The Mongol and Ming Empires

SECTION 2 Step-by-Step ion Objectives As you teach this section, keep students focused on the following objectives to help them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. Summarize how Mongol armies built an empire. Describe China under Mongol rule. Understand how the Ming restored Chinese rule. Explain why the Ming explored the high seas for only a brief period. 2 Mongolian archer on horseback Mongol warrior s boots WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Warriors on Horseback The Mongols were tough warriors who lived in the saddle and were considered the most skilled riders in the world. The Italian traveler Marco Polo described Mongol battle tactics: They keep hovering about the enemy, discharging their arrows first from one side and then from the other.... Their horses are so well broken-in to quick changes of movement, that upon the signal given, they instantly turn in any direction, and by these rapid maneuvers many victories have been obtained. Marco Polo, A Description of the World Focus Question What were the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China? Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Remind students what they read in the previous section about the decline of the Song dynasty. Explain that in this section, they ll read about the Mongols the efficient fighters who ousted the Song and took control of China. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Warriors on Horseback Ask What advantages would Mongol warriors gain by fighting on horseback? (Sample: speed of movement; ability to cover longer distances than soldiers fighting on foot; ability to strike quickly against an enemy force) Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 2 Assessment answers.) Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Have students read this section using the Guided Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have students fill in the timeline sequencing important events during the Mongol and Ming Empires. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 109 Objectives The Mongol and Ming Empires Summarize how Mongol armies built an empire. Describe China under Mongol rule. Understand how the Ming restored Chinese rule. Explain why the Ming explored the high seas for only a brief period. Terms, People, and Places steppe Genghis Khan Kublai Khan Yuan dynasty Vocabulary Builder Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 106, Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook p. 3 High-Use Word dominate, p. 377 Marco Polo Ming dynasty Zheng He Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Create a timeline like the one below to record important events as you read this section. Mongols advance into China. c. 1200 1279 1368 1405 About 1200, the Mongols burst out of Central Asia to conquer an empire stretching across Asia and Europe. In the process, they overran Song China and imposed Mongol rule on its people. Mongol Armies Build an Empire The Mongols were a nomadic people who grazed their horses and sheep on the steppes, or vast, treeless plains, of Central Asia. Rival Mongol clans spent much of their time warring with one another. In the early 1200s, however, a brilliant Mongol chieftain united these warring tribes. This chieftain took the name Genghis Khan, meaning Universal Ruler. Under his leadership, Mongol forces conquered a vast empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Mongols Invade China Genghis Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained, mobile armies had some of the most skilled horsemen in the world. Genghis Khan had a reputation for fierceness. He could order the massacre of an entire city. Yet he also could be generous, rewarding the bravery of a single fighter. Mongol armies conquered the Asian steppe lands with some ease, but as they turned on China, they encountered the problem of attacking walled cities. Chinese and Turkish military experts taught them to use cannons and other new weapons. The Mongols Definition and Sample Sentence v. to rule or control with power Under the Tang and Song, the gentry dominated Chinese society. 376 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia

and Chinese launched missiles against each other from metal tubes filled with gunpowder. This use of cannons in warfare would soon spread westward to Europe. Genghis Khan did not live to complete the conquest of China. His heirs, however, continued to expand the Mongol empire. For the next 150 years, they dominated much of Asia. Their furious assaults toppled empires and spread destruction from southern Russia through Muslim lands in Southwest Asia to China. Protected by steep mountain ranges, India avoided invasion, but the Mongols arrived in China, devastated the flourishing province of Sichuan (see chwahn), and annihilated its great capital city of Chengdu. Rulers Establish Order and Peace Once conquest was completed, the Mongols were not oppressive rulers. Often, they allowed conquered people to live much as they had before as long as they regularly paid tribute to the Mongols. Genghis Khan had set an example for his successors by ruling conquered lands with toleration and justice. Although the Mongol warrior had no use for city life, he