of biblical references Gen. 14.18 19 83 Lev. 13.7 178 Lev. 14.2 178 Lev. 16.22 150 Deut. 15.7 117 Deut. 21.20 1 251 II Reg. 12.11 12 119 II Reg. 12.13 119 II Reg. 12.24 119 II Reg. 22.16 119 III Reg. 21.26 229 III Reg. 21.29 178 III Reg. 22 3 131 IV Reg. 9.7 10 229 IV Reg. 11.13 16 230 II Par. 33.12 13 178 Iob 12.18 230 Iob 12.24 230 Iob 36.13 245, 274 Ps. 38.12 119, 270 Ps. 39.3 279 Ps. 50.5 279 Ps. 117.16 228 Ps. 118.61 230 Ps. 129.1 178 Ps. 129.7 278 Prov. 11.29 230 Prov. 28.9 117 Eccle. 7.3 118 Sap. 5.21 172, 174 Sap. 8.3 118, 192 Sap. 12.2 118 Eccli. 21.23 74 Is. 8.14 237 Is. 28.19 165, 172, 174 Is. 46.8 278 Is. 66.15 119 Ier. 9.23 87 Ier. 20.2 110 Ez. 3.17 114 Ez. 3.18 79, 114, 121, 215, 223, 279 Ez. 3.18 19 114 Ez. 7.14 238 Ez. 7.19 121 Ez. 8.18 236 Ez. 13.8 10 182 Ez. 14.3 4 121 Ez. 14.3 4.7 238 Ez. 14.7 121 Ez. 18.23 178 Ez. 33.20 102 Os. 10.10 119 Os. 14.10 102 Ioel 2.2 196 Ion. 3.5 6 178 Nah. 1.9 242 Agg. 2.12 179 Mal. 2.7 179 II Mach. 8.19 118 II Mach. 14.14 154 II Mach. 14.40 154 II Mach. 15.9 118 Matth. 11.7 223 Matth. 16.19 178 Matth. 17.17 119 Matth. 18.18 236, 271 Matth. 22.2 118 Matth. 25.26 144 Marc. 6.39 192 Luc. 10.6 228 Luc. 15.5 279 Ioh. 10.11, 14 279 Ioh. 22.51 222 Act. 13.10 102 I Cor. 10.12 178 II Cor. 12.13 86 II Tim. 1.6 118 II Tim. 2.4 167 II Tim. 3.13 278 I Petr. 2.8 237 I Petr. 2.18 78, 237 III Esdr. 2.22 118 305
General index Aachen, palace of 28, 30, 34, 40 4, 47, 49 50, 57, 60, 69 70, 72, 88, 91, 95, 138, 149 assemblies at (802) 23 (813) 18 19 (816) 22 3, 131 (817) 22 3, 26 (828 9) 107, 157 76 (831) 45 (836) 53, 183 chapel dedicated to St Mary 19, 73, 75, 161 coronation of Louis at 18 19 earthquakes in 84, 156 7 takeover by Louis in 814 19 24, 190 3 solarium at 185 abbesses 37, 61, 139, 155, 185 abbots 37, 61, 155, 185 free election of 166 lay 22, 96, 102, 107, 168, 264 Abel 20 Abu Marwan 39, 150 Achab 178, 229 Adalhard, abbot of Corbie and Corvey 20 1, 23, 35 6, 61, 103 4, 106, 108, 122 6, 129, 142 3, 153 4, 216 authority of 117, 125 7 exile of 20 1, 123 See also De ordine palatii Adalhard the seneschal 97, 100 1 Adelaid, sister of Louis the Pious 14 Adhemar, monk 29, 82 admonitio 5, 112 42 and accusation 114, 142 8 and frank speech 117 18 and mirrors of princes 117 by rulers 5, 17, 27, 85, 124 5, 131 5 of rulers 71, 79, 115 17, 126 7 and use of biblical texts 117 21 in visionary literature 135 41 vocabulary of 118 20 See also Louis the Pious, criticism of; correptio; increpatio Admonitio ad omnis regni ordines (825) 37, 53, 132 3, 152, 155, 182, 249 Admonitio generalis (789) 17, 117, 131 3 adultery 42, 115 16, 162, 195 204, 230, 239 adventus 15, 44, 211, 216 20 and textual strategies of defamation 47, 62, 216 20 Aethelbald, king of Mercia 115 16 Agobard, archbishop of Lyons 51 3, 61, 115, 131, 142 7, 149, 218, 248, 262, 277 9 Apologia I 195 6, 203 4 Apologia II 212, 229 31 at assembly of Attigny (822) 124 6, 142 3, 153 4, 159, 167, 170, 186 7, 220 1 at assembly of Compiègne (833) 229 48 on Jews 144 5, 192 on Judith 146 7, 188, 194 5 on Matfrid 144 5, 151 Airlie, Stuart 12, 96, 101 Aizo, rebel in Septimania 39, 148 50 Alberic, blind visionary 161 2 Alcuin 5, 20, 174, 192 Alemannia 30, 41, 46, 52, 215 Alexander the Great 94 Alpais, daughter of Louis 15, 22 Alsace 1, 41, 47, 51, 224 Althoff, Gerd 245 Ambrose of Milan 109, 196 De excessu fratris 105 6 and Theodosius I 6, 36, 117 18, 121 5, 129 31, 297 Amorites 229 Angers 30, 91 Angilbert of St-Riquier 96 Anjou 52 Annales Bertiniani 65 6, 82, 250 authorship of 65, 265 See also Hincmar; Prudentius Annales Fuldenses 54 Annales regni Francorum 18, 28, 33, 35, 60, 82, 122 3, 128, 148, 152, 156 7, 163, 206 7, 218 306
