ASSIGNMENT - 1 Theme 1 From the Beginning of Time (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. Examine the reasons why early discoveries of fossils and other finds were met with doubt by some scholars. 2. ** Writing your answer under appropriate headings, mention the period of existence and the chief features of primates, hominoids and hominids. 3. State the advantages that bi-pedalism gave to early humans. 4. Describe how changes in climate and vegetation had an impact upon Australopithecus. 5. **Discuss the information we have about the species of Homo (Include names of various species, geographical location, age, characteristic features). 6. ** Make neatly labeled diagrams and explain the chief features of the two most commonly accepted theories of human origin. 7. Describe the story of human evolution that can be seen in ways of acquiring food. 8. What are artifacts? Explain what we have come to know about the changing pattern in the habitation of early man. 9. What was the significance of the discovery of hearths in early human habitation sites? 10. Explain the punch blade technique of tool-making. 11. ** Give relevant headings and explain how early humans obtained food, organized shelter and developed tools and weapons. 12. Examine the various theories about when spoken language emerged. 13. ** What could have been the reasons for the making of cave paintings by early man? 14. Describe how early modes of communication developed, with reference to speech and art. 15. Define the following terms fossil, primates, hominoid, hominid, genus, anthropology, ethnography. 16. ** Hunter-gatherer societies of the present have been compared to those of the past. Examine the views put forward by historians on this issue. 17. Examine the major developments and changes in the environment and in human evolution which resulted in the growth of towns and cities. 18. Which area came to be known as the Fertile Crescent? Why? 19. ** On a political map of Africa (pg.14), shade and label - East African Rift Valley; Mark with a dot and label the following sites: Olduvai Gorge, Laetoli. 20. ** On a political map of Europe (pg.18), mark with a dot and label the following sites: Boxgrove (UK), Altamira (Spain), Lascoux, Terra Amata, Lazaret Cave (France), Neander Valley, Heidelberg and Schoningen (Germany), Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic). NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 2 HISTORY: THEME 2 - ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA HAMMURABI OF MESOPOTAMIA Hammurabi ruled for 42 years, from 1792 to 1750 BCE. He became the king of the Babylonian Empire following the abdication of his father, Sin-Muballit, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, Hammurabi s successors were unable to maintain his empire. HAMMURABI S CODE OF LAW Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. These laws were inscribed on stone tablets (known as stelae, plural) standing over eight feet tall (2.4 meters), of unknown origin, discovered in Persia in 1901. Partial copies exist on various clay tablets. The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The Code is written in the Akkadian language, using cuneiform script. The Code has been seen as an early example of basic laws regulating government-i.e., a primitive form of what is now known as a constitution. The Code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea that a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty, and it suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. The Code may have given Hammurabi an opportunity to glorify himself by making note of his wisdom and justice, but the fact that it was copied by subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning. The Code consists of 282 laws, with punishments based on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". The punishments were graded depending on social status, as well as slave versus free man. Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract, establishing, for example, the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon. Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, establishing the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. Approximately a third of the Code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behavior. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently. A handful of provisions address issues related to military service. The 282 laws in the Code of Hammurabi are each usually no more than a sentence or two. A few of these laws are mentioned below:- If anyone brings an accusation against a man, and the accused goes to the river and leaps into the river, if he sinks in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river proves that the accused is not guilty, and he escapes unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser. If anyone finds runaway male or female slaves in the open country and brings them to their masters, the master of the slaves shall pay him two shekels of silver. If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death.
If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then the builder shall be put to death. (Another variant of this is: If the owner's son dies, then the builder's son shall be put to death.) If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. If a man puts out the eye of a patrician, his eye shall be put out. If anyone commits a robbery and is caught, he shall be put to death. If anyone opens his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water floods his neighbor's field, he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss. If a judge tries a case, reaches a decision, and presents his judgment in writing; and later it is discovered that his decision was in error, and it was his own fault, he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case and be removed from the judge's bench... THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH: Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk in Babylonia which is located on the River Euphrates in modern Iraq; he lived in c. 2700 BCE. Many stories and myths were written about Gilgamesh, some of which were written down in c. 2000 BCE in the Sumerian language, on clay tablets which still survive (the Sumerian language, as far as we know, bears no relation to any other known human language). The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literature. These Sumerian Gilgamesh stories were integrated into a longer poem, versions of which survive not only in Akkadian (the Semitic language, related to Hebrew, spoken by the Babylonians) but also on tablets written in Hurrian and Hittite (an Indo-European language, a family of languages which includes Greek and English, spoken in Asia Minor). All the above languages were written in the script known as cuneiform, which means "wedge-shaped." The fullest surviving version, from which the summary here is taken, is derived from twelve stone tablets, in the Akkadian language, found in the ruins of the library of Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria (669-633 BCE) at Nineveh. The library was destroyed by the Persians in 612 BCE, and all the tablets are damaged. The tablets actually name an author, which is extremely rare in the ancient world, for this particular version of the story: Shin-eqi-unninni. You are being introduced here to the oldest known human author we can name! THE STORY The story revolves around the relationship between Gilgamesh and his close male companion, Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal, to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. Together they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. The latter part of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's distressed reaction to Enkidu's death, which takes the form of a search for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and dangerous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim. Ultimately the poignant words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest, indicate the end result: "The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping." Gilgamesh has always been remembered for his building achievements. The story is widely read in translation, and the hero, i.e. Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture. In general, interpreters feel that Gilgamesh was given knowledge of how to worship the gods, of why death was ordained for human beings, of what makes a good king, and of the true nature of how to live a good life.
