The Middle Ages: The Church, The Economy, and the Crusades
SSWH7 Analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, poli=cs, society, and economics. 7b. Explain the poli=cal impact of Chris=anity and the role of the church in medieval society.
The Church in the Middle Ages Church leaders & poli=cal rulers competed for power Clergy: religious officials (pope, bishop, priests, nuns) Chris=anity unified people: church was the religious & social center of a community Religious holiday were celebra=ons; priest conducted sacraments (ceremonies thought necessary to achieve salva=on/heaven such as bap=sm)
The Church in the Middle Ages All medieval Chris=ans (even kings) were subject to canon or church law in areas like marriage & religious prac=ces. 2 weapons used by popes: 1. excommunica=on (banishment from the church) 2. interdict (sacraments not allowed to be performed on king s lands
The Church in the Middle Ages Church & state clashed over lay inves=ture or the power of kings to appoint bishops. Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII p. 213 Concordat of Worms: In 1122, Church & emperor agreed that the Church could appoint bishops but emperor could veto.
The Church in the Middle Ages Other church issues: marriage of priests & simony (selling church posi=ons Acts 8:18-20) 520: Benedic=ne monks devoted their lives to serving God in monasteries (schools, libraries, copying Scripture); nuns did the same in convents. 1200: Dominican & Franciscan friars were travelling priests who preached to the poor & begged for a living; took vows of chas=ty, poverty, & obedience
Cathedrals Viewed as represen=ng the City of God Romanesque style: built 800-1100; round arches; thick walls; small windows gave liale light. Gothic: light through large stained-glass windows; ribbed vaults (hold roof); flying buaresses; pointed arches; tall spires
Church Reformers John Wycliffe: English scholar/preacher in the 1300 s who taught the Jesus was head of the Church and the Bible was the final authority for Chris=an life, not the pope; spoke out against worldliness/wealth of many clergy; translated Bible into English Jan Hus: Czech (Bohemian) priest who taught the same as Wycliffe; burned at the stake as a here=c in 1415; also introduced congrega=onal singing & services in the common language
7c. Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and ci=es, include: the impact of the Bubonic Plague.
Changes in Agriculture, 1000-1300 Warmer climate allowed growing more food on more land Horsepower used for plowing instead of oxen; 3 =mes faster 3 field system: plant 2 fields & 1 fallow (no crops); allowed 2/3 instead of ½ of land to be cul=vated Popula=on grew because of beaer nutri=on from more food which also increased life expectancy
Guilds Organiza=ons of people in the same crag working to improve economic & social condi=ons. (Similar to modern labor unions.) Merchant guilds: controlled number of goods traded & regulated prices; provided security to reduce loss Crag guilds: set quality standards, wages, prices, and working condi=ons
Guilds cont. Examples of crag guilds: wheelwrights, glassmakers, bakers, druggists, tailors 3 levels of workers: Appren=ce: 2-7 years training; lived with/served/ obeyed master; couldn t marry Journeyman: worked 6 days/week; worked for a master; had to produced masterpiece to be become guild member Master: owned own shop; guild member; civic par=cipant
Commercial RevoluBon Expansion of trade/business in Europe More goods increased trade Fairs were events for trade of items such as cloth, salt, leather, weapons, etc. Fairs were held along navigable rivers or where trade routes met---these developed into towns/ci=es Crusades helped increase trade routes Banks were established to provide cash/credit through checks & sejng exchange rates Banks lent money with interest
Commercial RevoluBon cont. Trade & towns grew together (but sanita=on was a problem) People moved to ci=es for economic opportuni=es; even serfs ran away to towns Burghers (merchant class ci=zens) won rights to govern towns from feudal landlords.
