The Roman Republic SLMS/09

Rome Period

The Roman Republic SLMS/09 Establishment According to Roman myth, twin brothers Romulus & Remus were ordered killed by the king. Instead they were abandoned in the wild where they were raised by a female wolf. As adults, the twins argued over where to place the capital city they intended to build. Romulus killed Remus, and founded Rome, the city named after him. Thus began the blood-stained history of Rome. In reality, the area around Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings until 509 BCE when the people of the city of Rome rose up and overthrew them. The people then established a Republican form of government. Patricians vs. Plebeians The first 300 years of the Republic were marked by class strife. The Patricians were of the upper class, while the Plebeians were of the lower class. The Patricians were originally the wealthy, land-owning class. They controlled most aspects of the Republic initially, all Senators were Patricians. They also dominated other Legislative and Judicial positions as well. The Plebeians were originally the poorer, either urban dwelling inhabitants of Rome, or small countryside farmers. Initially, the plebeians had little voice in government, and the patricians took care not to intermarry with them. Eventually, the plebeians would gain wealth and power as Rome began to expand their territories. Plebeians forced patricians to grant them a larger role in government. Structure The Republic was a representative democracy, although, the wealthy were more represented than the poor. However, this was a three branch government. Executive Branch: Made up of 2 Consuls who were appointed by the Senate, served 1 year terms. Judicial Branch: Judges known as Praetors ruled on matters of law. Initially, there was only one, but later, more were added. Praetors had an equal standing with Consuls, and could rule Rome if Consuls were away at war. Legislative Branch: the Senate & the Assembly of Centuries & Tribes -Senate Senate: had tremendous power and basically ran the Republic. Made up of between 100-900 men (size depended on the time period) who served life terms. -Legislative Assemblies: actually proposed legislation and selected magistrates (executive positions). The End of the Republic After about 450 years, the Republic had changed drastically. This was largely because Rome had expanded from a city-state into an Empire. The military had taken on a larger and more important role, and generals were popular and heroic figures. Julius Caesar was a popular and ambitious general. However, many Senators did not trust him. They felt he wanted to rule as a dictator. In 44 BCE, Caesar was assassinated in order to save the Republic.

The Roman Republic 1. What was the myth about Romulus & Remus? 6. What was the Republic? 7. Describe each part of the Roman Republic. 2. Prior to 509 BC, who ruled Rome? (type of gov t?) After 509? Executive Legislative 3. Who were the Patricians & what did they control? Judicial 4. Who were the Plebeians? How did the Patricians keep them from gaining power? 8. Why did the Republic change? 5. How did Plebeians gain power? 9. Who was Julius Caesar? Why was he NOT trusted? What happened to him?

The Roman Republic Key 1. What was the myth about Romulus & Remus? The twin brothers were abandoned and raised by a wolf. As adults, they argued about the placement of the city they were to found. Romulus killed Remus and built the city over his remains. 2. Prior to 509 BC, who ruled Rome? (type of gov t?) After 509? The Etruscans ruled the area around Rome with a monarchy. In 509 BC the Romans rose up and overthrew the Etruscans, establishing a Republic. 3. Who were the Patricians & what did they control? The Patricians were the upper class, and controlled most aspects of the government. They controlled the Senate and other legislative and judicial positions. 4. Who were the Plebeians? How did the Patricians keep them from gaining power? The Plebeians were the lower classes. They worked menial jobs in cities, or were small land owners. The Patricians gave them little say in government, and refused to intermarry with them (thus allowing Plebeians to rise in status). 5. How did Plebeians gain power? The Plebeians forced the Patricians to grant them political power as the state of Rome began to expand. (Not addressed, but as the territory of Rome expanded, the Patricians needed Plebeian help in its administration, and this allowed the Plebeians to gain power.) 6. What was the Republic? It was a three branch representative democracy. 7. Describe each part of the Roman Republic. Executive Legislative Judicial Made up of 2 Consuls who were appointed by the Senate, served 1 year terms. Senate: had tremendous power and basically ran the Republic. Made up of between Leg- islative Assemblies: actually proposed legislation and selected magistrates (executive positions). 100-900 men who served life terms. Judges known as Praetors ruled on matters of law. Initially, there was only one, but later, more were added. Praetors had an equal standing with Consuls, and could rule Rome if Consuls were away at war. 8. Why did the Republic change? Because Rome had expanded from a citystate into an Empire. The military had taken on a larger and more important role, and generals were popular and heroic figures. 9. Who was Julius Caesar? Why was he NOT trusted? What happened to him? Julius Caesar was a popular and ambitious general. However, many Senators did not trust him. They felt he wanted to rule as a dictator. In 44 BCE, Caesar was assassinated in order to save the Republic.