ASSIGNMENT - 3 Theme 2 Writing and City Life (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. Explain how the Mesopotamian desert could become the birthplace of a civilization. 2. ** Briefly explain each step / stage in the developments leading to the Urban Revolution in Mesopotamia. (Write your answer under suitable headings.) 3. Explain why Mesopotamia is referred to as a Bronze Age civilization. 4. Describe how trade and transportation was organized in the urban centers. (Refer to pages 33 and 44) 5. ** Describe how the Mesopotamians developed the art of writing. What was the initial attitude towards writing? Analyze how writing became their greatest legacy to the world. 6. To what extent was literacy widespread among the people and rulers in Mesopotamia? 7. ** Describe how urbanization spread in Southern Mesopotamia. (Refer to the role played by temples, kings and wars- write your answer under appropriate headings). 8. Describe how the Mesopotamian society was organized. 9. ** Describe the features of the Mesopotamian city of Ur. 10. ** Discuss why and how Mari developed differently as compared to other cities in Mesopotamia. 11. How do we know about the pride felt by the Mesopotamians in their cities? (Refer to pg.45 and notes on the Gilgamesh Epic given in class.) 12. ** Use a political map of Asia: (WRITE THE TITLE OF THE MAP-MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILISATION) Mark and label- Rivers Tigris and Euphrates; Desert of Arabia; Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea; Persian Gulf; Mark and label the following regions- Mesopotamia, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran; Mark with a dot and label the following sites: Mari, Babylon, Uruk, Ur, Baghdad. NOTE 1: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required. NOTE 2: You have been provided with extra notes on the Law Code of Hammurabi and the Epic of Gilgamesh. This is part of your syllabus. Evaluation of these two topics will only be in the form of passage based questions.
ASSIGNMENT - 4 Theme 3 An Empire Across Three Continents (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. Examine the physical environment in which the Roman Empire existed. 2. ** Explain how rulers in the early Roman Empire had organized the political and military system. 3. ** State the chief features of the early Roman Republic. 4. Why did the Roman rulers not refer to themselves as emperor? 5. (PLEASE WRITE THE QUESTION and THEN THE ANSWER) ** (a) Write the names of the major urban centers in the early Roman Empire. ** (b) Explain how the provincial administration was organized through the urban centers. Did the spread of urbanization have any impact upon the status of Italy? Explain. ** (c) How did the Romans define a city? What were the advantages of living in a Roman city? 6. ** The third century is referred to as a period of crisis in Roman history. Examine why. 7. State the features of the following in Roman society: (a) Family and Social life (b) Level of literacy / education (c) Culture 8. (PLEASE WRITE THE QUESTION and THEN THE ANSWER) ** (a) Describe the manner in which the Romans developed the economic infrastructure in the empire. What kind of regional variation can be seen in the economic development of the empire? ** (b) Historians believe that the level of economic development of the Roman Empire been underestimated. Explain the reasons with specific examples. 9. ** Discuss the attitude of the State and society towards the various categories of workers. 10. Who were the equites? 11. Explain why Roman society is described as being hierarchical. 12. ** The Roman bureaucracy was described as a remarkable institution. Explain why. 13. Explain how the later Romans organized the monetary / currency / economic system. 14. ** Describe the developments and features of the period in Roman history which was termed as Late Antiquity. 15. Examine the changes taking place in religion during the later phase of the Roman Empire. 16. ** Mapwork- On a political map of the World (Pg.59) Mark and label the following Roman provinces- Hispania, Aquitania, Gaul, Italy, Macedonia, Egypt, Tripolitania, Tunisia, Numidia, Morocco; Label: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea. Mark with a dot and label the following Roman cities- Rome, Naples, Constantinople, Carthage. 17. ** Mapwork- On a political map of Asia (Pg.74) Mark and label the following provinces: Arabia, Judea, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan; Mark with a dot and label the following cities: Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Antioch, Edessa, Constantinople, Baghdad. NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 5 Theme 4 The Central Islamic Lands (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. Examine what is known about the early background of Prophet Muhammad. 2. What is meant by the term mawali? 3. State the features of the new faith created by Muhammad / the chief teachings of Islam. How did people initially react to his teachings? 4. ** Describe how Muhammad organized the umma and created an Arab / Islamic Empire. 5. ** Analyze the political, religious, military and social consequences of the death of Muhammad in 632 CE. 6. How did sects emerge in Islam? 7. Examine the steps taken by the Ummayad Caliphs to centralize political power and promote an Arab-Islamic identity. 8. Why was the coming to power of the Abbasids called a revolution? State the features of the Abbasid Caliphate. 9. ** Describe the manner in which the Caliphate disintegrated. When and how did the Turkish Sultanates rise to power? 