General index 307 authority of 66 composition of 63 7 Revised Version of 64 Ansegis, abbot of St-Wandrille 37 Collectio capitularum of 37, 53, 132 3, 154 Aquitaine, Kingdom of 21 2, 34 Louis rule of 15 19 monasticism in 18 19, 23 Ardennes, hunting in 22, 42, 214, 250 Ardo (Smaragdus), see Benedict of Aniane, Life of aristocracy 17, 30, 46, 73, 155, 235, 264 ethos of 11 12, 78 9, 96 8, 204 5 and Louis the Pious 39 40, 44, 56 7, 199, 238 9 See also fideles; magnates; nobiles; primores; populus; proceres Arsenius, see Wala Assemblies 22, 34, 125, 131, 186 7 and ecclesiastical councils 34 function of 35, 60, 214 locations of 34 See conventus procerum; conventus publicus; also Aachen; Attigny; Compiègne; Doué; Frankfurt; Ingelheim; Limoges; Nijmegen; Quierzy; Thionville; Vannes; Worms Astronomer, the 79 82 Vita Hludowici imperatoris 11, 15 16, 19 20, 28 31, 43 7, 50, 54, 57 8, 79 89, 134 5, 152 3, 214 5, 252 on birth of Charles the Bald 94 5 on Christian kingship 83 4, 122, 128 9, 268 on rebellion of 830 41 3, 206 11 on rebellion of 833 45 50, 215 19, 224 7, 241 2, 250, 260 3 sources of 64 5, 67, 82 3 structure of 82 3, 87 on takeover of Aachen by Louis 20 1, 190 3 astronomy 62 atonement 2, 6, 233 5 by almsgiving and fasting 155 collective 7, 40, 126, 154 7, 176 liturgy of 154 royal 83, 119, 122 4, 126 7, 129, 203 4, 210, 231, 242, 259 and social order 154 5 See also divine retribution Attigny, assembly of (822) 32, 34 5, 142 3, 167 imperial penance at 6, 35 6, 108, 122 32, 156, 209, 231, 259, 263 Augustine, City of God 88, 222 Augustus, emperor 109, 185 authority 69, 82, 92, 103, 105, 124 5, 148, 151, 157 8, 169, 182 3, 187, 190, 193, 202, 204, 206, 216 17, 219, 221 4, 263 biblical 117 19 divine 7, 37, 63, 135 6, 161 2, 166, 246 7 of early Christianity 175, 219, 234, 244 episcopal 177, 183, 220, 233, 236 7, 263, 272 3, 276 imperial 2 3, 27, 31, 45, 53, 79, 90, 124, 176, 102 11, 225, 231, 244, 261 royal 16, 24, 31, 37, 55 6, 120, 131 15, 137, 168, 175, 190, 194 5, 247 9, 268 9 Avars 16, 154 Badurad, bishop of Paderborn 251 Baldric, dux of Friuli 39 40, 150, 153 Barcelona 159 battle of (827) 148 9, 152 siege of (801/2) 16, 90 Bartholomew, bishop of Narbonne 234 Bathsebee 119 Bavaria, kingdom of 2, 22, 30, 33, 43, 46, 55, 87, 210 11 Bego, count of Paris 22, 203 Benedict of Aniane, 18, 22 3, 35 6, 67, 139 Benedict of Nursia, see Rule of Benedict Bernard of Italy 18, 22, 235 6, 203, 239, 262 death of 29, 127 28, 265 revolt of 28 9, 206 Bernard of Septimania (or Barcelona) 44, 46, 100, 104, 110, 148 9 accusations against 42 3, 146 7, 195 202 made chamberlain 41 2, 99, 146 military hero 149, 159 as Naso 109 Bernarius, monk, brother of Wala 21 Berschin, Walter 88 Bertha, sister of Louis the Pious 14, 96, 192 bishops 249 auxiliary 73, 76 corporate ethos of 179 81 and Louis s penance in 833 12, 50 3, 76, 234 41, 245 9 ministry of 40, 115 16, 121 6, 237 8, 254, 257 See also Agobard; Alderic; Badurad; Bartholomew; Burchard; Ebo; Elias; Freculf; Ghaerbald; Haito; Herebold; Hetti; Hincmar; Jesse; Jonas; Leidrad; libertas episcopalis; Noto; Otgar; Paulinus; sacerdotes sacerdotium; Theodulf; Thomas blinding 29, 123, 201, 265
308 General index Blois 246, 250 1 boni homines 4 Boniface of Mainz 115 16 Booker, Courtney M. 10, 73, 88 Books of Kings 131 Boshof, Egon 220 Bretons 30, 34, 85, 90 1, 93, 266 Brittany 42, 216 Brun Candidus, Vita Aegil 133 Brunhild, Merovingian queen 115 Buc, Philippe 8, 205, 247 8, 269 Bulgars 39 40, 150, 153 Burchard, bishop of Vienne 234 Burgundy 41 Byzantium, envoys from 35, 46, 87 8, 229 Cabaniss, Allen 144 Canossa 9, 245, 267 8 Capitulare de disciplina palatii Aquisgranensis 193 4 capitularies 30, 34, 37, 116, 121, 163 issued jointly by Louis and Lothar 33 production of 53 programmatic 53, 132 3, 249 and sermons 131 caritas 108, 169, 187, 204 Carloman, brother of Pippin III conversion of 84 reform councils of 142 Carloman, son of Charles the Bald 264 5 Cassiodorus, see Historia ecclesiastica tripartita Centenarii 4 Chalon-sur-Saône 34 devastation by Lothar 50 1, 85, 100, 200 1 Charlemagne 6, 14 19, 23, 32, 35 6, 39, 40, 52 3, 61 2, 72, 76, 90, 96 7, 100 2, 120, 130 1, 154 6, 166, 180, 188, 200, 218, 253, 264 concubines of 29, 140, 191 and councils of 813 18, 23, 26, 121 criticism of 113, 116, 126 and daughters 188 9, 191 2 in hell 137 9, 141 portrayal of by Einhard 67 9, 74 6, 185 portrayal of by Thegan 73 4 succession of 19 20, 25, 29, 92, 122, 134 5 and voluntary public penance 269 70 Charles the Bald 44, 46, 50, 56 7, 80 1, 96 9, 114, 130, 134, 173, 199, 211, 216, 260, 264 6 as Benjamin 94, 189 birth of 32, 37 8, 68, 77, 84, 87, 257 on Ebo 77, 252 3, 255 9 exiled to Prüm (833) 48, 225 as king of Aquitaine 55, 265 marriage to Ermentrude (842) 101 2 and succession arrangements 41, 45 6, 51 2, 54, 209 10, 215 Charles the Fat, son of Louis the German 185, 268 9 Charles Martel 20, 94, 166, 199 Charles the Younger 17 19, 26 