Roman Military SLMS/09 The Soldier Early in the Roman Republic, only Roman citizens were allowed to be soldiers, and they were conscripted by draft. As the Republic grew into an enormous empire, more and more soldiers were needed, and generally, the core of the military was made up of non-citizens. This shift occurred around 100 BCE. The uniform of the soldier changed little over the years. Infantry wore tunics (a garment that extended to the knee) that were belted in the middle. They had a breastplate (usually of leather plated with iron) along with leg and arm guards. Usually they had an iron helmet (lined with leather for comfort), and leather sandals with iron nailed soles for the feet. Finally, they had a cloak (usually of wool) for warmth. The weapons of a soldier included a short sword and a dagger as well as two spears. Shields were semi-circular (to deflect spears and arrows), and were 4-5 feet long. Payment At first, there was no payment other than a portion of the booty captured from foreign conquests. Around 100 BC, as the nature of the army began to change, so did the payment structure. Generals themselves began paying their soldiers out of their own pockets. This made armies loyal to their general, and not necessarily to Rome. During the period of the Roman Empire, soldiers were paid through taxes. They were forced to swear allegiance to the Emperor. Structure of the Military There were two main parts to the military infantry, or foot soldiers, and cavalry, or horse soldiers. The infantry was broken down into groups that had a clear chain of command during battle. -The smallest division was the contur- benium. This was a group of 8-10 men, and was like a family. They shared a tent, and ate and slept together. -A century was made up of 10 conturbenium, or 80-100 men. -A cohort was made up of 6 centuries, or 500-600 men. -A legion was 10 cohorts, or about 6,000 men. The legion was the backbone of the Roman army, and the most elite legions were at the fore-front of the army. Cavalry made up about 1/5 of the army, and there were both light and heavy cavalry units. -Light cavalry were basically infantry (and were armed as such) on horseback. They were used primarily for reconnaissance, screening or raiding. -Heavy cavalry were heavily armed (as were the horses), and were to engage in combat along with infantry. This was the weakest part of the Roman army, and it became especially obvious when Rome faced nomadic tribes from the East whose armies were made up primarily of cavalry. The Roman army worked like a well-oiled machine for the better part of 1,000 years. At its peak, few dared challenge it.

The Roman Military 1. How were people chosen for the Roman military before and after 100 BC? 7. What are the two parts of the military? 8. How was infantry broken down? 2. Describe the uniform of a soldier. a. b. 3. Describe the weapons of a soldier. c. d. 4. How were soldiers paid before 100 BC? 9. Describe the two types of cavalry. a. 5. How were soldiers paid after 100 BC? b. 6. How & why did Rome change this payment policy?

The Roman Military Key 1. How were people chosen for the Roman military before and after 100 BC? Early in the Roman Republic, only Roman citizens were allowed to be soldiers, and they were conscripted by draft. After 100 BC, Rome had expanded territorially, and needed greater numbers of soldiers to administrate the territories. The army was largely staffed by non-citizens. 2. Describe the uniform of a soldier. Infantry wore tunics that were belted in the middle. They had a breastplate (usually of leather plated with iron) along with leg and arm guards. Usually they had an iron helmet and leather sandals with iron nailed soles for the feet. Finally, they had a cloak for warmth. 3. Describe the weapons of a soldier. The weapons of a soldier included a short sword and a dagger as well as two spears. Shields were semi-circular (to deflect spears and arrows), and were 4-5 feet long. 4. How were soldiers paid before 100 BC? At first, there was no payment other than a portion of the booty captured from foreign conquests. 5. How were soldiers paid after 100 BC? Around 100 BC, Generals themselves began paying their soldiers out of their own pockets. This made armies loyal to their general, and not necessarily to Rome. 6. How & why did Rome change this payment policy? In the Roman Empire, soldiers were paid through taxes. They were forced to swear allegiance to the Emperor, to prevent soldiers from being more loyal to Generals. 7. What are the two parts of the military? The Infantry (foot soldiers) and the Cavalry (horse soldiers). 8. How was infantry broken down? a. Conturbenium: This was a group of 8-10 men, and was like a family. They shared a tent, and ate and slept together. b. Century: was made up of 10 conturbenium, or 80-100 men. c. Cohort: was made up of 6 centuries, or 500-600 men. d. Legion: was 10 cohorts, or about 6,000 men. The legion was the backbone of the Roman army, and the most elite legions were at the fore-front of the army. 9. Describe the two types of cavalry. a. Light cavalry: were basically infantry (and were armed as such) on horseback. They were used primarily for reconnaissance, screening or raiding. b. Heavy cavalry: were heavily armed (as were the horses), and were to engage in combat along with infantry. This was the weakest part of the Roman army, and it became especially obvious when Rome faced nomadic tribes from the East whose armies were made up primarily of cavalry.