respected scholars, artists, and artisans. He listened to the ideas of Confucians, Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, Jews, and Zoroastrians. In the 1200s and 1300s, the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan established peace and order within their domains. Today, many historians refer to this period of order as the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. Political stability set the stage for economic growth. Under the protection of the Mongols, who now controlled the great Silk Road, trade flourished across Eurasia. According to a contemporary, Mongol rule meant that people enjoyed such a peace that a man might have journeyed from the land of sunrise to the land of sunset with a golden platter upon his head without suffering the least violence from anyone. Cultural exchanges increased as foods, tools, inventions, and ideas spread along the protected trade routes. From China, the use of gunpowder moved westward into Europe. Techniques of papermaking also reached parts of Europe, and crops and trees from the Middle East were carried into East Asia. How did the Mongol Empire change once conquest was over? China Under Mongol Rule Although Genghis Khan had subdued northern China, the Mongols needed nearly 70 more years to conquer the south. Genghis Khan s grandson, Kublai Khan (KOO bly KAHN), finally toppled the last Song emperor in 1279. From his capital at Khanbaliq, present-day Beijing, Kublai Khan ruled all of China as well as Korea and Tibet. An All-Mongol Government Kublai Khan tried to prevent the Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilization as other conquerors of China had been. He decreed that only Mongols could serve in the military. He also reserved the highest government jobs for History Background Mongol Impact on Southwest Asia The Mongol conquest had profound effects on lands other than China. As students learned in Chapter 9, Mongol rule of Russia opened the way for the princes of Moscow to eventually gain control of that area. In Southwest Asia, the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, which ended the symbolic unity of the Vocabulary Builder dominated (DAHM ih nayt id) v. ruled or controlled with power BIOGRAPHY Genghis Khan Originally called Temüjin, Genghis Khan (c. 1162 1227) was renowned for being ruthless, determined, and courageous. When Temüjin was nine years old, a rival Mongol clan poisoned his father. At the age of 15, Temüjin was taken prisoner. For the rest of his life, he never forgot the humiliation of being locked in a wooden collar and paraded before his enemies. When he regained his freedom, Temüjin wandered among drifting clans. He took revenge on the clan that had imprisoned him and in time, became supreme ruler of all the Mongols. Once despised, Genghis Khan would be admired and feared across two continents. How might Temüjin s experiences have motivated him to unite the Mongol clans? Muslim world. Because the Mongols gave no greater power or authority to the majority Sunni Muslims, Shiites enjoyed a better position than they had under the Caliphate. This helped provide the groundwork for the establishment of the Shiite-influenced Safavid Empire in Persia around 1500. Teach Mongol Armies Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Ask How did the Mongols come to dominate other peoples? (They were skilled warriors.) Teach Have students compare how the Mongols acted during their conquests and later when they ruled. Ask What are examples of the Mongols destructive power when conquering their empire? (massacring an entire city, devastating the province of Sichuan, annihilating the great capital city of Chengdu) How did Mongols act once they had established control of an area? (with tolerance and justice) What was the effect of that rule? (created a period of peace and prosperity) Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 72: Extent of the Mongol Empire Under Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. Have students compare the map to the political map of Asia in the Atlas at the back of the textbook. Have them identify all the modern countries that were once part of the Mongol Empire. Color Transparencies, 72 Independent Practice Biography To help students better understand the Mongol ruler of China, have them read the biography Kublai Khan and answer the questions. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 109 As students complete their timelines, circulate to make sure they understand the events during this period. For a completed version of the timeline, see Note Taking Transparencies, 97 They were not oppressive but allowed people to live much as they had before, as long as they paid tribute. BIOGRAPHY Sample: The tragedies of Temüjin s early life were a result of clan rivalries among the Mongols, and by uniting them, he hoped suffering would end. Chapter 12 Section 2 377

