3 Some Reflections on Gandhi and Non-violence Adolfo Pérez Esquivel The testimony of the life of Mahatma Gandhi illuminates humanity. He discovered the path of non-violence in the old sacred books, and decided to take on the challenges of the struggle for the liberation of his people and the country, India. At that moment, many young people were impressed by this man, who decided to strip himself of all worldly goods, in order to be free and to dedicate his life to his neighbour. I would like to share a small story of my life, when I was young, how he touched my life? My father was a fisherman who, as many other immigrants did, immigrated to Argentina. He had to work and survive in an unknown environment. He knew of ships and fishes, of nets and winds, of stillness and tempests. But, everything that was from the past. He had to survive in poverty. Some people can find the beauty in life, while others are broken by it; but life goes on and the present and the future are influenced by these things. I had to start working when I was 10 years old, selling newspapers on the streets, trams and street corners. I used to do it joyfully, and it was fun to have my little profit. At that time, in the Plaza de Mayo" there were places where used books were sold, and I liked visiting them and sometimes buying a book to read with my friends in Parque Lezama. 1 There was a bookseller I never knew his name and he never
knew mine either -- we communicated using "Don" and the "pibe" (kid). One day this man said to me: "Pibe, I have two books for you, one of them is a gift for you and for the other one, you can pay me as you can". These books were: "The Story of My Experiments With Truth, the Autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi and the other one "The Seven Storey Mountain," by Thomas Merton, a Trappist monk of the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani. I had read news about Gandhi and his struggle in India. The bookseller "Don" told me who Gandhi was and his non-violent struggle for the liberation of India under British rule. He told me that Gandhi had to suffer imprisonment and abuse for defending his people. I was impressed by the history and life of this Hindu. I read Gandhi s book several times. It was like discovering a new dimension between spirituality, social and political action. The thing that impressed me most was his humility. A man who could have used his ability as a lawyer to live comfortably, chose to refuse that, and chose to live only with the most basic necessities and nothing more. This man not only struggled against British domination in India; he also was aware of the need for a deeper change of heart and conscience of his people, in communities and at work, in nonviolent education. He worked for unity between Hindus and Muslims But non-violence was beyond a simple tactic against the empire, it was a way of life for Gandhi, and according to him one must practice non-violence in all relationships, not only between individuals but also between peoples. The mystique of prayer and spirituality, his commitment to the people and his courage and decision touched me throughout my life 2
and struggle in Latin America. The second book, The Seven Storey Mountain" by Thomas Merton helped me to understand the meaning of spirituality and oration. He was a monk who extensively studied non-violence and relationships with other forms of spirituality. Other people whom I knew personally and gave me their friendship were Lanza del Vasto, Jean and Hildegard Goss Goss-Mayr, also apostles of non-violence who preached the power of the Gospel of non-violence. I met Lanza del Vasto in Buenos Aires, when he came to give a series of lectures on non-violence. We established a close relationship and began to participate together in a group called Friends of Ark. It was an extension of the European community where the Gandhian message had rang true. The community life and prayer; artisan work, solidarity and non-violent struggles accompanied the actions of other peoples in France as well. Lanza was touring Latin America and raising awareness about non-violence. For several years I was part of the group of Friends of the Ark in Argentina. During the military dictatorship, I was in exile with my whole family and spent a few days in the community of Ark in Montpellier. Then we decided to return to Latin America, because we believed that working together with the people was very important. When I was arrested by the military dictatorship, on 4th April 1977, Lanza del Vasto was in Buenos Aires. The night before my arrest, he had been in my house. When he knew what had 3
happened, he protested against the military dictatorship, demanding my release. He was the first person to do so. Jean and Hildegard Goss Goss- Mayr began their work in Latin America in the 60s, in Mexico, motivating bishops, pastors, communities and unions through the preaching of non-violence. They visited many countries and met with persons who have touched the lives of their peoples and the path of the churches. Among them were Don Helder Camera, Archbishop of Olinda and Recife, Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns, Sao Paulo; Don Antonio Fragoso, Bishop of Crateús, among many others, such as Msgr. Samuel Ruiz, Bishop of San Cristobal de las Casas in Chiapas; Bishops of Evangelical Churches, which included Bishop Federico Pagura of the Methodist Church, and Argentine Mortimer Arias of Bolivia. Jean Goss held a meeting in Colombia with the priest Camilo Torres, who had taken up armed struggle. They established a dialogue between the right to just war, armed struggle and the need to seek liberation, and non-violence as a force of liberation. This meeting demonstrated the meaning and understanding of life choices and paths chosen to achieve the liberation of peoples. Jean Goss and Hildegar were promoters of what is now the Service for Peace and Justice in Latin America. It was in the year 1974, in Medellin, Colombia, where he assumed responsibility for organizing the work across the continent. In a troubled and violent world, in which we live today, it is a great challenge to change the spiral of violence that involves the lives of millions of people worldwide. At this 60th anniversary of the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, we must remember his struggle 4
and we must intensify our efforts and think of specific options and opportunities to build a more just and humane society. Many years of resistance and struggle through non-violent means, have built roads for social participation, where human rights and non-violence values are indivisible. The people of Latin America have a long experience of nonviolent struggle. Indigenous people, peasants, trade unions, and social organizations have developed forms of nonviolent resistance. This same resistance is also in other continents and peoples, as in Myanmar, with Aan San Suu Kyi, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, and Buddhist monks, who are opposed to the military dictatorship that oppresses the people. This fight is similar to our fight against military dictatorships in Latin America and especially in Argentina. In the twentieth century it is necessary to build spaces of resistance, and social, cultural, spiritual and political life, and it is only possible to transform this reality through the generation of a critical conscience and the upholding of values of the Gospel of non-violence as a force of liberation. Every religion, every people must find their understanding and sense of life. I think it is necessary to delve into the political dimension of non-violence and the social and structural changes that must be achieved. Gandhi was very clear about the objectives of the struggle for liberation. Humanity is passing through roads plagued by wars, conflicts, hunger and environmental destruction and loss of natural resources. We must restore the balance between individuals, people and nature 5
before it is too late and non-violence has much to contribute. Gandhi converted non-violence into a comprehensive transformation of life reinforcing the relationship between human beings and Mother Nature. The struggle was ethical, spiritual and political. His goal was the liberation of all persons and peoples. At 60 years from his departure, there is still a long way to go. A drop of the sea is also the whole ocean as the ocean is contained in every single drop of the sea. 6