The Roman Empire SLMS/09 Caesar Augustus Caesar Augustus was the nephew and adopted heir of Julius Caesar. After Julius was assassinated, Augustus and two others, Lepidus and Marc Antony, formed a Triumvirate (3 Consuls ruling together) to head the Republic. Augustus quietly worked against the other two. Lepidus fell out of favor and was expelled from the Triumvirate. Marc Antony was living in Egypt with Cleopatra, while Augustus was living in Rome. Augustus was able to manipulate public opinion against Antony. In 31 BCE, Antony and Augustus fought at the Battle of Actium, and Augustus won. In 27 BCE, Augustus declared himself Emperor. Although the Senate and Assemblies continued to exist, the Republic, for the most part, was at an end. Pax Romana The Pax Romana was a period of essentially 200 years (from 27 BCE 180 CE) of peace and prosperity. During this time the Empire expanded and the volume of trade increased dramatically. Trade along the silk roads flourished from Rome to the Middle East and all the way to Han China. Rome also became exceedingly wealthy as loot from outlying provinces poured into the treasury. Many public building projects were undertaken during this time period. Augustus claimed, I found Rome a city of bricks, and left it a city of marble. Five Good Emperors Following the death of Augustus, 12 Caesars ruled Rome. Some were good and effective, like Vespasian and Titus, but most were corrupt or mentally unstable like Caligula, Nero and Tiberius. After this era, Rome was ruled by five good, non-dynastic Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. These Emperors ushered in an era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Under the five good emperors the Empire expanded dramatically, reaching its greatest extent under Trajan. Unfortunately, following the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE, the Roman government fractured into civil wars and infighting. From 235 284, (a period of 50 years) there were 22 Emperors, and almost all died violently. Extent of the Empire Under Emperor Trajan, around 100 CE, the Roman Empire encompassed over 2.5 million square miles! It stretched from the British Isles in the north to northern Africa, from Spain & Portugal in the west to the Middle East. Rome, in fact, controlled all the land around the Mediterranean Sea, and thus it was sometimes referred to as the Roman Lake. The Empire slowly receeded from its vastness, as nomadic tribes and internal rebellions chipped away at Rome s holdings.

The Roman Empire 1. Who was Augustus? What was the Triumvirate? Who was in it? 6. What happened to Rome under their rule? 2. How did Augustus gain power over Antony? 7. What happened after? 8. What WAS the Pax Romana? 3. How did the Roman Republic end? (And the Empire was born ) 9. What occurred during the Pax Romana (at least 3 things)? 4. Who ruled after Augustus? What was their rule like? 10. At its largest, how big was the Roman Empire? Where did it stretch to? 5. Who were the Five Good Emperors? 11. Why did the Empire begin to shrink over time?

The Roman Empire Key 1. Who was Augustus? What was the Triumvirate? Who was in it? Caesar Augustus was the nephew and adopted heir of Julius Caesar. After Julius was assassinated, Augustus and two others, Lepidus and Marc Antony, formed a Triumvirate (3 Consuls ruling together) to head the Republic. 2. How did Augustus gain power over Antony? Augustus quietly worked against the other two. Lepidus fell out of favor and was expelled from the Triumvirate. Marc Antony was living in Egypt with Cleopatra, while Augustus was living in Rome. Augustus was able to manipulate public opinion against Antony. 3. How did the Roman Republic end? (And the Empire was born ) Augustus defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium. In 27 BCE, Augustus declared himself Emperor. Although the Senate and Assemblies continued to exist, the Republic, for the most part, was at an end. 4. Who ruled after Augustus? What was their rule like? 12 Caesars ruled Rome. Some were good and effective, like Vespasian and Titus, but most were corrupt or mentally unstable like Caligula, Nero and Tiberius. 5. Who were the Five Good Emperors? After this era, Rome was ruled by five good, non-dynastic Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. 6. What happened to Rome under their rule? Under the five good emperors the Empire expanded dramatically, reaching its greatest extent under Trajan. 7. What happened after? Unfortunately, following the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE, the Roman government fractured into civil wars and infighting. From 235 284, (a period of 50 years) there were 22 Emperors, and almost all died violently. 8. What WAS the Pax Romana? The Pax Romana was a period of essentially 200 years (from 27 BCE 180 CE) of peace and prosperity. 9. What occurred during the Pax Romana (at least 3 things)? The Empire expanded and trade flourished along the Silk Roads. Rome became extremely wealthy as money poured in from outlying territories. Numerous building projects were undertaken. 10. At its largest, how big was the Roman Empire? Where did it stretch to? Under Emperor Trajan, around 100 CE, the Roman Empire encompassed over 2.5 million square miles! It stretched from the British Isles in the north to northern Africa, from Spain & Portugal in the west to the Middle East. Rome, in fact, controlled all the land around the Mediterranean Sea, and thus it was sometimes referred to as the Roman Lake. 11. Why did the Empire begin to shrink over time? Nomadic tribes and internal rebellions chipped away at Rome s holdings.

