The Reformation Began during the early sixteenth century Protest against the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church Equal authority of tradition and Scripture Papal infallibility Indulgences (the sale of grace to obtain heaven) Reformers asserted the authority of the Word of God The Reformation PHRASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REFORMATION sola scriptura Scripture alone sola fide Faith alone sola gratia Grace alone solo Christo Christ alone soli deo gloria glory to God alone Forerunners Efforts during the sixteenth century were directed against its most visible evils. Only a few men recognized the need for doctrinal purity. Bible is the sole authority for the Christian faith. One of the strongest voices was John Wycliffe. John Wycliffe 1
During Wycliffe s day, the papacy was at Avignon and under French Domination England and France were engaged in the Hundred Years War (1337 1453) Any support of the pope was tantamount to supporting the French. John Wycliffe Long associated with University of Oxford Called the Morning Star of the Reformation Preached Christ as the only head of the church Upheld the Bible as the supreme authority for all believers clergy as well as laity Initiated the translation of the Bible from Latin into English John Wycliffe John Huss 1. In 1401 - became dean of the philosophy faculty at the University of Prague 2. Preached many times a week in his native tongue (Czech) a. Had to read his Bible daily b. Through his study, Huss realized that the church of his day had corrupted the Scriptures 3. Began to teach that the Bible was the only true source of instruction in Christian behavior 4. Influenced by John Wycliffe s writings John Huss 1. stressed the role of the Bible as authority in the church, 2. lifted biblical preaching to an important status in church services 3. preached against the sale of indulgences 4. denounced the often immoral and extravagant lifestyles of the clergy (including the pope himself) 5. made the bold claim that Christ alone is head of the church. 2
Martin Luther Strict discipline characterized early life University of Erfurt Acquainted with Scholastic and classical studies saw complete Bible for first time Decided to become a monk after dramatic experience of almost being struck by lightning Through study he discovered that The just shall live by faith. Sola fide Controversy 1514 Pope Leo X launches campaign to complete building of St. Peter s Basilica in Rome Funds drained from the church s treasury. Pope Leo X St. Peter s Basilica 3
1. Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici in 1475 2. Raised in Italy's most culturally sophisticated city, Florence, as part of the prestigious de' Medici family, Pope Leo X a. patrons of the arts b. benefactors of scholarship c. masters of political intrigue. 3. Immediately demonstrated his appreciation of art by initiating a massive building project to beautify the Vatican. 4. encouraged the sale of "Indulgences" a. a promise of relief from eternal penalties. Indulgences Certificates which granted pardons for sins. Position of the Roman Catholic Church: Although Christ died to save men from hell, they still had to do penance or suffer purgatory for their individual sins The popes maintained that they had the power to suspend these punishments A priest selling indulgences to townspeople 4
Wittenburg Door 95 Theses John Tetzel Dominican friar commissioned by the pope to sell indulgences 1517 Ninety-five Theses Ninety- five arguments for church reform Why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter s out of his own money?". Martin Luther German nobles saw an opportunity to cut off currency flowing to Rome so they backed Luther's cause. In 1520, Leo issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine demanding Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses Luther refuses and is excommunicated Ninety-five Theses Luther did not want the theses circulated. To prevent this from happening, Luther wrote the 95 theses in Latin. Latin was the language of the scholars and so he believed they would be the only ones to understand. However, An unknown individual or individuals translated these theses into German and had them circulated throughout Germany. 5
Leipzig Debate Opponents of Luther sought to engage him in debates to show him the error of his ways. Climax of this confrontation occurred in Leipzig in summer of 1519 (three-week debate) Johann Eck champion of Catholicism Debate centered on authority of in the church The debates widened the breach between Luther and Rome. He soon became more convinced that the Bible alone is the sole authority for the Christian faith. Charles V Newly crowned German Emperor Supported Luther refused to condemn him without a hearing Summoned him to appear before the Diet of Worms Luther ultimately refuses to deny his writings or recant his teachings Luther left the city and is declared a heretic Luther s writings banned and he was declared an outlaw of the empire. Luther lives for twenty-five years under the imperial edict and dies a natural death in 1546. Katharina von Bora(Katie Luther) 6
Luther s Work Doctrines of Reformation spread rapidly Luther s translation of the Bible helped to create a standard German language for all Germany. Philip Melanchthon Close friend of Luther Drew up the Augsburg Confession which sets forth the chief doctrines for which Luther and his followers contended Doctrinal standard for the Lutheran Church Remained the Lutheran church s most highly respected statement of faith. Charles v Lutheran doctrine spread because of Charles preoccupation with political affairs in Europe. Constantly defending the borders of his far-flung possessions putting down revolts, and repelling invasions. Between 1522 & 1546, several wars fought with Francis I, King of France Also faced invasion of eastern empire by Suleiman & Ottoman Turks Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 Allowed each prince the right to choose whether his territory would be Lutheran or Roman Catholic Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland Rejected Catholic teaching concerning the mass, celibacy of priests, purgatory, and the primacy of the pope Sixty-seven Conclusions (Bible sole rule of faith) Disagreed with Luther s view of the Lord s Supper 7
