&of&the&Emperor& ' Priests&were&allowed&to&get&married& ' Western&Church&=&Roman&Catholic& ' Centered&in&Rome&& ' Used&Latin&in&church&services& ' Authority&of&the&Pope& ' Practices&such&celibacy&(priests¬&allowed&to&get&married& ' Trade&routes&between&the&Black&and&Baltic&Seas& ' Adoption&of&Orthodox&Christianity&by&Russia& ' Adoption&of&Greek&alphabet&to&the&Slavic&language&=&Cyrillic& Alphabet& ' Influenced&Russian&church&architecture&and&religious&art&
Islam Origins and Spread Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs Influence of Geography on Islam Turning Points Contributions ' Revelations&of&Muhammad&form&the&basis&of&the&Islamic& religion& ' Important&cities&=&Mecca&and&Medina&on&the&Arabian& Peninsula& ' Spread&across&Asia,&Africa,&and&into&Spain& ' Monotheistic&=&one&god& ' God&=&Allah&& ' Holy&book&=&Qur an& ' Five&Pillars&of&Islam&=&duties&of&all&Muslims& ' Acceptance&of&Judeo'Christian&prophets,&including&Moses& and&jesus& ' Overcame&geographic&barriers&like&mountains,&deserts,&and& great&distances& ' Diffusion&along&trade&routes&between&Mecca&and&Medina& ' Spread&into&Fertile&Crescent,&Iran,&and&Central&Asia&facilitated& by&weak&byzantine&and&persian&empires& ' Arabic&language&spread&with&Islam&and&facilitated&trade& ' Death&of&Ali&led&to&the&Sunni&and&Shi a&division&over&who& should&be&caliph& ' Muslim&conquests&of&Jerusalem&and&Damascus& ' Capital&moved&to&Baghdad&by&Abbasid&Dynasty& ' Muslim&defeat&at&the&Battle&of&Tours& ' Fall&of&Baghdad&to&the&Mongols& ' Cultural& ' Architecture:&Dome&of&the&Rock& ' Calligraphy' ' Arabic&Alphabet& ' Universities' ' Translations&of&texts&into&Arabic& ' Scientific& ' Arabic&Numbers& ' Algebra'and'Chemistry' ' Medicine' ' Geography'(astrolabe)'
Japan, Africa, and the Americas Japan African Kingdoms The Americas ' Mountainous&archipelago& ' Sea&of&Japan&between&Japan&and&the&Asian&mainland& ' Proximity&to&China&and&Korea& ' Influence&of&Chinese&culture& ' Writing&(based&on&characters)& ' Architecture&(pagodas)& ' Buddhism& ' Shinto&=&theðnic&religion&unique&to&Japan& ' Importance&of&natural&features,&forces&in&nature,&and&ancestor' worship& ' Coexisted&with&Buddhism& ' Axum& ' Located&in&the&Ethiopian&highlands,&near&the&Nile&River& ' Christian&kingdom& ' Zimbabwe& ' Located&on&the&Zambezi&and&Limpopo&Rivers,&near&the&coast&of&the& Indian&Ocean& ' Prosperous&trading&empire& ' West&African&Kingdoms& ' Ghana,&Mali,&and&Songhai&were&all&located&on&the&Niger&River&near&the& Sahara&Desert& ' Importance&of&gold&and&salt&to&& trans'saharan&trade& ' City&of&Timbuktu&was&a¢er&of&trade&and&learning& ' Role&of&Animism&and&Islam& ' Maya&Civilization& ' Located&in&the&Mexican&and&Central&American&rain&forests& ' Group&of&city'states&ruled&by&a&king& ' Economy&based&on&farming& ' Polytheistic&religion& &built&pyramids& ' Aztec&Civilization& ' Located&in&the&valley&of¢ral&Mexico& ' Ruled&by&an&emperor& ' Economy&based&on&farming& ' Polytheistic&religion& &built&pyramids& ' Inca&Civilization& ' Located&in&the&Andes&Mountains&in&South&America& ' Ruled&by&an&emperor& ' Economy&based&on&highUaltitude'farming& ' Built&a&road&system&