Roman Engineering SLMS/09 Aqueducts One of the great Roman engineering accomplishments was the aqueduct. Aqueducts were used to carry water from lakes and reservoirs to the city of Rome. Most aqueducts ran underground, but some were stunning constructions of engineering that ran above ground. The gradient, or slope, of the aqueduct had to be just right too steep and the water would flow too quickly and overflow the channel, too mild a slope, and the water wouldn t flow. In general, an aqueduct descended 34 cm for each kilometer. Siphons were used to force water to flow uphill. There were 11 different aqueducts that ran toward the city of Rome carrying nearly 300 million gallons of water daily! Water supplied the numerous public baths and sewers in Rome. Roads Quality roads are essential to the maintenance of an empire. They were used first and foremost to facilitate troop movements, but also to promote trade. Roman roads were the best roads in Europe until the 1900s. The highest quality roads were built in five layers, with a top layer made of interlocking stones cemented together. The top of the road was crowned (higher in the middle) so that the water would run off the sides. The Romans constructed nearly 250,000 miles of roads, of which, nearly 50,000 were paved. Many are still in use today. Architecture Much of the Roman style of architecture was taken from the Greeks. However, while Greek architecture respected the scale of man (ie. was not overly large), Roman architecture was enormous. The Colosseum seated over 50,000, and the Circus Maximus seated over 250,000! One of the reasons the Romans could construct such enormous buildings and temples was that they were among the first to use concrete as a binder. Buildings, bridges, aqueducts and walls could grow to tremendous heights because of the added structure the concrete contributed. Bridges in and around Rome were constructed of stone and used multiple arches. Many wooden bridges were constructed in amazingly short periods of time by Roman armies as they needed to cross rivers. Walls were sometimes constructed for defensive purposes. The most famous was Hadrian s Wall in England. It ran about 75 miles, and was about 10 wide by 20 high. Much of Rome itself was constructed in marble with Ionic and Corinthian pillars. But one architectural achievement of the Romans was the construction of the arch. Arches were used as doorway openings as far back as Mesopotamia, however, the Romans were the first to use the arch systematically in nearly all constructions including bridges, aqueducts, temples and stadiums. They also used a triumphal arch to commemorate famous victories and achievements.

Roman Engineering 1. What were aqueducts? 7. How was Roman architecture different from Greek? What allowed this? 2. What happened if the gradient of the aqueduct was not right? 3. How many aqueducts ran to Rome? How much water did they carry? 8. What type of bridges were built? 4. What were roads used for? 9. What type of walls were built? 5. How were roads built? 10. How did Romans use of arches differ from earlier civilizations? 6. How many miles of roads did the Romans construct?