10. (PLEASE WRITE EACH QUESTION and THEN THE ANSWER) ** (a) What is meant by the term Crusades? When did they occur? ** (b) Explain why friction developed in the relationship between the Muslims and Christians during the 7 th 11 th century. 11. ** Describe the major developments which took place during the Crusades. Did these wars have any long term and / or short term impact? Explain. 12. Describe how land ownership and agriculture was organized in the Arab / Islamic empire. 13. ** Examine how the new urban centers of the Arab Empire were typically organized. 14. What were garrison cities? 15. Examine how trade and commerce developed in the Arab / Islamic empire. Support your answer with specific examples. 16. ** The Arabs made remarkable economic innovations. Explain. 17. ** Explain how and why the sharia was created. 18. Examine the chief features of the Sufi movement. To what extent did Sufism pose a challenge to orthodox Islam? 19. Describe the major developments and changes taking place in Arab / Islamic literature and learning during this period. 20. What is meant by adab? 21. ** With the help of specific examples, describe the chief features of Islamic art and architecture. What were the chief decorative devices used? 22. ** Mapwork: On a political map of Asia (Pg.82) :- (Write the title of the map) MAP 1: Shade the extent of empire under Muhammad; expansion of the empire by 750 CE (MAKE AN APPROPRIATE KEY). Label the major provinces- Anatolia, Egypt, Palestine, Hejaz, Yemen, Arabia, Syria, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Transoxiana. MAP 2: Label the Byzantine Empire. Mark with a dot and label the following cities- Alexandria, Cairo, Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Basra, Kufa, Baghdad, Antioch, Constantinople, Samarkand, Ghazni.
ASSIGNMENT - 6 Theme 5 Nomadic Empires (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. ** Explain the meaning of the term nomadic empire. Why has this term been used to describe the Mongol Empire? 2. Describe the geographical features of the land of the Mongols. 3. ** Describe the social and political background of the Mongols. Refer to the relationship they shared with China. 4. Describe the image created of Genghis Khan based on available sources. 5. ** Explain how Genghis Khan succeeded in establishing a large empire by reorganizing the following:- (I) Military Administration (II) Political Administration (III) Economy (IV) Civil Administration 6. ** The death of Genghis Khan had significant consequences for his successors. With reference to the yasa, explain how the later Mongols dealt with the changing situation/ attitudes. 7. ** Assess how the Mongols, especially Genghis Khan, are regarded in the context of world history today. 8. ** Mapwork- On a political map of Asia (Pg.106):- (Write the title of the map) Shade and label the following: the extent of the Mongol Empire, Europe, Arabia, India, Burma; mark and label the following: Russian Principalities, Byzantine Empire, Persia, Iraq, Mongolia, China, Tibet; mark with a dot and label- Karakorum. 9. ** Mapwork- On a political map of Asia (Pg.117):- (Write the title of the map) Shade with a lead pencil, use different symbols and label the Mongol kingdoms post-genghis Khan; draw the Silk Route. (KEY REQUIRED) NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 7 Theme 6: The Three Orders (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. ** Define the term feudalism. When and where did feudalism originate? 2. Name the three orders into which European feudal society came to be divided. 3. ** Explain why the nobility was placed in the Second Order. Describe the manner in which they organized their power and responsibility, with the help of the knights. 4. Describe life in a feudal manor in Europe. 5. ** Discuss how the First Order dominated the social, economic, political and religious life of medieval Europe. 6. Explain the following terms: (a) Abbey (b) Friars 7. ** Describe the life of different strata of peasants in the Third Order. 8. Examine the manner in which feudalism developed in England. 9. ** Discuss how changes from the11 th century affected feudalism in medieval Europe. (Your answer will be written under the headings-the environment, land use and agricultural technology) 10. ** Assess how the emergence of the Fourth Order may have contributed to the decline of medieval European feudalism. 11. What were cathedral towns? 12. ** Examine the environmental, social, economic and political aspects of the crisis that began in 14 th century Europe, and analyze how it contributed to the end of the feudal system. 13. ** On a political map of Europe (refer page 133)- (Write the title-feudal Europe): locate and label the following: England, Scotland, Normandy, Gaul, Spain, Portugal, German States and Italian States. NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 8 Theme 7: CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1) Explain why townspeople in 14 th century Europe thought of themselves as being more civilized than rural people. (refer pg.152) 2) Examine the chief sources of information available for reconstructing European history from the 14 th - 17 th centuries. 3) ** Describe how the revival of Italian cities began from around the 12th century. Name some of the major city states of this period. 4) ** Explain the meaning of the term Humanism. Discuss how university education helped to spread this changed attitude in society. 5) Discuss the connection between increase in trade, growth of universities and Humanist thinking in Italy. (refer pg.153-156) 6) Mention the contributions made by the following towards the growth of Humanist thinking: (a) Petrarch (b) Dante Alighieri (c) Giotto 7) What does the term Renaissance Man imply? Give an example. 8) ** Explain the Humanist view of History. Do present-day historians agree with this view? 9) Examine how Arabs contributed to the knowledge of science and philosophy in Europe. 10) ** Describe how the impact of Humanistic realism can be seen in the fields of painting, sculpture and architecture of the Renaissance period. Support your answer with examples. 11) How did print technology develop in Europe? Examine the far-reaching impact of the printed books in Europe from the 16 th century. 12) ** Examine the new concept of human beings which emerged under the influence of Humanism. To what extent was this change in thinking reflected in the attitude towards women? Explain. 13) ** Describe the debates within Christianity which led to the growth of the Protestant Reformation. Examine how the Protestant movement developed in different parts of Europe. 14) Who were the Anabaptists? 15) ** What was the Counter Reformation Movement? 16) What was the Copernican Revolution? With the help of examples explain how the Renaissance period led to the growth of modern science. 17) ** Examine the arguments in the current debate on whether there was actually a European Renaissance in the 14 th century. (Write appropriate headings for each point) 18) ** On a political map of Europe (refer pg.153- write title of map) Mark and label the following cities with a dot: (a) Padua (b) Venice (c) Genoa (d) Florence (e) Rome (f) Sicily. Mark and label: Italian States, Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea
ASSIGNMENT - 9 Theme 8: CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1) Who were the first Europeans to visit the Americas in the 15 th century? What kind of cultures did they encounter in the New World? (refer to pg.168) 2) Briefly examine the life of the people living in the Caribbean and in Brazil before the arrival of the Europeans. 3) ** Assess why the Aztec culture was described as being urbanized and civilized. 4) Examine two unique aspects of Aztec engineering skills. 5) Write a short note on the Mayan civilization. 6) ** An example of a highly organized state in Central America is the Inca civilization. Support this statement with examples. What did the Incas share in common with the Aztecs, and how were both different from the Europeans? 7) Please write the question and then the answer: ** (a) The Europeans embarked on voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from the 14 th - 15 th century. Examine the factors/ developments which helped them. ** (b) The Spaniards and the Portuguese took the lead in these voyages. Explain why and how. 8) Explain how Spain began the process of establishing an empire in America. 9) Describe the imperialistic role played by Cortes in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru. (Write your answer under relevant headings.) 10) Why were the Portuguese interested in the conquest of Brazil? Explain how they proceeded to accomplish their objective. 11) ** The voyages of exploration had major consequences upon Europe, the Americas and Africa. Explain this statement giving reasons. 12) State the consequences of colonization which can still be seen in the Americas today. 13) ** To be done on a political map of the world write the title The Americas in 15 th Century (page169): Shade and label the following: (a) Aztec Empire (b) Maya Culture Area (c) Inca Empire Mark and label the following on the same map: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Cuba, Hispaniola, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico Mark and label the following cities with a dot: Tenochtitlan, Cuzco NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 10 THEME 9: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. ** Which period is referred to as the first industrial revolution in Britain? What were the features that characterized this period and make it different from the second phase of industrialization? 2. ** Britain became the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Explain why. 3. Examine the impact of the growth of trade, finance and the development of towns in helping Britain to industrialize between 1780s 1850s. 4. Explain how the British industrialization process benefited from the changes taking place in coal and iron technology from the 17 th century. 5. Examine the developments taking place in the cotton spinning and weaving industry in Britain from the 18 th century. Mention two technological changes that took place at this time. 6. Explain how steam technology helped in bringing about the Industrial Revolution in Britain. 7. Describe how the development of a network of canals and railways helped Britain to industrialize during the 18 th century. 8. ** The Industrial Revolution caused far reaching changes. Analyze the early impact of the Industrial Revolution upon the lives of the male, female and child workers in Britain. (Write each point with the appropriate heading - positive / negative impact.) 9. Describe why and how workers protest movements spread all over Britain. 10. Assess the manner in which the British Parliament and government responded to demands for labour reform. 11. ** In recent times there has been a debate as to whether Britain actually underwent the Industrial Revolution between the 1780s-1820s. Discuss the various opinions put forward by scholars. (Write under appropriate headings.) 12. ** On a political map of Europe, mark the title of the map Industrial Britain (MAKE AN APPROPRIATE KEY, mark each city with a dot): (a) Five centers of iron and coal manufacturing (refer to the map on page 199) (b) Five centers of cotton textile manufacturing (refer to the map on page 201) NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.