Chasseneuil 14 Chelles, royal nunnery of 32 Balthild s relics at 46 See also Gisela; Heilwig Childebert I, Merovingian king 83 Chindasuinth, Visigothic king 244 Christian people, see populus christianus church early medieval conceptions of 37 modern conceptions of 9 See also cultus divinus; ecclesiastical property; respublica; sancta ecclesia; status ecclesiae Churrhaetia 41 Cicero 67 cingulum militiae 48 clades 39, 151, 153 4, 165, 174 5, 178 Clovis, king 14, 25 Columbanus of Luxeuil 115 16 comitatus 60, 159 Compiègne, palace of 1, 22, 33 4, 77, 152 assembly of (823) 143 (830) 42 3, 85, 99, 208 9, 237, 259, 263 (833) 1, 29, 48 9, 51, 87, 209, 228 41, 245, 271 8 concubines, see Charlemagne, concubines of; marriage Conrad, brother of Judith 43, 206 consors imperii 32 Constantine I, emperor 25, 94, 116 Constantinople 56, 88, 130 Constitutio Romana (824) 37 contubernium 190 3 conventus procerum 40, 158 conventus publicus generalis 34, 158, 171 Corbie, abbey of 21, 35, 43, 102 10, 128, 146, 210, 265 as Jerusalem 110 correctio 5, 17, 23, 36, 38, 40, 51, 71 2, 77, 116, 120 1, 130, 147, 157, 160 3, 170 1, 179 81 correptio 112, 124, 131 biblical vocabulary of 118 19 See also admonitio; increpatio Corvey, abbey of 107, 110 foundation by Adalhard and Wala 103
General index 309 councils, ecclesiastical 24, 131 of 813 18, 23, 26, 121 of 829 40, 53, 118, 143, 170 6 conventus episcoporum 170 of Aachen (802) 23 (816/17) 22 3, 131 (836) 53, 183 4 of Paris (829) 176 84 of Rome (826) 38 of Soissons (853) 265 court culture and monasteries 59 60 courtiers aulici 69, 186 7 networks of patronage of 77, 158, 199 rivalry among 187 8 See also familiaritas; homines palatii; palace crimina 240, 255 cultus divinus 23 4, 27, 99 royal responsibility for 17, 24, 73 4, 83 4, 116 17, 131, 270 custody 43, 46, 47, 225 light (libera) 243, 263, 266 monastic 43, 196, 215, 266 strict 48, 243, 263, 265 6 Cyrus, king 94 David, king 20, 54, 93, 119 20, 122, 240, 242 De ordine palatii, see Adalhard; Hincmar deditio 246 7 Depreux, Philippe 9, 11 Dhuoda Liber manualis 100, 260 See also Bernard of Septimania Dionysius, St 139 discord 27, 29, 36, 41, 46, 57 8, 87, 94, 142 3, 146, 187 8, 199, 204 5, 225, 251, 260, 273 divine retribution 3 4, 12, 27, 113 15, 120, 167, 170 3, 178, 229, 231, 245, 249, 252, 274 by disasters 151 2, 157, 174 6 portents and signs of 135 6, 161 4 See clades; iudicium dei Divisio regnorum (806) 26, 29, 123 Doherty, Hugh 80 1 Doué, assembly at (814) 19 Douglas, Mary 202 Drogo, half-brother of Louis, bishop of Metz 21, 28 9, 36, 44, 48, 51 2, 57 8, 65, 80 1, 88 9, 123, 129, 156, 211, 216, 258 Duby, Georges, Dimanche de Bouvines 7 Durandus, abbot 91 Dutton, Paul E. 136 Ebo, archbishop of Rheims 22, 53, 73, 76 80, 87, 109 10, 142, 150, 170, 241, 252 4 deposition of 2 and Louis s penance 115, 234, 263 monastic exile of 45 penance of 77, 207 public confession of 256 9 as scapegoat 51, 149, 252, 261 trial of (835) 254 8 Einhard 18, 22, 60, 64, 66 72, 91 2, 95, 147 in Aachen in 828 9 40, 60, 147 60, 164, 186, 202, 260 admonishes Lothar 163 4 marriage to Imma 22, 71, 192 and Seligenstadt 22, 70 Einhard s Translatio SS Marcellini et Petri 69 70, 82, 160 5, 194, 261 structure of 159 63 visions and signs in 136, 141, 161 3, 166 See also Alberic; libelli; Wiggo Einhard s Vita Karoli 22, 43, 67 9, 112, 141, 191 3 classical models of 67, 185 dating of 67 9 influence of 72 6, 82 Elias, bishop of Troyes 261 emendatio 23, 30, 38, 116, 157 Emma, sister of Empress Judith and wife of Louis the German 32 empire, see imperial rule Epistola generalis (828) 171 6 manuscript tradition of 171 2 Epitaphium Arsenii, see Radbert s Epitaphium Arsenii Ermentrude, first wife of Charles the Bald 97, 101 Ermold the Black exile of 89 90 and Pippin I 90 Ermold s Poem in honour of Louis the Pious 16, 18, 24 5, 38, 89 95 description of Ingelheim 93 4 image of Louis in 90 3 Erwig, Visigothic king 224 Esther, book of 30, 84, 205 Eugenius II, pope 38 Eusebius Ecclesiastical History 129 excommunication 220, 222, 240, 243, 250, 263 4, 267 exile, monastic 7, 21, 23, 28, 45, 107, 124, 187, 206 8, 210, 232 3, 247, 265 See also public penance Ezekiel, prophet 79, 114 15, 117, 121, 182, 223, 236, 238