Roman Engineering Key 1. What were aqueducts? Aqueducts were used to carry water from lakes and reservoirs to the city of Rome. 2. What happened if the gradient of the aqueduct was not right? If it was too steep and the water would flow too quickly and overflow the channel, too mild a slope, and the water wouldn t flow. 3. How many aqueducts ran to Rome? How much water did they carry? There were 11 different aqueducts that ran toward the city of Rome carrying nearly 300 million gallons of water daily! 7. How was Roman architecture different from Greek? What allowed this? Greek architecture respected the scale of man (ie. was not overly large), while Roman architecture was enormous. One of the reasons the Romans could construct such enormous buildings and temples was that they were among the first to use concrete as a binder. 8. What type of bridges were built? Bridges in and around Rome were constructed of stone and used multiple arches. Many wooden bridges were constructed in amazingly short periods of time by Roman armies as they needed to cross rivers. 4. What were roads used for? Quality roads are essential to the maintenance of an empire. They were used first and foremost to facilitate troop movements, but also to promote trade. 5. How were roads built? The highest quality roads were built in five layers, with a top layer made of interlocking stones cemented together. The top of the road was crowned (higher in the middle) so that the water would run off the sides. 6. How many miles of roads did the Romans construct? 9. What type of walls were built? Walls were sometimes constructed for defensive purposes. The most famous was Hadrian s Wall in England. It ran about 75 miles, and was about 10 wide by 20 high. 10. How did Romans use of arches differ from earlier civilizations? The Romans were the first to use the arch systematically in nearly all constructions including bridges, aqueducts, temples and stadiums. They also used a triumphal arch to commemorate famous victories and achievements. The Romans constructed nearly 250,000 miles of roads, of which, nearly 50,000 were paved.

Roman Law SLMS/09 Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables of Law was the earliest law code in Ancient Rome. They Twelve Tables were created early in the Roman Empire around 450 BCE. The Twelve Tables were created at the request of the common people (plebeians), who wanted the law written down so that it could not be applied in an arbitrary (uneven) way. This was a major victory for the plebeians in their struggle for legal and social rights as given by the patricians (nobility). The Twelve Tables deal with issues like, procedure for trials and due process of law, debt, property rights, marriage, guardianship, and tort (injury law). Justinian Code After the fall of the Western part of the Roman Empire, the Eastern part continued to survive as the Byzantine Empire. One of the most famous Emperors was Justinian. Around 530 CE, Emperor Justinian ordered all of Roman law to be revamped and codified. The finalized code had pared down and discarded old and unused laws, and organized the rest. The finished product contained four parts: -The Code of nearly 5,000 Roman laws -The Digest was 50 volumes of Roman legal opinions on the law -The Institutes was a textbook aimed at legal students -The Novellae was the compendium of new laws added after 534 CE Legal Principles The Romans were prolific lawmakers. Over the course of 1,000 years (and beyond with the Byzantine Empire, which was the Eastern half of the Roman Empire), they made many laws dealing the all manner of things. Some of the legal principles that were set forth in Roman law were: -All people had the right to equal treatment under the law -A person was considered innocent until proven guilty -The burden of proof rested on the accuser, not the defendant -Wives could not be forced to testify against their husbands -A person could only be punished for actions, not thoughts -Any law deemed unfair could be removed or set aside It should be noted that initially, the law only applied to Roman citizens. Over time that changed as laws were passed to include foreigners and conquered peoples. Legacy Since the Roman Empire was so enormous, it s culture was spread far and wide throughout Europe and the Middle East. Wherever Rome ruled, Roman law was sure to follow and be implemented. Even after the fall of Rome, the principles of Roman law endured for more than 2,000 years, and helped form the basis of the legal systems found in many European countries as well as the United States.

Roman Law 1. What was the Twelve tables? Time frame? 6. What were six legal principles that originated in Rome? a. 2. Why were they created? b. 3. What issues were addressed in them? c. d. 4. What was the Justinian Code? e. 5. Explain its four parts. a. f. 7. Originally, who did the law apply to? How did this change over time? b. c. 8. How did Rome spread legal principles? d. 9. How has Roman Law impacted other nations?

Roman Law Key 1. What was the Twelve tables? Time frame? The Twelve Tables of Law was the earliest law code in Ancient Rome. They were created early in the Roman Empire around 450 BCE. 2. Why were they created? The Twelve Tables were created at the request of the common people (plebeians), who wanted the law written down so that it could not be applied in an arbitrary (uneven) way. 3. What issues were addressed in them? The Twelve Tables deal with issues like, procedure for trials and due process of law, debt, property rights, marriage, guardianship, and tort (injury law). 4. What was the Justinian Code? It was the total compilation and codification of all Roman law. 5. Explain its four parts. a. The Code: nearly 5,000 Roman laws b. The Digest: 50 volumes of Roman legal opinions on the law c. The Institutes: a textbook aimed at legal students d. The Novellae: the compendium of new laws added after 534 CE 6. What were six legal principles that originated in Rome? b. A person was considered innocent until proven guilty c. The burden of proof rested on the accuser, not the defendant d. Wives could not be forced to testify against their husbands e. A person could only be punished for actions, not thoughts f. Any law deemed unfair could be removed or set aside 7. Originally, who did the law apply to? How did this change over time? Initially, the law only applied to Roman citizens. Over time that changed as laws were passed to include foreigners and conquered peoples. 8. How did Rome spread legal principles? Since the Roman Empire was so enormous, it s culture was spread far and wide throughout Europe and the Middle East. Wherever Rome ruled, Roman law was sure to follow and be implemented. 9. How has Roman Law impacted other nations? The principles of Roman law endured for more than 2,000 years, and helped form the basis of the legal systems found in many European countries as well as the United States. a. All people had the right to equal treatment under the law