China Under Mongol Rule Introduce Ask What are some ways that people today find out about life and important events in other countries? (the Internet, newspapers, and television) How could people learn about other lands before those technologies were available? (from books and letters written by people who had seen the other areas) Teach Explore the mix of Chinese and other elements that were part of Mongol rule. Ask How did Kublai Khan try to maintain Mongol control of China? (Only Mongols could serve in the military or high government posts.) Why was he unable to completely eliminate Chinese influence on the government? (The empire was too large.) What influences from other cultures were present in his empire? (Many foreigners came to his court; Arab architects designed his palace.) Analyzing the Visuals Direct students attention to the painting of Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan. Ask In what part of the world do you think this painting was made? Why? (Students should recognize that the clothing reflects Western dress and that the style of the art is Western rather than Chinese. From this they should conclude that the painting was done in Europe rather than China.) Independent Practice Traveler s Tales To develop a deeper understanding of what Marco Polo described, have students read the excerpt from his book and answer the questions on the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 108 Some historians question the reliability of Marco Polo s book since he omitted specific information on such Chinese customs as foot binding. (See History Background box.) Have students write an essay explaining whether or not they think the book is useful to historians, based on these doubts. Check that students responses on their worksheets reflect a solid understanding of Marco Polo s experiences. Marco Polo Marco Polo (1254 1324) was a traveler and adventurer from Venice. In 1295, he returned home after a sojourn of 25 years in Asia where he had served the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan for 17 years. In 1298, Marco Polo was imprisoned during a war with the city-state of Genoa. It was at this time that he dictated his tales to a fellow prisoner, and they were subsequently published as The Travels of Marco Polo. This excerpt (facing page) is from Marco Polo s description of Kublai Khan s palace. History Background Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan, 1375 Marco Polo s Travels Although The Travels of Marco Polo was a medieval bestseller, some scholars doubt its historical accuracy, and even during Polo s own lifetime the book was considered by many to be a collection of tall tales. Historians point to the fact that Polo uses Persian words for some Chinese places, never mentions having seen the Great Wall, nor does he remark on obvious cultural practices such as foot Marco Polo Mongols or for other non-chinese officials whom he employed. Still, because there were too few Mongols to control so vast an empire, Kublai allowed Chinese officials to continue to rule in the provinces. Under Mongol rule, an uneasy mix of Chinese and foreign customs developed. Kublai adopted a Chinese name for his dynasty, the Yuan (yoo AHN), and turned Khanbaliq into a Chinese walled city. At the same time, he had Arab architects design his palace, and many rooms reflected Mongol steppe dwellings. Kublai rebuilt and extended the Grand Canal to his new capital, which made the shipment of rice and other goods easier. He also welcomed many foreigners to his court, including the African Muslim world traveler Ibn Battuta. Marco Polo Writes About China The Italian merchant Marco Polo was one of many visitors to China during the Yuan dynasty. Although there is some debate on whether Marco Polo reached China, most historians acknowledge that he did indeed reach Cathay (northern China). In 1271, Polo left Venice with his father and uncle. He crossed Persia and Central Asia to reach China. He then spent 17 years in Kublai s service. Finally, he returned to Venice by sea, visiting Southeast Asia and India along the way. In his writings, Marco Polo left a vivid account of the wealth and splendor of China. He described the royal palace of Kublai Khan (see Traveler s Tale) and also described China s efficient royal mail system, binding. Also, the Chinese themselves never mention Polo in their accounts. However, Polo did travel in Asia and probably did serve Kublai Khan, and much of the Travels is accurate. It is possible, however, that Polo used material from existing Chinese histories or borrowed from stories he heard from Persian merchants on the Silk Road. 378 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia

with couriers riding swift ponies along the empire s well-kept roads. Furthermore, he reported that the city of Hangzhou was 10 or 12 times the size of Venice, one of Italy s richest city-states. In the next centuries, Polo s reports sparked European interest in the riches of Asia. Mongols Continue Outside Contact As long as the Mongol empire prospered, contacts between Europe and Asia continued. The Mongols tolerated a variety of beliefs. The pope sent Christian priests to Beijing, while Muslims set up their own communities in China. Meanwhile, some Chinese products moved toward Europe. They included gunpowder, porcelain, and playing cards. How did Kublai Khan organize Mongol rule in China? Thinking Critically 1. Analyze Credibility Some historians think that Marco Polo took parts of his material from existing Chinese sources. Do you think the excerpt here was based on Marco Polo s own experiences or on a secondary source? Explain your answer. 