ASSIGNMENT - 11 Theme 10: DISPLACING INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. How did the nature of colonialism change from the 18 th century? 2. Describe how the native people of America lived before the arrival of the Europeans. 3. ** Examine what happened during the early encounters between the Europeans and the Native Americans in the 17 th century. 4. Assess the manner in which the Europeans and Native Americans perceived each other in the 18 th 19 th century. Describe how the USA and Canada were developed in this period. 5. ** Examine the steps that were taken by the US Government to take over the lands of the Native Peoples during the 19 th century. 6. Which period was known as the Gold Rush in US history? What impact did it have upon the political and economic development of the nation? 7. ** Describe how the attitude of the Americans and Canadians towards the Native American people changed after the 1920s. 8. Mention the various groups of people who came to inhabit Australia. 9. Describe the social, economic and political impact of the contact between the Europeans and the Aboriginals. 10. ** Explain why and how the attitude of the Australians towards the Aboriginals has changed from the 20 th century.
ASSIGNMENT - 12 Theme 11: PATHS TO MODERNISATION (Questions marked with an ** are to be done for H.W.) 1. ** The Tokugawa Shoguns established strong political and economic control over Japan. Explain. 2. ** State the significance of the Meiji Restoration. When did it take place? Analyze the changes introduced by the Meiji rulers in political, administrative and education policies to enable Japan emerge as an imperialist power. ( Write under appropriate headings) 3. Examine the steps taken by Meiji Japan to modernize the economy. 4. ** Explain how the Meiji rulers promoted a policy of aggressive nationalism from the end of the 19 th century. 5. ** Analyze the views put forward by intellectuals regarding Japan s attitude towards the West and the meaning of modernization. (refer to pages 240 and 242) 6. With the help of examples from daily life, explain how Japan became a modern society. 7. What impact did the US Occupation Forces have upon Japan? 8. Examine how Japan overcame the disastrous consequences of World War II to regain her position as a world power. 9. ** Explain why Britain organized the opium trade in China. What consequences did this trade have upon both countries? 10. Examine the views of Chinese thinkers regarding the need for reform and change in China. 11. ** Assess the role played by Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang in establishing a republic in China. 12. State the significance of the May Fourth Movement in Chinese history. 13. Describe how Mao Zedong was able to create a base for the growth of the Chinese Communist Party. 14. ** Analyze the impact of the political and economic programmes and policies introduced by Mao Zedong between1949-1965. 15. ** Explain what happened in China during the Cultural Revolution between1965-1978. 16. ** Describe the changes in China s policies after 1978. To what extent were reforms introduced in the political life of the people? 17. Examine the historical developments in Taiwan s politics and the economy. 18. Compare the different paths to modernization adopted by the two Asian nations of China and Japan. 19. ** On a political map of Asia (refer to the maps on pages 233 and 250), mark and label the following- (a) China (b) Manchuria (c) North and South Korea (d) Japan (e) Route of Long March (f) Shade the extent of Communist-dominated areas during 1930s (g) Taiwan On the same map, mark with a dot and label: Shanghai, Peking, Juichin, Yenan 20. ** On a political map of Asia (refer to the map on page 233), mark and label the following: - (a) Japan (b) Hokkaido (c) Honshu (d) Shikoku (e) Kyushu On the same map, mark with a dot and label: Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki NOTE: Map work will be done using a sharpened lead pencil; while labeling on the map, joined handwriting is not allowed; always write the title of the map on the map itself; make a key on the map where required.