Roman Entertainment SLMS/09 Gladiators The ancient Romans were known for their blood-thirsty appetites, and nothing typifies this more than the gladiator games. Slaves and prisoners of war were typically used as gladiators in the Colosseum. Sometimes criminals were sentenced to the arena as well. This was usually considered a death sentence. Each gladiator was outfitted with different types of weapons and armor some were even on horseback. Often gladiators were forced to face wild beasts, like tigers, lions or wolves. In an extreme display, the entire floor of the Colosseum was flooded to allow for a mock sea battle. Gladiators manned both ships and battled to the death or fell overboard and became victims of the imported crocodiles! Leisure Activities Entertainment and leisure were central to Roman life. Gladiator games and chariot races were public activities, but the wealthy often entertained privately in their homes. Frequently, wealthy Romans hosted elaborate dinner parties. Exotic foods were served, as were expensive imported wines (sometimes costing more than $1,000 a bottle!). Often there were other entertainments at these parties, including magic, dancing, singing and poetry recitals. At local taverns, commoners drank and gambled with dice and knucklebones. Chariots Chariot racing was probably the earliest form of Roman entertainment taken from the Greeks. The races included one, two and four horse chariot races. The racers would circle the oblong track seven times. The Circus Maximus in Rome was the chosen venue for such races. It held 250,000 spectators. Chariot racing was expensive, and was pursued only by the wealthy. (Although charioteers were often hired or were slaves.) Public Baths Public bathing was an important part of Roman life and leisure. Even if private homes had bathing facilities, owners would still frequent public baths. Entrance to these baths was relatively cheap, and the large bath houses stretched several city blocks. Men and women initially had separate bathing facilities, but later, were separated by time frame women in the morning, men in the afternoon. There were three different baths warm, hot and cold, along with workout rooms, locker rooms and sometimes massage and entertainment rooms. Romans began with a warm bath where they were covered in oil, and then the dirt, sweat and grime were scraped off their bodies. Wealthier clients received massage. They then went to the hot baths (like saunas), where their pores were opened. Then they went into the cold baths to close them.

Roman Entertainment 1. Who became gladiators? 7. What did commoners do? 2. What were gladiators asked to do? 8. How were men & women separated in baths? 3. Describe the extreme display in the Coliseum. 9. What facilities did public baths have? 4. Who did the Romans take chariot racing from? What were the races like? 10. What occurred in each bath area? a. warm -- 5. Who raced? b. hot -- 6. What were wealthy dinner parties like? c. cold --

Roman Entertainment Key 1. Who became gladiators? Slaves and prisoners of war were typically used as gladiators. Sometimes criminals were sentenced to the arena as well. 2. What were gladiators asked to do? Each gladiator was outfitted with different types of weapons and armor some were even on horseback. Often gladiators were forced to face wild beasts, like tigers, lions or wolves. 3. Describe the extreme display in the Coliseum. The entire floor of the Colosseum was flooded to allow for a mock sea battle. Gladiators manned both ships and battled to the death or fell overboard and became victims of the imported crocodiles! 4. Who did the Romans take chariot racing from? What were the races like? The Greeks. The races included one, two and four horse chariot races. The racers would circle the oblong track seven times. 5. Who raced? Chariot racing was expensive, and was pursued only by the wealthy. (Although charioteers were often hired or were slaves.) 6. What were wealthy dinner parties like? Frequently, wealthy Romans hosted elaborate dinner parties. Exotic foods were served, as were expensive imported wines (sometimes costing more than $1,000 a bottle!). Often there were other entertainments at these parties, including magic, dancing, singing and poetry recitals. 7. What did commoners do? At local taverns, commoners drank and gambled with dice and knucklebones. 8. How were men & women separated in baths? Men and women initially had separate bathing facilities, but later, were separated by time frame women in the morning, men in the afternoon. 9. What facilities did public baths have? There were three different baths warm, hot and cold, along with workout rooms, locker rooms and sometimes massage and entertainment rooms. 10. What occurred in each bath area? a. warm -- Romans began with a warm bath where they were covered in oil, and then the dirt, sweat and grime were scraped off their bodies. Wealthier clients received massage. b. hot -- They then went to the hot baths (like saunas), where their pores were opened. c. cold -- Then they went into the cold baths to close them.