310 General index familiaritas 62, 90, 144, 186 7, 192, 199 Fastrada, queen 15 16, 154 fideles (faithful men) 4, 12, 33, 35, 39, 44 6, 48, 54 5, 60, 98 100, 120, 124, 136, 142, 147, 155 7, 171, 173, 178, 198, 212, 227, 239, 260 See also populus fides (faith/fidelity) ideal of 11 12, 62, 86, 97, 100 1, 105, 108 9, 145, 169, 204 5, 209, 212, 222, 227 See also oaths Field of Lies 48, 85 6, 88, 134, 195 6, 217, 224 30, 239, 253, 263 Flodoard of Rheims 253 Fontenoy, battle of (841) 3, 53, 56, 66, 81, 96, 224 Franci homines 4 Francia 79, 86, 93, 160 Frankfurt 22, 34 assembly at (873) 268 9 Franks 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 44, 53, 75, 93, 100, 155, 163, 211, 214, 249, 260 reputation of 89, 92, 94, 150, 188, 195 6, 204 Freculf of Lisieux, Histories 130 1 Fridugisus, abbot, archchancellor 38, 159 Frisians 94 Fulco, archchaplain 65 Gabriel (the archangel) 136, 141, 161 3 Ganz, David 70, 104 Gelasius I, pope, letter to Athanasius 176 7, 180 Gerberga, sister of Bernard of Septimania 51, 200 1 Germania 22, 30 Gerold, count, brother-in-law of Charlemagne 140 Gerona 152 Gerung, counsellor of Lothar 32, 38, 126 Ghaerbald, bishop of Liège 155 6 Gisela, daughter of Louis and Judith 32 Gisela, sister of Charlemagne and abbess of Chelles 32 Gisela, sister of Louis 14 15 Gregory, bishop of Tours 83, 115 16 Gregory IV, pope intervention in 833 of 13, 47, 53, 211, 217 20, 224 8 letter of 833 ascribed to 47, 220 4 Gregory VII, pope 176 Gregory the Great, pope Dialogues 106 Regula pastoralis 4, 118, 131, 271 Gregory of Nazianzen 222 Grimald of Reichenau, abbot of St-Gall 95, 138, 189 Grimoald, duke of Benevento 16 Gundrada, sister of Wala 21 Guntram, Merovingian king 83, 116 Hadrian I, pope 14 Halley s comet (837) 67, 80, 82, 136 Halphen, Louis 2 Harald, Danish king 38 9, 90, 94, 148, 150 harmiscara 246 7 Heilwig, mother of Empress Judith and abbess of Chelles 32, 46 Heito of Reichenau, Visio Wettini 116, 136 41, 203 Helisachar, archchancellor 21, 38, 66, 90 1, 142, 144, 159 Henry III, emperor 267 Henry IV, emperor, penance at Canossa 9, 246, 267 Herebold, bishop of Auxerre 234, 262 Heribert, brother of Bernard of Septimania 43, 201 Herstal, capitulary of (778/9) 154 5 Hetti, bishop of Trier 80 Hilary of Poitiers, St 139 Hildebold, archbishop of Cologne 22 Hildegard, queen 14 15 marriage to Charlemagne 30 offspring 14, 17 Hildegard, sister of Louis 14 Hildemar, monk of Corbie/Civate 185 Hilduin, abbot of St-Denis and archchaplain 22, 38, 45, 53, 61, 65 6, 91 2, 143, 159, 194 as Aaron 95 exiled in 831 43, 210 and relics of St Sebastian 60, 69, 71, 160 1, 186 Hiltrude, daughter of Charles Martel 190 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims 61, 136, 255, 265 8 See also De ordine palatii Historia ecclesiastica tripartita 129 30 Homer 78, 95 homines palatini 22, 59 61, 77, 90, 188, 199, 204 honestas 195, 197 8, 204 Honorius, son of Theodosius I 107, 109
General index 311 Hraban Maur, abbot of Fulda 120, 192, 232 3, 263 on Ebo 255 on Judith 205 on obedience of sons to fathers 164, 242 3 Hugh, abbot of St-Quentin and St-Bertin, half-brother of Louis 21, 28 9, 36, 123, 126 Hugh, count of Tours 32, 38 9, 42 3, 53, 90, 159, 189 deposition of 40, 148 53, 160, 188, 199, 202 as scapegoat 78, 86 7, 148 53, 157, 251 2, 261 hunting 22, 41 2, 73, 152, 160 1, 195 and political stability 51, 153, 158, 214 Imma, wife of Einhard 22, 71, 192 imperial rule 10, 27 8, 43, 92 3, 96, 99, 188, 194, 200, 208 9, 221 2, 226 8, 239, 256, 260 imperium christianum and papacy 37 incest 42, 190, 195, 197, 230 increpatio 43, 130, 134 5, 142, 146 7, 175, 210, 215 biblical vocabulary of 114, 118 20 See also admonitio; correptio Inden, monastery of, see Kornelimünster Ingelheim assembly at (831) 45, 56 7, 214 palace of 16, 34, 38, 80, 93, 148, 158, 189 Ingram, count in Neustria (father of Irmingard) 17 Innes, Matthew 10, 74, 185 Irmingard, empress, wife of Lothar 32, 104 Irmingard, empress, wife of Louis 17, 29, 30 2, 194, 203 crowned augusta 24 5, 76, 84, 218 death of 29 30 Isaac 20 Isaiah 237, 243 Italy 16, 41 2, 45, 54, 86, 104, 106, 126, 200, 210, 214, 217, 250 2, 261 2 kingdom of 2, 14 15, 18, 28, 32 3, 51 2, 203, 212 See also Bernard; Lothar itinerary, royal 35, 90 1 iudicium dei 1, 27, 48, 96, 141, 165 6, 169 70, 172, 223 5, 228, 230, 235 6, 242, 253, 263, 273 4 Jacob 20 Jeremiah, prophet of doom 86, 243, 253 Lamentations of 103 See also Wala as Jeremiah Jeroboam, king 76, 229 Jerome, translator of Scripture 179 Jesse, bishop of Amiens 234, 261 2 Jezabel, queen 229 Job 230, 243 John Cassian, Collationes 106 Joiada, priest 229 30 Jonas, bishop of Orléans 53, 91, 130, 232, 244 and controversy over images 38 and council of Paris (829) 171, 175 81, 187 De institutione regia 117 Jonas of Bobbio 115 Joshua Lothar as 94, 120, 148 Josiah, king 17, 131 Judith, empress 3, 10, 13, 41, 48, 50, 54, 57 8, 70, 87, 90, 94 5, 110, 130, 134, 161, 200, 225, 239 accusations against 42, 188, 195 8, 230 1, 260 and Ebo 253, 257 9 as Esther 30, 84, 205 as Justina 109 10, 228 9 marriage to Louis 30 2, 84 monastic exile of 43, 206 8, 233 4 public role of 31 2, 38, 46, 148, 189 90, 193 5, 199, 201, 203 5 restoration of 44, 146, 210 12, 216 Julian of Toledo 144 5 justice, administration of 162, 169, 173, 212, 255, 264 Justinian I, emperor 109 10 Justinian II, emperor 109 Karolus magnus et Leo papa (Paderborn epic) 90, 188 9 Kingship 7, 15, 35, 59, 135, 249, 266 and accountability to God 1, 4, 24, 37, 115, 137, 270 and biblical commentary 7, 62, 74, 120 1 biblical models of 116, 120 1 Christian ideals of 37 8, 83 4, 130 1, 176 7 and eloquence 133, 147 without justice 101, 143 See also correction; cultus divinus; emendatio; imperial rule; imperium christianum; ministerium; Old Testament; Pseudo-Cyprian; queenship Kornelimünster (Inden) 22 Koziol, Geoffrey 246 Kulturkampf 176
312 General index Lambert, count of Nantes 90 1 Laon, St Mary/Notre-Dame of 42, 205 Le Mans, duchy of 54 Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons 61 Leo IV, pope 46, 260 Lérins, monastery of 21 Levison, Willhelm 136 7 libelli 40, 136, 158 9, 161 4 Liber pontificalis 24 libertas episcopalis 118, 180 Liudewit, dux of Lower Pannonia 26 Liutgard, wife of Charlemagne 188 9 Loire 19, 21, 54 Lorsch, abbey of 182 Lothar, twin brother of Louis the Pious 14 Lothar I, emperor 17, 21, 32 3, 35, 37 41, 46, 57 8, 70, 80 1, 90, 94, 97 102, 107, 109, 120 1, 126, 149, 157 76, 178, 244, 258 co-emperor 25, 27 8, 145 6 godfather and patron of Charles 32, 37, 41 and Italy 32 3, 41 2, 45, 52, 54, 56 7, 212, 214 and rebellion of 830 43 5, 208 12 and rebellion of 833 1 3, 47 51, 55 6, 78 9, 85 7, 200 1, 217, 224 8, 231 7, 244 9, 252, 260 3, 272 4, 277, 278 submission in 834 250 2 See also consors imperii Lothar II, king 195 Louis the German 16, 21, 32 3, 40 1, 45 6, 49 55, 81, 141, 215 16 as Gratian 109 and rebellion of 833 2, 49 50, 87, 97, 225, 252, 265, 268 and rebellion of 838 40 33, 55 7, 137 Louis the Pious accusations against 29 birth of 14 capitularies of 30, 30 4, 37, 116, 130 3, 163 charters of 6, 10, 22, 30 as a Christian emperor 24, 31, 33, 36 7, 64, 72 4, 76, 83 8, 259 clementia of 86 9, 92, 134 5, 143, 153, 206 7, 226, 261 coronation of by Charlemagne (813) 18 19, 76, 90, 124, 134, 238 criticism of 68, 70, 102, 107, 112 16, 124, 140 1 crowned emperor (816) 24 5, 76, 90, 194, 218, 253 expeditions to Brittany 30, 42, 90 2, 216 and filial (dis)obedience 15 16, 32, 45, 56, 62, 163 4, 215, 226 and half-brothers 21, 28 9, 35, 52, 123, 128 and (half-)sisters 21, 98, 190 3 humility of 13, 19 20, 33, 126 7, 147, 209, 231, 241, 243 5, 250, 259 intitulatio of 56, 173 mandates of 34 marriage to Irmingard 16 17 marriage to Judith 30 2, 84 and minting 23, 37, 133 and monastic conversion 17, 49, 84, 98 9, 208, 234, 241, 244 monastic reforms of 18, 22 3, 36, 169 and orthodoxy 37 8 and papacy 24, 37, 76, 176 7, 221 2 penance of in Attigny (822) 6, 9, 35 6, 108, 122 32, 156, 209, 231, 259, 263 penance of in Soissons (833) 1 3, 48 50, 56, 73, 114 15, 129, 135, 228 49, 271 9 pietas of 75, 92 public confession in Compiègne (830) 42 3, 85, 99, 208 9, 237, 259, 263 rebellion of 830 11, 33, 42 3, 45, 85 6, 103, 134, 204 9, 212 13 rebellion of 833 11, 33, 51 2, 55, 57, 77, 85 7, 100, 217 20, 222 reconciliation of 50 1, 123 4, 127, 236, 246, 249 50 restoration of 2, 19, 29, 50 2, 66, 77, 219, 249 50, 261 2, 272 and self-incrimination 114, 126, 232 sins of 1, 6, 36 7, 48, 113, 122, 125 8, 140, 172 3, 175, 182, 222 4, 228 30, 235 43, 263, 268, 274 8 sub-king of Aquitaine 15 19, 17 18 succession arrangements 25 8, 45 7, 54 7, 212 13 See also Aachen; Judith Lucan 78 Lyons, archdiocese of 40, 143 4, 149, 240 council of (829) 170 McKitterick, Rosamond 53 McLean, Simon 268 9 magnates, see aristocracy; proceres Mainz council of (829) 40, 170, 176 (mala) fama 186, 191, 198, 255 Manasses 178 manuscripts Barcelona, Archivo de la Corona de Aragón, Ripoll 40 172, n.114 Cologne, Sankt Maria im Kapitol A II/18 66, n.30
General index 313 Geneva, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire MS lat. 22 205, n.97 Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek Cod. Aug. Perg. 111 203, n.87 London, British Library Harley 3685 89, n.146 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Lat. 2853 220 Lat. 5516 172, n.115 Rome, Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana Chigi III 239 172, n.115 Reg. lat. 1041 172, n.115 Vat. lat. 3827 172, n.115 St Omer, Bibliothèque municipale MS 706 82, n.110 St Petersburg, Saltykov-Schedrin National Library Lat. F.v.IV.4 82, n.110 Lat. F.v.I.11 129, n.65 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Lat. 473 63, n.18, 64 Lat. 614 89 Marcellinus and Peter, Sts, relics of 69 72, 82, 160 4, 186 See also Einhard; Seligenstadt marriage legitimacy of 16, 268 royal alliances of 30 2, 52, 84, 101, 194 See also concubines martyrs 139 authority of 158 64 Roman relics of 60, 69 70, 261 and sacred topography 71, 91 Matfrid, count of Orléans 38, 52, 90 1, 144 5, 159, 187 8, 189, 199 deposition of 39 40 rebellion of 42 3, 85 6 as scapegoat 148 57, 251 2, 261 Meerssen, treaty of 264 Melchisedech, priest-king 83 Metz 29, 48, 51 2 church of St Arnulf 58, 80 church of St Stephen 51, 77, 254 6, 258 9 Meuse 73, 96 Michael II, Byzantine emperor 37 military service 171, 232 ministerium (ministry) 4, 113 14, 121, 126, 151 2, 232 episcopal 36, 115, 175 9, 183, 222, 236, 254, 257, 270, 271 4 royal 1, 37 8, 121 2, 131 2, 135, 182, 205, 237 9, 249 50 missi 34, 40, 113, 117, 121, 170 3 Moeglin, Jean-Marie 247 monasteries 17 18, 36 confraternity books of 137 and the court 61 2, 185 6 and prayer for rulers 137 9, 140 1 and royal patronage 133, 216 See also exile, monastic Moses 93, 164, 243 Louis the Pious as 94, 112 13 Mulinheim see Seligenstadt Nabuchodonosor, king 230 Nantes, see Lambert Nathan, prophet 119, 242 negligentia 36, 40, 121 2, 125 6, 138, 150 2, 238 episcopal 181 3, 222 3, 236 royal 238 9, 273 4, 276 8 Nelson, Janet L. 8, 9, 12, 30, 52 6, 96, 114 Neustria 45, 49 Nicholas I, pope 48, 252 Nijmegen, assemblies at 22, 55 (821) 28 (830) 43, 134, 209 11 Ninevites 178 Nithard family of 96, 192 Histories 8, 82, 96 100 audience of 97 8 image of Lothar in 81, 100 image of Louis the Pious in 98 100 pessimism of 97, 101 2 nobiles 77 8, 81 8 Noble, Thomas F. X. 3, 9, 13 Noirmoutier Adalhard s exile in 21, 129 St-Philibert 21 Notker Balbulus Gesta Karoli 108, 269 70 on Aachen 185, 194 Noto, archbishop of Toulouse 170 oaths 2, 28, 32, 97, 134, 222 breaking of 54, 86, 88, 97 100, 202, 212 13, 223, 230, 239, 275 6 of fidelity 37, 45 6, 109 10, 132, 199, 251 of purification 44, 210 12, 239 Occursus, see adventus Odilman, monk of Corbie (Severus) 106 Odo, count of Orléans 148 Old Testament 93, 116 20 models of kingship 20, 120, 174 and vocabulary of admonition and sin 120 1 Ordinatio imperii (817) 24 8, 32, 53, 68, 146, 223, 239
314 General index Ordines (orders) 4, 23, 37, 83, 138, 152, 155 6, 166 7 complementarity of 132 confusion between 170, 177 Orléans 15, 91, 148, 215 Otgar, bishop of Mainz 80, 170 Otto III, emperor 267 Ovid (Naso) 78, 109 Paderborn 22, 34, 90 assembly at (785) 15 epic, see Karolus magnus et Leo papa Hilduin banished to 43, 210 paenitentia canonica 138, 233, 255 paenitentia ecclesiastica 49, 234, 237, 274 pagans 39 40, 150, 187, 266 palace 34 5, 94 5, 108, 159 61 administration of justice in 173 clerics attached to 65 6, 168 disorder in 191, 194 7, 200 4, 229 30 domus regia 93 4 domus sacra 184, 188 as a place of discipline 60 1, 71, 94, 193 4, 195 6, 270 reputation of 185 98, 203 4 women in 21, 44, 188 93 See also contubernium; court; honestas; sacrum palatium; Aachen; Attigny; Compiègne; Ingelheim; Frankfurt; Nijmegen; Quierzy; Thionville; Paderborn; Worms Pamplona 84 panegyrics 5, 59, 62, 83, 89 95, 145, 188 9 Pannonia 38 9, 150 papacy 25, 37, 76 authority of 219 21 and written tradition 221 2 See also Eugenius II; Gelasius I; Gregory I; Gregory