Anabaptists Followers of Zwingli who were not satisfied with his reforms Organized their own congregation and called themselves the Swiss Brethren Opposed to infant baptism Their enemies called them Anabaptists From the Greek meaning baptize again 1. Believed that only true believers should be members in the local church 2. Believed in separation of church and state state interference in church affairs 3. Believed that Christians should not take up arms - pacifism Most Anabaptist groups died out, but two groups have followed in in their footsteps Mennonites - founded by Menno Simons Ammish founded by Jacob Amman Mennonites Amish 8
John Calvin Born in France in 1509 Studied law and theology at Orléan, Bourges, and Paris. Became protestant convert in 1533 Published The institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 Sovereignty of God & predestination Reform in England Two Important factors: Publication of English translation of the Bible Involvement of English Rulers Henry VIII Branded Martin Luther a heretic Pope declared him defender of the faith Henry wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Charles V s aunt) Pope refuses Appoints new Archbishop of Canterbury Parliament passes Act of Supremacy Catherine of Aragon 9
Edward VI Son of Henry VIII Influenced by advisors sympathetic to Protestant Reformation Sweeping changes made in English Church Mary I Half sister of Edward VI & daughter of Henry VIII by Catherine of Aragon Devout Roman Catholic Catholic ceremonies abolished & services conducted in English Clergy required to read Book of Common Prayer Bible readings, prayers for special occasions & prescribed orders of worship Forty-Two Articles become official creed (statement of faith) of English church. Revived laws against Heresy & persecuted Protestants During her 5-year reign 300 leaders were martyred Her actions increased anti- Catholic sentiment Elizabeth I Half sister of Mary I Reigned 45 years One of the greatest periods in English history Restored Protestantism Attempted compromise known as the Elizabethan Settlement Laid foundation for Anglican Church Anglican Church still retained some rituals not expressly written in scripture Philip II of Spain Roman Catholic Son of Hapsburg Emperor Charles V Became ruler of Hapsburg territories in Spain when Charles abdicated Turns Spanish Inquisition against Protestants Marries Mary I of England Mary I died childless 10
Philip II of Spain Philip attempts to woo Mary s sister Elizabeth I Elizabeth (Protestant) secretly works against Spain Encourages her sea captains (Francis Drake) to plunder Spanish ships Philip begins to plot Elizabeth s overthrow and to have her killed & have her cousin Mary Stuart former queen of Scotland crowned queen of England. Philip amasses a fleet of 130 ships which was to set sail to the Netherlands, pick up a large Spanish army and transport the invasion to England Large Spanish galleons no match for smaller, maneuverable English ships under Sir Francis Drake. Fleet turns north and is overtaken by fierce storms Results Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Charles V 1. England preserved from Spanish and Roman Catholic domination 2. Accelerated the decline of Spain Edward VI Mary I 3. Weakened Spanish sea power Philip II 4. England established as a sea power 5. Way opened for English Protestants, instead of Spanish Catholics, to settle in America Elizabeth I Mary Stuart 11
Scotland Leader Protestant Reformation was John Knox (1505-72) Taken prisoner by France in 1507 Nineteen months as a galley slave Released and went to England Fled to Geneva when Mary I becomes Queen of Scotland Returned to Scotland in 1559 Scotland became a Protestant Nation Scottish parliament adopted a Calvanistic statement of faith for the Scottish Church and established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland The Netherlands One of many territories Ruled by Charles V Abdicated Son, Philip II, becomes king (Spanish and Roman Catholic) Subjects dislike him Sends troops to suppress Protestant rebellion Protestants unite under William the Silent of Orange Netherlands, aided by English, hold off Spanish troops In 1581 the Protestant areas declared independence from Spain Charles V William the Silent France The Counter Reformation Writings of Luther & John Calvin had strong influence 2,000 Protestant congregations Roman Catholic France persecutes French Protestants - Huguenots On August 27, 1572 twenty thousand Huguenots were massacred St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre Praised by Philip II of Spain Civil War between Valois and Bourbon Families Bourbon s victorious under leadership of Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) Henry converts to Catholocism Philip II Edict of Nantes (1598) Toleration of the Huguenots Large numbers left Roman Catholic Church Catholic leaders attempt reform to oppose or counter the effects of the Protestant Reformation Counter Reformation Jesuits A new religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola 1. Suppress heresy 2. Promote Roman Catholic education Used every means available Ignatius Loyola Henry of Navarre 12
Inquisition Reorganized by Pope Paul III Guilty until proven innocent Index of Prohibited Books Established by the Roman Catholic Church to regulate what its members read. Only books that received ecclesiastical license had official church approval Those who refused to cooperate were burned at the stake Families suffered as well Pope Paul III Council of Trent Twenty-five years after the Protestant Reformation began, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent Discuss doctrinal questions Propose needed reform Pope Paul III Three meetings from 1545-1563 Pope s representatives & Italian delegates control proceedings 1. Condemned many biblical principles of Protestantism 2. Rejected the doctrines of justification by faith alone and the sole authority of the Scripture 3. Set forth doctrinal position of the Roman Church 13