L a b l Typs of Humans Nam Answr Ky 1 st Smstr Rviw Packt Th Palolithic Era to th Agricultural Rvolution Lif in arly huntr-gathrr socitis was shapd by thir physical nvironmnt. Homo sapins mrgd in East Africa btwn 100,000 and 400,000 yars ago Circl whr humans originatd Homo sapins migratd from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and th Amricas. (vrywhr xcpt Antartica) arly humans wr huntrs and gathrrs who dpndd on th availability of wild plants and animals Charactristics of Palolithic Era Cav art Australopithcins Homo Homo Homo Habilis Erctus Sapin Charactristics of Nolithic Era Nomadic Dvlop agricultur (domsticat plants) Simpl tools Domsticat animals Us fir Advancd tools Clans Pottry Oral languag Waving Cav art Archaology (archaologists study past culturs by locating and analyzing human rmains, sttlmnts, fossils, and artifacts) Archaologists continu to find and intrprt vidnc of arly humans and thir livs. Dfin Carbon Dating- mthod of tlling th ag of a fossil or artifact Labl Archaological Faturs and dscrib thm. Stonhng- England 1. 2. 3. Catal Hayukarchaological sit Turky Ancint Rivr Vally Civilizations ( Cradls of Civilization ) Rivr Vally Civilizations-rivr vallys providd watr and rich soil for crops as wll as protction from invasion Alppo and Jricho-ancint citis Frtil Crscnt Labl Msopotamia, Tigris and Euphrats Rivrs, Egypt, Nil Rivr and Nil Dlta, Indus Civilization, Indus Rivr, Chins civilization, Huang H Rivr Also add th gographic nam for ach civilization. Africa Southwst Asia South Asia East Asia
Put th yar for ach civilization: Msopotamia ( 3500 BC), Egypt (3200 BC), Indus ( 2500 BC ), China ( 2000 BC ) Othr Early Civilizations Hbrws sttld btwn th Mditrranan Sa and th Jordan Rivr Vally Phonicians sttld along th Mditrranan coast (part of Frtil Crscnt in Southwst Asia). Nubia was locatd on th uppr (southrn) Nil Rivr (Africa). Social Pattrns Political Pattrns Economic Pattrns Hrditary Rul-dynastis World s first stats-city-stat Mtal tools and wapons Irrigation-incrasd agricultur Rigid class systm-slavry Cntralizd govrnmnt Incras trad Writtn law cods World s first citis Slavry Msopotamia Egypt Indus China Cod of Hammurabi Pharaohs Polythistic Mandat of havn Cuniform Pyramids Harappa and Silk Polythistic Hiroglyphics Mohnjo-Daro Dynastis Ziggurats Polythistic Plannd citis Rligion D f i n Writing Polythism was practicd by most arly civilizations (Dfin-blif in many gods) Dfin Monothism-blif in on god Monothism of Abraham bcam th foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Th Hbrw wr th first to bcom monothists) Abraham-Fathr of Judaism Moss- ld th xodus Major City-Jrusalm Torah- writtn rcords and blifs Tn Commandmnts-moral and rligious laws Exil- banishd from a land Diaspora-scattring of Jwish communitis Pictograms: Earlist writtn symbols Hiroglyphics: Egypt Cuniform: Msopotamia Alphabt: Phonicians Evolution of English Alphabt: Phonician->Grk->Latin->English Prsia, India, and China Prsia, built on arlir Cntral Asian and Msopotamian civilizations, dvlopd th largst mpir in th world. Zoroastrianism was th main Prsian rligion, although othr rligions wr tolratd. Blif in two opposing forcs in th univrs Tolranc of conqurd popls Alphabt Hiroglyphics L a b l Cuniform Pictograms
Dvlopmnt of imprial buraucracy Dfin-organization of popl who complt th day to day tasks of govrnmnt Construction of road systm Indian civilization bgan in th Indus Rivr Vally Physical barrirs such as th Himalayas, th Hindu Kush, and th Indian Ocan mad invasion mor difficult. mountain passs in th Hindu Kush providd migration routs into th Indian subcontinnt (Khybr Pass) Two Major Citis-Harappa and Mohnjo-Daro Social class systm-cast Systm China was govrnd by a succssion of ruling familis calld dynastis Chins rulrs wr considrd divin- Mandat of Havn only as long as thir rul was just Silk Road facilitatd trad and contact btwn China and othr culturs as far away as Rom. Ancint Grc Th physical gography of th Agan basin shapd th conomic, social, and political dvlopmnt of Grk civilization. Th xpansion of Grk civilization through trad and colonization ld to th sprad of Hllnic cultur across th Mditrranan and Black sas. Balkan Pninsula Dardanlls Macdonia Agan Sa Troy Asia Minor Athns Sparta Ploponnsus pninsula Black Sa Labl: Agan Sa, Balkan and Ploponnsus pninsula, Asia Minor, Mditrranan Sa, Black Sa, Dardanlls, Athns, Sparta, Troy, Mditrranan Sa Agricultur (limitd arabl land) Dfin arabl-suitabl for farming Shift from bartr to mony conomy (coins) Mountainous trrain both hlpd and hindrd th dvlopmnt of city-stats How? Offrd protction and prvnt unification Grk citis wr dsignd to promot civic and commrcial lif. Colonization was promptd by ovrpopulation and th sarch for arabl land. Grk Mythology was a polythistic rligion that was intgral to th cultur, politics, and art in ancint Grc. Many of Wstrn civilization s symbols, mtaphors, words, and idalizd imags com from ancint Grk mythology Offrd xplanations of natural phnomna, human qualitis, and lif vnts List th Grk gods and dscrib thm: Political 1. Zus-chif dity 2. Hra-wif of Zus 3. Apollo-god of light and prophcy 4. Athna-goddss of wisdom 5. Artmis-goddss of wildrnss 6. Aphrodit-goddss of lov and bauty Classical Athns dvlopd th most dmocratic systm of govrnmnt th world had vr sn, although not vryon could participat in dcision making. It bcam a foundation of modrn dmocracis. Athns (dmocracy) and Sparta (oligarchy) Social structur and citiznship Citizns(fr adult mals) had political rights and th rsponsibility of civic participation in govrnmnt. Womn, Slavs, and forignrs had no political rights.