IV; Gregory VII; Hadrian I; Leo IV; Paschalis I; Stephen IV Paris, council of (829) 40, 170 84, 187, 221, 238, 255, 266 parrhesia, see admonitio Pascal I, pope 32 Paschasius Radbertus, see Radbert of Corbie Patzold, Steffen 10 11, 27 Paul, St 47, 87, 119, 178, 225, 249 Paulinus, bishop of Aquileia 20 penance, books of 182 3 penance, public 229 34, 240 3, 245 9, 263 70 imposition by bishops 179, 241 2, 250 as an instrument of royal justice 232 3, 264 in late antiquity 6, 36, 244 liturgy of 233, 237, 240, 250, 277, 279 of Louis in Attigny (822) 6, 35 6, 108, 122 32, 209, 231, 259, 263 of Louis in Soissons (833) 1 3, 10, 48 9, 56, 73, 77, 79, 114 15, 228 45, 271 8 and monastic exile 207, 247 order of penitents 232 3 and public confession 36, 113, 122 3, 129, 140, 152, 158, 238, 245, 254 9, 277, 279 and scandal 6, 122, 153, 182 3, 197, 204, 212, 232 41, 243, 257 9, 273 7 voluntary 244 5 See also criminal; custody; deditio; excommunication; harmiscara; paenitentia canonia; paenitentia ecclesiastica; Relatio episcoporum (833); scandalum perjury, see oaths perturbatio 203, 237 8, 249 pacis 152, 239 populi 6, 154, 237 Petersau 57 Pippin, king of Italy 14 6, 18, 36, 51, 122, 154 Pippin I, king of Aquitaine 2, 21, 25 6, 31 3, 41 6, 49 51, 54 5, 86, 94, 99, 119, 126, 148 51, 158, 196, 205 10, 215 16, 250, 252 and Ermold 89 90 marriage of 32 as Melanius 109 10 Pippin II, king of Aquitaine monastic exile of 265 public penance of 266 Pippin III, king 18, 23, 54, 61, 117, 125, 166 Pippin the Hunchback 17, 145 Pîtres, assembly at (864) 266 plebs 4, 47 8, 81, 109, 139, 167, 225 Poitiers 57 Ste-Croix 21, 42 4, 206, 208 9, 211 populus (the faithful men) 81, 170, 177, 239, 276 populus christianus 5 6, 92, 97, 115, 117, 122, 137, 147, 151, 155, 164, 182, 229, 239, 276 portents, see signs from heaven; divine retribution priests (presbyteri) 121, 125 6, 132, 138, 141, 167, 179 80, 229 30, 233, 238, 241 primores 125 6, 151 proceres 4, 11, 21, 38, 90 3, 144, 147 8, 159, 165, 189, 199 palatii 60, 81 property, ecclesiastical 51, 54, 107, 142 4, 166 9
General index 315 Prudentius, bishop of Troyes 65, 265 6 Prüm, monastery of 245 as a place of exile 17, 48, 50 Psalmist, the 243 Pseudo-Cyprian, De duodecim abusivis saeculi 174 5, 181 2, 205, 250 Purification of the Virgin Mary, Feast of 19, 44, 51, 210 11, 254 queenship 31 2, 194 5, 197 8, 202 3 querela 226 7 Quierzy, assembly of (838) 34, 54, 152, 265 Radbert of Corbie education and career 102 4, 108 Epitaphium Arsenii 146 7, 164 6, 197 207, 225 8, 262 3 aliases and typology in 106 10 on Bernhard/Naso 109, 169 and confabulatio 106, 165, 169 date of 104 5 on Ebo/Phassur 109 10, 253 on fides 108 9 on Judith/Justina 196 7 on lay abbots 107 on Lothar/Honorius 207, 209, 227 on Louis/Justinian 109 10 structure of 105 10 on winter assembly of 828 9 168 70 use of Terence 105 6, 109 10 See also Adalhard; Wala exegetical work 103 4 and frank speech 117 18, 127 loyalty to Adalhard and Wala 111 opposition to Louis the Pious 110, 211 12, 219 20, 225 8 and Pseudo-Isidorian decretals 103 Vita Adalhardi of 103 4, 107 8, 126 8 Radegund, see Poitiers, Ste-Croix Ratleigh, cleric 136, 161 2 rebellion of 830 3, 42 4, 205 13 assigning blame for 200 1 causes of 41 2 rebellion of 833 46 causes of 45 6, 85 6 and the devil 46 7, 260 2 remorse about 100, 260 reform, see correction; emendatio Regensburg 16 Regina, concubine 29 Regula pastoralis, see Gregory the Great Reichenau, monastery of 95, 136 8, 140, 203 Reichseinheitspartei 10, 112, 114 Reimitz, Helmut 64 Relatio episcoporum (833) 2, 235 41, 244 5, 271 7 Remiremont 34, 45, 214 respublica 12, 97 100, 145, 166 9 Reuter, Timothy 246, 267 Rhine 16, 22, 30, 49, 51, 55, 57, 73, 79 Robert II the Pious, king 268 Rogations 83 Rome 14, 19, 24, 34, 47, 69, 71, 94, 160, 186, 218, 225 council of 826 38 Frankish Protection of 24, 73, 227 imperial crown from 24 5 papal 221, 223 St Peter, basilica of 38, 54, 73, 218, 227 Romulus 94 Rothfeld (Alsace), see Field of Lies Rotrud, sister of Louis the Pious 14, 189 Royal Frankish Annals, see Annales regni Francorum Ruadbern 50 Rudolf, brother of Judith 43, 206 Rule of Benedict 18, 23, 43, 216 unified interpretation of 21, 23 sacerdotes 93, 178 83 sacerdotium 176 7, 267 sacred topography 71, 91 sacrum palatium 7, 22 St-Aignan, abbey of 91 St-Arnulf, church of, see Metz St-Denis 22, 50, 91, 134, 250, 254 St-Gall 116, 138, 182, 270 St-Médard, see Soissons St-Omer, abbey of 42 St Peter, basilica of, see Rome St-Riquier, abbey of, see Angilbert St Stephen, church of, see Metz St-Vaast, abbey of 254 Salz, royal villa 34, 46 Salzburg 184 Samson 139 sancta ecclesia 27 8, 37, 83, 132, 171, 182 3, 240, 272 4 and the body politic 4, 23, 28, 83, 116 17, 182 3, 232, 237 Saracens 17, 40, 149 satisfactio 124, 126 8, 150, 152, 178, 207, 236, 238 42, 247, 256, 267 8, 277 See also atonement; penance Saxons 16, 94