The Fall of Rome SLMS/09 Political Problems By the 3rd century CE, the empire was under external attack by multiple tribes, and was experiencing internal strife. In the early 200s, the empire experienced constant civil war. There were 22 Emperors in 50 years, and nearly all died by violent means. Emperor Diocletian decided that the empire was too large to be ruled by one person. He divided the empire into eastern and western halves, and he ruled from the east. The government of the western part of the empire had become corrupt, and money was draining out of the west to the east. All of the quality government and army officials fled to the east, abandoning Rome. The quality of the Roman army and government continued to decline. Social Problems Roman society had become increasingly depraved over the years. Entertainments became more violent and more excessive. Additionally, Rome had become a welfare state, with much of the population depending on the empire for support. These people felt entitled to this support, and did not feel a sense of civic duty. As a result, people avoided their civic duty of serving in the army, and felt a sense of apathy toward the crumbling empire. Physically, the empire was crumbling. Lack of economic funds resulted in deterioration of buildings and this further eroded social morale. Economic Problems The division of the empire resulted in economic trouble for Rome (the western half). Incoming trade from China and the east stopped at the eastern capital of Constantinople. Rome suffered. Rome was an enormous slave-holding state, and this created unemployment in the lower ranks of society. These unemployed workers were supported by the welfare of the empire. The expense of welfare coupled with disastrous harvests and the necessity of hiring mercenary soldiers caused the empire to raise taxes to enormous heights. Some Emperors devalued the gold currency by cutting the gold with less valuable metals like copper or iron. By doing this, they tried to create twice as many gold coins to pay for expensive programs. But instead, all this created terrible inflation. Tribal Problems The Roman Empire was constantly challenged on its frontiers by tribes. The wave of tribal invasions in the 3rd century was valiantly beaten back, but it took a heavy toll on the empire, physically, economically, and socially. In the 5th century, a nomadic tribe from Central Asia, the Huns, began migrating westward. These Huns, led by Attila, came into violent contact with Rome. Eventually, the city of Rome was overrun and sacked by Germanic tribes in 476 CE.

The Fall of Rome 1. Politically, what happened to the Empire in the 200s CE? 6. Why did Rome raise taxes? 2. What decision did Diocletian make? Why? 7. How did inflation occur? 8. How did welfare erode society? 3. What was the impact of this decision on: The East -- The West -- 9. What were other indicators of deteriorating social morale or civic duty? 4. Economically, why did the West face income trouble? 10. What challenge did the Empire face in the 3rd century? 5. What impact did slavery have on the deterioration of the Roman economy? 11. What caused the fall of Rome?

The Fall of Rome Key 1. Politically, what happened to the Empire in the 200s CE? The empire was under external attack by multiple tribes, and was experiencing internal strife. In the early 200s, the empire experienced constant civil war. There were 22 Emperors in 50 years, and nearly all died by violent means. 2. What decision did Diocletian make? Why? Emperor Diocletian decided that the empire was too large to be ruled by one person. He divided the empire into eastern and western halves, and he ruled from the east. 3. What was the impact of this decision on: The East -- All of the quality government and army officials fled to the east, abandoning Rome. The West -- the government had become corrupt, and money was draining out of the west to the east. The quality of the Roman army and government continued to decline. 4. Economically, why did the West face income trouble? The division of the empire resulted in economic trouble for Rome (the western half). Incoming trade from China and the east stopped at the eastern capital of Constantinople. Rome suffered. 5. What impact did slavery have on the deterioration of the Roman economy? Rome was an enormous slave-holding state, and this created unemployment in the lower ranks of society. These unemployed workers were supported by the welfare of the empire. 6. Why did Rome raise taxes? The expense of welfare coupled with disastrous harvests and the necessity of hiring mercenary soldiers caused the empire to raise taxes to enormous heights. 7. How did inflation occur? Some Emperors devalued the gold currency by cutting the gold with less valuable metals like copper or iron. This created terrible inflation. 8. How did welfare erode society? Rome had become a welfare state, with much of the population depending on the empire for support. These people felt entitled to this support, and did not feel a sense of civic duty. 9. What were other indicators of deteriorating social morale or civic duty? People avoided their civic duty of serving in the army, and felt a sense of apathy toward the crumbling empire. Physically, the empire was crumbling. Lack of economic funds resulted in deterioration of buildings and this further eroded social morale. 10. What challenge did the Empire face in the 3rd century? A wave of tribal invasions in the 3rd century was valiantly beaten back, but it took a heavy toll on the empire, physically, economically, and socially. 11. What caused the fall of Rome? In the 5th century, the Huns began migrating westward. These Huns, led by Attila, came into violent contact with Rome. Eventually, the city of Rome was overrun and sacked by Germanic tribes in 476 CE.