Revival of Learning Works in Arabic & Greek were translated into La=n & Crusades produced new technology in ships, sailing & weapons. Universi=es were gathering of scholars (like Oxford, England) Sons of merchant class wanted an educa=on to get jobs in govt. or the Church Universi=es produced wri=ng in the vernacular or common languages so more people could read (Canterbury Tales, The Divine Comedy) Scholas=cs like Aquinas used ancient Greek philosophy combined with Chris=an thought produced democra=c ideas of law & government
The Black Death Bubonic Plague: caused by yersenia pes=s; transmiaed by fleas on rats & other animals; entered Europe on merchant ships from Asia Symptoms: swollen lymph nodes (buboes), black spots on skin, high fever, chills, delirium, death Effects on Europe: 25 million dead, trade decline/prices rose, serfs leg manor/decline of manorialism/feudalism, peasant revolts for higher wages, Jewish persecu=on, Church lost credibility
Development of England Britain invaded by Danish Vikings & Angles in 800 s; united by Canute in 1016. King Edward (the Confessor) died in 1066 without an heir William (the Conqueror), Duke of Normandy & cousin of Edward, claimed the English throne. William defeated Harold, an Anglo-Saxon who claimed throne at the Baale of Has=ngs, 1066 William unified England by giving Anglo-Saxon land to Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him.
England, cont. Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine to add land holdings to the English crown. Henry sent royal judges to collect taxes, seale suits, & punish crimes; introduced juries Centuries of royal judges ruling became common law & are used in rulings in many countries including the U.S.
England cont. Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 to guarantee poli=cal rights like jury trial & protec=on of the law Edward I established Parliament as a legislature with common & noble representa=ves. Both were checks on royal power & steps toward democra=c government
Development of France Carolingian dynasty ended in 987; Hugh Capet began the Cape=an dynasty las=ng =l 1328. Philip II took Normandy form King John, 1204, tripled personal land & sent bailiffs similar to England s royal judges to maintain control Louis IX: Called St. Louis, 1226-1270, established appeals courts to strengthen monarchy Philip IV: gained support against the pope by establishing Estates-General, similar to English Parliament
Philip IV clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing clergy Philip IV convinced cardinals to choose a French pope who moved to Avignon, France. 1305 1378 French pope died & cardinals chose a Roman pope. He was not liked so another French pope was chosen. Catholics were divided. 1417: Council of Constance, with help of the emperor, forced the popes to resign & selected Mar=n V
The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 Began when Edward III of England claimed French throne ager last Cape=an king s death English introduced longbow which decreased importance of heavily armored knights. Joan of Arc claimed to hear voices of saints telling her to defeat the English which she did. Burned at the stake by the English for withcrag/heresy
Impact of the Hundred Years War Na=onalism in France & England; saw kings as na=onal leaders not feudal lords Power & pres=ge of French monarchy increased The English had an internal conflict, War of the Roses, with two noble houses figh=ng for the throne
7d. Describe the causes and impact of the Crusades on the Islamic World and Europe.
The Crusades 1095: Pope Urban II called for Western Europeans to aid the Byzan=nes against the Turks & fight to regain the Holy Land from Muslim control 1 st Crusade: Holy Land regained; 4 feudal states established 2 nd Crusade: Unsuccessful aaempt to retake part of feudal states which had been aaacked by Muslims (1144). Saladin takes Jerusalem in 1187. 3 rd Crusade: Richard I (Lion-heart) of England aaacked with other kings. Muslims kept Holy Land but a truce allowed Chris=an pilgrims.
The Crusades
The Crusades 5 more crusades were unsuccessful in retaking the Holy Land 1492: Spanish drove out the Muslims from Spain (the Reconquista) Inquisi=on: Catholic Spanish court would try, torture, & execute those suspected of heresy (false Chris=an doctrine) including Jews & Muslims 1492: All prac=cing Jews & Muslims were expelled from Spain
Effects of the Crusades Showed power/influence of the Catholic Church Gave opportuni=es for women & others at home to manage estate affairs or operate businesses Increased trade between Europe/SW Asia (Fruits, spices, cloth) Lessened papal power
Effects of the Crusades Increased power of kings in Europe Weakened Byzan=ne Empire Leg Muslims biaer & rela=ons with Chris=ans & Jews in Muslim controlled regions worsened Increased Jewish persecu=on in Europe