316 General index Saxony 15, 21, 31, 157 scandalum 6, 121, 151 2, 232 3, 237 9, 249, 258 Scheldt 98 Schieffer, Rudolf 9 Sebastian, St, relics of 69, 160 Seligenstadt 69 71, 158 62 Senlis, castrum of 264, 266 signs from heaven 64, 67, 80, 82, 84, 136, 151 2, 156 7, 165 6, 214, 249, 272 sin collective 5 6 and disorder 5 6 offensa Dei 177 political crime as 232, 264 and the polity 166 See also atonement; discord; iniquitas; negligentia; perturbatio; scandalum Slavs 39, 150 Smith, Julia M. H. 70 Soissons abbey of St-Médard at 1, 48, 69, 186, 232, 235, 265 council at (853) 265 nunnery of Nôtre-Dame at 21, 103 4, 108 See also Louis, public penance of Solomon, king 93, 166, 199 Spain 144, 150 1, 240, 244 Spanish March, failed campaign of 827 in 39 40, 42, 144, 148 53, 158, 252 Staatlichkeit 10 status ecclesiae 24, 64 Stephen IV, pope, and imperial coronation of 816 24 5, 76, 90, 194, 218, 253 Strasbourg, oaths of 89, 97 Suetonius 67, 73, 185 Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini 57 synods, see councils Tacitus 68 Tassilo 46, 190 Terence, see Radbert s Epitaphium Arsenii Thegan, auxiliary bishop of Trier 73, 77 Gesta Hludowici imperatoris 11, 15, 17, 19, 27 8, 67, 72 9, 81, 86 7, 115, 124, 134 5, 164, 195 6, 201, 211, 216 18, 241 on Hugh of Tours 78, 251 2 invectio against Ebo 76 9, 142, 149, 241, 250 2, 256, 261 3 portait of Louis 74 5 structure of 75 7 and Walahfrid Strabo 72 3 Theodebert, count of Madrie 32 Theoderic, half-brother of Louis 21, 28, 123 Theoderic, king of the Ostrogoths, statue of 94 5 Theodosius I, emperor 94, 107, 109, 116 Penance of 6, 9, 36, 118, 122 4, 128 30, 242, 263, 267 Theodrada, abbess of Nôtre-Dame in Soissons 21, 102 3, 108 Theodulf, bishop of Orléans 20 Theophilos, Byzantine emperor 37 Theutberga, wife of Lothar II 195 Thionville (Diedenhofen), Palace at assemblies at (821) 32, 35, 123, 207 (831) 45, 215 (835) 51, 79, 254 9, 266 capitulary of (805) 154 Thomas, archbishop of Milan 15 Thuringia 31, 156 7 Tischler, Matthias 68, 70 tonsure clerical 28 9, 49, 233, 264 6 monastic 233 political 21, 28 9, 35, 43, 45, 122 4, 128, 206 7, 214, 244, 265 6 See also veiling Tortona 48, 50 Tours 15, 91, 172, 216 Traill, David 140 Tremp, Ernst 11, 74, 80 1, 252 Trier 46, 73, 215 Toulouse 40, 170, 176 Valentinian I, emperor 109 Vannes, assembly at (818) 91 veiling 42 3, 179, 196, 206 8, 233 Venantius Fortunatus 83 Verberie 42, 206 Verdun, treaty of (843) 52, 81 Vetus Latina 118 Virgil, Aeneid 79 Visio Wettini, see Heito; Walahfrid Vision of the Poor Woman of Laon 202 3 visions 41, 70 1, 137, 165 6 visionary literature 29, 70 1, 113, 116, 136 41, 158 9, 161 4, 202 3 See also Gabriel; libelli; Wiggo Vita Pachomii 134 Vitry 91 Vosges 214 vulgus 81, 201, 225
General index 317 Wala, count, abbot of Corbie and Corvey 20 1, 32, 36, 40, 54, 102 10, 126, 190 1, 197, 199 205, 208 9, 219, 226 8, 234, 262 at Aachen in 828 9 159, 164 70, 174, 177 as Arsenius 106 7 authority of 20, 108, 127, 219, 142 3 exile of 21, 35, 43, 45, 107 10, 123, 210 as Jeremiah 102, 107, 109 10, 146 7, 166, 168 9, 187 Walahfrid Strabo 42, 50, 149 accessus to Thegan s Gesta 72 3, 135, 251 De imagine Tetrici 94 5, 111 12, 189 Visio Wettini 113, 116, 138 41 Wallace-Hadrill, Michael 5 Wamba, Visigothic king 244 Warin, abbot of Corvey 107, 109 Welf, father of Empress Judith 30 Werner, Karl-Ferdinand 9 Wiggo, demon 162 4, 260 William, count of Toulouse 199, 261 William, son of Dhuoda and Bernard of Septimania 101 Winigis, duke of Spoleto 158 witchcraft 42, 197, 200 2, 261 Witiza, see Benedict of Aniane Wood, Ian 8 Worms 34, 37, 217, 253 assembly at (829) 41, 60, 165, 171, 176, 196 (839) 99 100 (840 planned) 57 Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus 103