Athns and Sparta Athns Sparta volution of Athnian govrnmnt: MATD (acronym) Monarchy Aristocracy Tyranny Dmocracy Oligarchy (rul by a small group) Tyrants who workd for rform: Draco-writr of law cod How wr social classs? Rigid social structur Solon-abolish dbt slavry Origin of dmocratic principls: Dirct dmocracy What typ of Socity? Militaristic and aggrssiv Public dbat Dutis of th citizn Prsian War (499 to 449 BC)-th Grks dfatd th Prsian Empir and prsrvd thir political indpndnc. Prsian Wars unitd Athns and Sparta against th Prsian Empir. Athnian victoris ovr th Prsians at Marathon and Salamis lft Grks in control of th Agan Sa. Dscrib battls: land battl naval battl Athns prsrvd its indpndnc and continud innovations in govrnmnt and cultur. Dfin Dlian Lagu-allianc of Grk city stats Ploponnsian War (431 404 BC) Causd in part by comptition for control of th Grk world: Athns (Dlian Lagu) vs. Sparta (Ploponnsian Lagu) What ar th ffcts? Slowing cultural advancmnt and wakning political powr D s c r i b S P A Pricls Goldn Ag of Pricls (Occurs btwn Prsian War and Ploponnsian War) Pricls xtndd dmocracy; most adult mals had an qual voic. Pricls had Athns rbuilt aftr Prsian Wars dstruction; th Parthnon is an xampl of this rconstruction. Contributions of Grk cultur to Wstrn civilization Drama: Aschylus-first writr of Grk tragdis Sophocls-Grk gnral during Prsian wars, playwright Potry: Homr- Iliad and Odyssy History: Hrodotus-Grk historian of Prsian Wars Thucydids-Grk historian of Ploponnsian Wars Sculptur: Phidias-sculptor of Parthnon Architctur: Parthnon-tmpl to Athna Typs of columns -Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Scinc: Archimds-invntd scrw, workd with pi Hippocrats- Fathr of Mdicin Mathmatics: Euclid-systmizd gomtry Pythagoras-rlationship of sids of a triangl Philosophy: Socrats-First Grk philosphr Plato-writr of Th Rpublic Aristotl-usd scintific mthod, taught Alxandr th Grat Parthnon Doric Ionic Corinthian
Macdonian conqust of Grc followd th wakning of Grk dfnss during th Ploponnsian War. Macdon Grc Alxandr Egypt India Grk orintal Ancint Rom trad Gography- th city of Rom, with its cntral location on th Italian pninsula, was abl to xtnd its influnc ovr th ntir Mditrranan basin (Protction, sa-born commrc) Alps Carthag Tibr Rivr Rom Siciliy Athns Mditrranan Sa Anatolia Pninsula Labl-Rom, Italian Pninsula, Alps, Mditrranan Sa, Adriatic Sa, Tibr Rivr, Carthag, Athns, Anatolia Pninsula, Sicily Roman Mythology -Basd on th Grk polythistic rligion Social Structur Explanations of natural phnomna, human qualitis, and lif vnts Symbols and imags in litratur, art, and architctur Grk god Zus Hra Apollo Athna Artmis Aphrodit Patricians -fw in numbr, nobls Plbian -Majority of population Slavs -not basd on rac Roman god Jupitr Juno Apollo Minrva Diana Vnus Who wr citizns? Patricians, Plbians, Slctd Forignrs Rights and Rsponsibilitis of citizns: 1. taxs 2. Military srvic 3. vot
Roman Rpublic Dfin Rprsntativ Dmocracy-popl lct ladrs to rprsnt thm Assmbly Snat Consul Dictator Tribun-plbian class Patrician class two lctd officials appointd in tim of crisis What is th Roman Law Cod? Twlv Tabls Punic Wars (264 to 146 BC)-Rom and Carthag wr in comptition for trad. Hannibalinvadd th Italian Pninsula Thr wars rsultd: Roman Victory Dstruction of Carthag Expandd trad and walth of Rom Sprad of Roman cultur Mditrranan Basin (Africa, Asia, Europ, including th Hllnistic world of th Eastrn Mditrranan) Wstrn Europ (Gaul, British Isls) Causs for Fall of Roman Rpublic Origins of Roman Empir Sprad of slavry into agricultur First Triumvirat Migration of small farmrs Julius Casar assassinatd Civil war ovr Julius Casar Augustus Casar Dvaluation of Roman currncy->inflation Unify mpir Failur to provid for a pacful succssion of mprors Augustus Casar stablishd th Roman Empir by instituting civil srvic rul by law, a common coinag, and scur travl and trad throughout th Empir. Pax Romana-Two cnturis of pac and prosprity undr imprial rul Economic impact Social impact Political impact Uniform systm of mony Rturn stability to social classs Civil srvic Saf travl and trad on Roman Roads Promotd prosprity and stability Christianity Incras mphasis on family Uniform law systm Origins Blifs How and why Christianity sprad Impact of th church of Rom on th Empir roots in Judaism Jsus conflict with polythism monothism Jsus lif aftr dath Nw tstamnt Christian doctrin popularity of mssag martyrs Apostls-Paul Constantin-lgaliz Thodosius-official Church is moral cntr Loyal to church Church is unifying forc
Panthon Contribution of ancint Rom Art and architctur: Panthon-tmpl to all gods Colossum-hug arna for gladiator fights Forum-cntr of govrnmnt and trad Tchnology: Roads-trad routs Aquducts-bring watr to citis Roman archs-usd in Roman architctur Scinc: Achivmnts of Ptolmy-movmnt of plants Mdicin: Emphasis on public halth (public baths, public watr systms, mdical schools) Languag: Latin-languag of Roman Catholic Church and Rom Romanc languags-roots in Latin Litratur: Virgil s Anid-story of founding of Rom Rligion: Roman mythology-basd on Grk gods Adoption of Christianity as th imprial rligion Law: innocnt until provn guilty Causs for th dclin of th Wstrn Roman Empir: Problm Explanation 1. Economy Cost of dfns and dvaluation of Roman currncy Colossum Forum Aquducts 2. Military Army is non-roman mrcnaris 3. Moral Dcay Loss of faith in Rom 4. Political Problms Civil conflict and wak administration 5. Invasion Attacks on bordrs Division of th Roman Empir Mov of capital by Constantin from Rom to Byzantium, rnaming it Constantinopl Survival of Wstrn Roman Empir until 476 AD whn it casd to hav a Roman Empror Eastrn Roman Empir (Byzantin Empir) Byzantin Empir and Russia Th capital of th Eastrn Roman Empir was changd to Constantinopl to provid political, conomic, and military advantags. Location of Constantinopl Protction of th astrn frontir Distanc from Grmanic invasions in th wstrn mpir Crossroads of trad Easily fortifid sit on a pninsula bordrd by natural harbors Rol of Constantinopl Sat of th Byzantin Empir until Ottoman conqust Prsrvd classical Grco-Roman cultur Cntr of trad Justinian- Byzantin Empir rachd its hight in cultur and prosprity Codification of Roman law (impact on Europan lgal cods) Rconqust of formr Roman trritoris Expansion of trad
Art and architctur Grk and Roman traditions wr prsrvd in th Byzantin Empir. Inspiration providd by Christian rligion and imprial powr Icons (rligious imags) Mosaics in public and rligious structurs Hagia Sophia (a Byzantin domd church) Grco-Roman Cultur Continud flourishing of Grco-Roman traditions Grk languag (as contrastd with Latin in th Wst) Grk Orthodox Christianity Grk and Roman knowldg prsrvd in Byzantin libraris Division of Church Eastrn Church Cntrd in Constantinopl Clos to sat of powr aftr Constantinopl bcam capital Us of Grk languag in th liturgy Authority of th Patriarch accptd in th East Cntrd in Rom Wstrn Church Practics such as clibacy vntually accptd in th Wst Us of Latin languag in th liturgy Authority of th Pop accptd in th Wst Russia Trad routs btwn Black Sa and Baltic Sa Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastrn Europ Adoption of Grk alphabt for th Slavic languags by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabt) Church architctur and rligious art Mongol armis-invadd Russia, China, and Muslim stats in Southwst Asia, dstroying citis and countrysid Cratd an mpir Constantinopl Fll to th Ottoman Turks in 1453 AD, nding th Byzantin Empir Bcam capital of th Ottoman Empir