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Uses for Readings SLMS/10 Assignments using just the Readings & Questions: 1. Readings may be used as homework assignments. a. Assignments may be collected and graded. b. They may be used as the basis of large group class discussion. c. Students may be divided into small groups for discussion of the reading. Teacher may assess this any number of ways, and may choose to have the groups present key aspects of their discussion. d. Different readings may also be assigned to different groups of students, and used as a jigsaw activity the next day in class. Each group should discuss and then present key information from the reading while other groups make notes on their presentation (or fill in the question sheets). 2. Readings may be used as classwork assignments. a. Each reading may be used individually as part of the day s lesson to help present or solidify the day s material. The reading may be completed individually, or in groups, and may be used for large class or small group discussions. b. The readings may be used as a stations activity. The question sheets may be photocopied into a packet which students carry from station to station as they complete the different readings. Stations may take one 80-90 minute block or two 40-50 minute periods. c. In the interest of saving time, different readings may be completed by different groups for a jigsaw activity in which each group completes one reading, discusses it, and presents it to the class. Students should fill out the question sheets for other readings while groups are presenting. Project springboard Assignments: 3. Students (individually or in a group) may be asked to create a poster reflecting the important points of the reading. This may also be done as a jigsaw activity and used as a visual presentation aid when sharing the reading information. 4. The reading may be distributed to different groups (or individuals) as background information for a Powerpoint presentation. Each group should present the information in their reading to the class through a powerpoint. 5. Students (individually or in a group) should be asked to assume the persona of an historical figure during the time period of the reading (gender, social status and occupation should be chosen by the student or assigned by the teacher). The students should create journal or diary entries written by the figure during the time frame of the reading.

Project springboard Assignments, cont 4. Students may be asked (individually or in groups) to create a Travel Brochure advertising the civilization or event chronicled in the reading. Brochures might include any number of things (depending on the reading), but some suggestions are: Geography and climate, major cities, geographic sites to see; Cultural aspects (ie. Language, clothing, customs, theater, sporting events; Transportation; Cuisine (ie. Recommended restaurants, local specialties, etc); Recommended Tourist sites and Shopping Centers; Religious Venues (churches, temples, festivals, traditions); Famous products available (souveneirs); Literary, Scientific, Mathematical, or Technological achievements; Lodging (hotels, motels, B&B s) and Night Life. 5. Students may be asked (individually or in groups) to create a Newspaper based on the civilization or event chronicled in the reading. Newspapers might include sections on World & International News, Local News (weather, events, play & book reviews, local happenings), Sports, Living Section (Cultural fashion, religious events, cuisine, horoscopes, Dear Abby ), Classifieds, Editorials & Letters to the Editor, and Political Cartoons. 6. Similar to the Newspaper, students may instead elect to deliver the information as a News Broadcast. This newscast might be presented live in class, or may be filmed elsewhere and presented in class as video. 7. Students may be asked (individually or in groups) to create a Chart or Graphic Organizer of the information contained in the reading. This may be used to help present the information to other groups as part of a jigsaw activity, and/or it may be used as a study guide. 8. The reading may be used as a springboard for further research on the topic leading to a short Research Paper, or an Oral Report on the topic. 9. Students (individually or in groups) may also be asked to create a Website of information based on the reading. This may be done group by group, or it may be done in jigsaw fashion in which each group creates one or two pages of the larger website dedicated to the overall topic or civilization. Free web hosting services can be found at www.freewebs.com, www.freewebsites.com, www.brinkster.com (at the bottom, free webhosting), www.geocities.yahoo.com, among others! 10. Students (individually or in groups) may be asked to create an easy Digital Movie about the information in the reading. This does not need to involve video cameras or complex video editing (although it certainly can!). This can be accomplished simply with Windows Movie Maker (standard on all PCs). It yields a simple moving powerpoint with music. Pictures and video clips may be easily incorporated into the presentation.