2. Synthesize Information Why do you think Kublai Khan turned Khanbaliq into a walled city? The Ming Restore Chinese Rule Introduce Review with students Kublai Khan s attempts to ensure that Mongols dominated Chinese society. Have them predict how the Chinese might have felt about that and what might result from those feelings. Teach Ask What caused the downfall of Mongol rule of China? (resentment of foreign rulers, lack of support for the government from Confucian scholars, heavy taxes, and corruption) How did the first Ming rulers gain control of the area? (by forging a rebel army, overcoming the Mongols, and forcing them north of China) What steps did the Ming take to restore Chinese culture? (They temporarily moved the capital to Nanjing and put the civil service system back in place.) What evidence is there that the Ming dynasty did not completely close China off to foreign influences at first? (the introduction of new crops from the Americas) Analyzing the Visuals Direct students attention to the map of the Mongol Empire on the next page. Point to India. Ask What geographical reasons might explain why the Mongols did not conquer this area? (The high mountains to the north may have blocked the Mongol armies.) The Ming Restore Chinese Rule The Yuan dynasty declined after the death of Kublai Khan, which occurred in 1294. Most Chinese despised the foreign Mongol rulers. Confucian scholars retreated into their own world, seeing little to gain from the barbarians. Heavy taxes, corruption, and natural disasters led to frequent uprisings. Finally, Zhu Yuanzhang (dzoo YOO AHND zahng), a peasant leader, forged a rebel army that toppled the Mongols and pushed them back beyond the Great Wall. In 1368, he founded a new Chinese dynasty, which he called the Ming, meaning brilliant. Connect to Our World Civic Responsibility Kublai Khan respected the opinions of his officials even when they were complaining about his policies. He set up a system for officials to send him memorials, or petitions. This way, officials could alert him to problems and propose solutions. If a solution was adopted, the official who sent the memorial was rewarded. Have students generate lists of ways that modern government employees and private citizens can make known their complaints about government policies. They should then make suggestions for improvement. Discuss the advantages of whistle blower laws. He said that only Mongols could serve in the military and kept the highest government jobs for Mongols, though Chinese officials still ruled in the provinces. Thinking Critically 1. Sample: It might be based on his own experience, because he could have seen the palace and the surrounding grounds. 2. Sample: to protect it from invaders Chapter 12 Section 2 379

Independent Practice Web Code nap-1221 will take students to an interactive map. Have students complete the interactivity and then answer the questions in the text. Have students write an essay that compares Ming rule to Song rule. They should explain how the two dynasties were similar and different in terms of government, the economy, and culture. The Mongol Empire Map Skills At its height, the Mongol empire was the largest in the world up to that time. 1. Locate (a) Beijing (b) Venice (c) Hangzhou 2. Region What happened to the Mongol empire between 1227 and 1294? For: Interactive map Web Code: nap-1221 3. Make Comparisons What countries would Marco Polo pass through if he made his journey today? Tell students to write ten statements about China under Mongol or Ming rule. Have them quiz a partner to identify which dynasty their statements apply to. Give students time to locate the correct information for any statements that were incorrectly identified. Check answers to map skill questions. An illustration from a fourteenth-century story called The History of the Mongols. Mongol troops made a bridge out of boats in order to storm across the Chang River and capture a city controlled by the Song. A Mongolian passport Mongol horsemen were known for being fast and furious. They were agile and used such equipment as these stirrups, which allowed them to turn in a wide range of directions while fighting on horseback. Map Skills 1. Review locations with students. 2. The empire expanded to include more of China and Persia and parts of Russia and Eastern Europe. 3. Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Pair students who have difficulty reading with those who are more proficient. Have the proficient students guide the others in using graphic organizers to summarize the key details about the Ming dynasty by finding the answers to the basic questions of journalism: Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How. Then have them work together to write a summary of Ming rule. Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills: Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 109 Adapted Section Summary, p. 110 380 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia

Early Ming rulers sought to reassert Chinese greatness after years of foreign rule. They initially moved the capital to Nanjing, which they felt possessed more characteristics of the Chinese, but eventually moved it back to present-day Beijing. The Ming restored the civil service system, and Confucian learning again became the road to success. The civil service exams became more rigorous than ever. A board of censors watched over the bureaucracy, rooting out corruption and disloyalty. The Economy Grows Economically, Ming China was immensely productive. The fertile, well-irrigated plains of eastern China supported a population of more than 100 million. In the Chang River valley, peasants produced huge rice crops. Better methods of fertilizing helped to improve farming. Reshaping the landscape helped as well. Some farmers cut horizontal steps called terraces into steep hillsides to gain soil in which to grow crops. In the 1500s, new crops reached China from the Americas, especially corn and sweet potatoes. Chinese cities, such as Nanjing, were home to many industries, including porcelain, paper, and tools. The Ming repaired the extensive canal system that linked various regions, made trade easier, and allowed cities to grow. New technologies increased output in manufacturing. Better methods of printing, for example, led to the production of a flood of books. Culture Flourishes Ming China also saw a revival of arts and literature. Ming artists developed their own styles of landscape painting and created brilliant blue and white porcelain. Ming vases were among the most valuable and popular Chinese products exported to the West. Confucian scholars continued to produce classical poetry. At the same time, new forms of popular literature to be enjoyed by the common people began to emerge. Ming writers composed novels, including The Water Margin about an outlaw gang that tries to end injustice by corrupt officials. Ming writers also produced the world s first detective stories. government? How did Ming rulers restore a previous style of Chinese Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas Early Ming rulers proudly sent Chinese fleets into distant waters to show the glory of their government. The most extraordinary of these overseas ventures were the voyages of the Chinese admiral and diplomat Zheng He (jeng he). Zheng He and His Fleets Starting in 1405, Zheng He commanded the first of seven expeditions. He departed at the head of a fleet of 62 huge ships and over 200 smaller ones, carrying a crew of about 28,000 sailors. The largest ships measured 400 feet long. The goal of each expedition was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the western seas. Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He explored the coasts of Southeast Asia and India and the entrances to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. He also visited many ports in East Africa. In the wake of these expeditions, Chinese merchants settled in Southeast Asia and India and became a permanent presence in their trading centers. Exotic animals, such as giraffes, were imported from foreign lands as well. The voyages also showed local rulers the power and strength of the Chinese empire. Solutions for All Learners L4 Gifted and Talented L4 Advanced Readers In 2002, amateur historian Gavin Menzies published a book titled 1421 that proposed that Zheng He, and not Christopher Columbus, led the first voyage of discovery to the New World. Many scholars have criticized Menzies assertion by pointing to alternative explanations for the evidence he offers. The controversy is an excellent opportunity for students to learn how history is studied and what constitutes real evidence. Have interested students investigate both Menzies claims and his critics responses, and report on the controversy to the class. Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas Introduce Ask students to recall the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa, which they read about in the previous chapter. Discuss how the size of his caravan and the vast quantities of gold he carried impressed all who saw the expedition. Then ask students to put themselves in the place of someone in Southeast Asia or India who had seen a fleet of more than 260 ships. Have volunteers discuss what they would think about the country that could send such a force. Teach Review the course of Chinese exploration and its end. Ask Where did Zheng He travel to? (the coasts of Southeast Asia, India, Southwest Asia as far as the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, and East Africa) How many voyages did he make? (seven) What happened after his last voyage? (The emperor banned the building of seagoing ships, and no further expeditions were made.) Quick Activity Have students debate the following statement: The Chinese lost an opportunity when they stopped their overseas expeditions. Independent Practice Give students the task of designing a fitting memorial to Admiral Zheng He. Tell them to think first of memorials or monuments they have visited or seen pictures of. Then have them sketch the memorial on a sheet of paper and describe it in one or two paragraphs. Tell students to take the role of one of the Ming emperor s Confucian scholarofficials. Have them write a letter to the emperor recommending that no more large ships be built and no more expeditions be undertaken. Have them give the reasons that a scholar-official might offer. Have students identify the main ideas of the subsections Zheng He and His Fleets and Exploration Ends, and provide two details that support each main idea. Answer They restored the civil service system, and Confucian learning again became the road to success. Chapter 12 Section 2 381

Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete the Section Assessment. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 102 To further assess student understanding, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 49 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Adapted Reading and L1 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Extend L4 Have students prepare a presentation that describes one aspect of government, art, social life, or technology in China during the Mongol or Ming Empires. Students can create a display, a slide show, an annotated map, or other media to show the results of their research, but they should include both text and images. L2 L2 Zheng He set up an engraved stone tablet listing the dates, places, and achievements of his voyages. The tablet proudly proclaimed that the Ming had unified the seas and continents even more than the Han and Tang had done. What was the relevance of Zheng He s overseas expeditions? Primary Source The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects.... We have traversed immense waterspaces and have beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising sky high, and we have set eyes on barbarian regions far away... while our sails loftily unfurled like clouds day and night continued their course, traversing those savage waves as if we were treading on a public thoroughfare. Zheng He, quoted in The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century (Duyvendak) Exploration Ends In 1435, the year Zheng He died, the Ming emperor suddenly banned the building of seagoing ships. Later, ships with more than two masts were forbidden. Zheng He s huge ships were retired and rotted away. Why did China, with its advanced naval technology, turn its back on overseas exploration? Historians are not sure. Some speculate that the fleets were costly and did not produce profit. Also, Confucian scholars at court had little interest in overseas ventures and commerce. To them, Chinese civilization was the most successful in the world. They wanted to preserve its ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. In fact, such rigid loyalty to tradition would eventually weaken China and once again leave it prey to foreign domination. Fewer than 60 years after China halted overseas expeditions, the explorer Christopher Columbus would sail west from Spain in search of a sea route to Asia. As you will see, this voyage made Spain a major power and had a dramatic impact on the entire world. We can only wonder how the course of history might have changed if the Chinese had continued the explorations they had begun under the Ming. What occurred in 1435 that changed China s relationship with the rest of the world? The Ming emperor banned the building of seagoing ships and halted expeditions, thereby ending overseas exploration. PRIMARY SOURCE The expeditions showed the strength of the Chinese empire and promoted trade. 2 Terms, People, and Places 1. For each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section, write a sentence explaining its significance. 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Use your completed timeline to answer the Focus Question: What were the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China? Comprehension and Critical Thinking 3. Synthesize Information How did the Mongol conquests promote trade and cultural exchanges? 4. Recognize Cause and Effect Describe one effect of each of the following on China: (a) the Mongol invasion (b) the expulsion of the Mongols (c) the rise of the Ming dynasty 5. Draw Conclusions How did the Ming emperors try to restore Chinese culture? Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: naa-1221 Writing About History Quick Write: Provide Elaboration To illustrate each cause and effect of your essay, you should have supporting details, facts, and examples. List as many specific details as you can about the Mongol invasion of China. Then write a paragraph using the details you listed to explain the effects of the invasion. Section 2 Assessment 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed in the beginning of the section. 2. The Mongol conquest opened an era of greater contact between China and Europe and the introduction of more religions. The Ming dynasty restored government based on Confucian teaching and, later, stopped foreign exploration. 3. Trade and cultural exchanges flourished because the Mongols ensured safe passage along trade routes. 4. (a) Sample: increased trade; (b) Sample: restoration of Chinese traditions of government; (c) Sample: economic growth, flourishing culture 5. Sample: by restoring the civil service system and giving prominence to Confucian learning once again Writing About History Students paragraphs should include relevant details and show how they are connected in a cause-and-effect relationship. For additional assessment, have students access Progress Monitoring Online at Web Code naa-1221. 382 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia