FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg)
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies:
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies: - King Henry II killed in a joust, 15 yr. old son died soon after
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - 1562-1598 Religious Division in the Nobility - Calvinism spread after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg) - Huguenots = French Calvinists - accounted for 1/3 of nobility, who could raise their own armies - Valois Kings beset by tragedies: - King Henry II killed in a joust, 15 yr. old son died soon after - Catherine de Medicis - HII s wife, mother and regent of 10 yr. old Charles IX - a Florentine Italian Catholic
Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots
Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne
Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other
Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other 1562 - Civil war erupted between rivals for the crown - widespread atrocities committed by all sides
Bourbons - close relatives of Valois, next in line for throne if HII s male heirs perished - supported by Huguenots Guise - Catholic family supported by Catholic nobles - also potential heirs and aspirants to the throne Catherine de Medici tried to play them off against each other 1562 - Civil war erupted between rivals for the crown - widespread atrocities committed by all sides - Catherine de Medici feared the Guise Catholic forces, arranged marriage of HII s Catholic Valois sister to Henry of Nevarre, a Huguenot Bourbon
1572 - St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici
1572 - St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici
1572 - St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding
1572 - St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding - 10-20,000 Huguenots slaughtered by Catholic mobs wherever they were not militarily protected by Huguenot military units
1572 - St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre - slaughter of Huguenots by Catherine de Medici - a failed assassination attempt at the wedding implicated Catherine de Medici, who feared Huguenot backlash and ordered slaughter of their leaders at the wedding - 10-20,000 Huguenots slaughtered by Catholic mobs wherever they were not militarily protected by Huguenot military units - Pope rang the bells to celebrate the news, Phillip II cheered
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne:
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass - crushed the Guise, chased out their Spanish allies
Henry IV & the Edict of Nantes Henry III childless, succeeded the childless Charles IX - feared the Guise, summoned & executed their 2 top leaders - assassinated by radical Catholic monk w/out an heir Henry of Nevarre - Prot. Bourbon, brother-in-law of HIII inherited throne: - converted to Catholicism to placate majority Catholic pop (19 of 20 million French were Catholic) - Paris is worth a mass - crushed the Guise, chased out their Spanish allies - adopted religious tolerant policy of the politiques - moderate Catholics & Protestants who yearned for a strong civil gov t
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for:
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides - Ended the French Religious Wars
Edict of Nantes,1598 - Peace treaty that settled the Religious wars. It called for: - Allowed Protestant lords to hold Protestant services - Guaranteed = rights & access to Protestants - Allowed 10 Protestant towns to be garrisoned by Protestant militia - Detested by radicals on both sides - Ended the French Religious Wars - 20th assassination attempt on Henry IV of Nevarre succeeded
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families - inherited Portugal when its king died w/out an heir
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY Phillip II - Son of Charles V - King of Spain, Netherlands, Spain s New World colonies - Devoutly Catholic - determined to restore Catholicism in Europe - Married 4 times - all wives died - married into Portuguese, English French, & Austrian royal families - inherited Portugal when its king died w/out an heir - insisted on Catholic unity w/in his lands
Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks
Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks
Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks Escorial - immense, austere palace of Phillip - headquarters of Spanish Crusade
Phillip II s goal - Strengthen Spain & Catholic Church - Lepanto - Spanish/Venetian naval victory over Ottoman Turks Escorial - immense, austere palace of Phillip - headquarters of Spanish Crusade conflict was entwined w/ religious & political significance
War against Muslims in Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos
War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos
War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos
War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos
War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Phillip III - exiled Moriscos from Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos
War against Muslims in Spain Consequences - Negative economic impact on Spain Jews & Muslims - major cultural, intellectual, & economic contributors to Spanish society Moriscos - Muslim converts to Christianity - revolted in Southern Spain - PII forced thousands to flee Phillip III - exiled Moriscos from Spain Expulsion of Spanish Moriscos By 1614-300,000 had fled Spain
REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner
REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner
REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner
REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North South - French-speaking, commercial economy (today s Belgian Waloons) Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner
REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS Mid 1500s - Belgian & Dutch nationalities not yet evolved North - German-speaking seafarers (Flemish) Holland was the chief province in the North South - French-speaking, commercial economy (today s Belgian Waloons) HRE - only common bond - the 17 provinces functioned independently Phillip II - viewed as a Spaniard, foreigner
League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands
League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion
League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion
League formed, both Cath. & Prot. - petitioned Phillip to not employ the Inquisition in Netherlands House of Orange - nobles from Holland - leaders of rebellion William The Silent - Duke of Orange - AKA William of Orange - resisted Phillip II, led the Dutch rebellion
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic:
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange - dominated by wealthy merchants & professionals
- Calvinists revolted against Spain - smashed church windows & statues of Mary - Phillip II invaded - repelled by united provinces -10 southern Catholic provinces return to Spain - AKA The Spanish Netherlands - 7 northern provinces formed The Dutch Republic: - loosely organized under House of Orange - dominated by wealthy merchants & professionals - adopted policy of religious toleration - had a large pop. of Jews, Catholics as well as majority Protestants
Dutch Power - Tolerance drew intellectual & scientific thinkers - Coastal locale made it a prime maritime power: - economy based on shipping & ship building - favored Euro free trade - wealth led to thriving banking industry - merchant fleet bigger than English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, & Austrian combined
Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England:
Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism
Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices
Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices - Puritans denounced it, under-cut Anglican authority by setting up local Presbyteries -localized Puritan councils that included the minister & town elders
Elizabeth s defense of Protestantism Puritanism & the Church of England: - Puritans (Eng. Calvinists) wanted Eliz. to eradicate all Catholic ritual from Anglicanism - 39 Articles of Religion - issued under Eliz., it included much Catholic ritual along w/ Calvinist practices - Puritans denounced it, under-cut Anglican authority by setting up local Presbyteries -localized Puritan councils that included the minister & town elders - Puritans encouraged Bible reading, adopted King James Bible, named after Mary Stuart s (Scotland) son James
Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed
Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England
Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned
Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned
Triumph over Spain - Phillip hoped to wed Mary Stuart, a Catholic - she was denounced by Scottish Puritan nobles & replaced by her Protestant son James. Mary was arrested & executed - SPANISH ARMADA - funded by new world gold & silver - assembled by Phillip to invade England - English fire ships scattered the 130 ship fleet, 1/2 never returned
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires:
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible :
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea - Russian Orthodox faith
- 1598 - Phillip II died, Spain near bankrupt from its wars w/ England and the Dutch - James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart became King James I of England Clash of Faiths and Empires: Ottomans - religiously tolerant of Jews & Christianity in the Balkan Peninsula Muscovy (Moscow) - Russian kingdom led by Ivan IV AKA Ivan the Terrible : - sought eastward expansion in Siberia, westward toward the Baltic sea - Russian Orthodox faith - blocked by Sweden & Poland/Lithuania
How did state power depend on religious unity at the end of the 16th century? Did religious toleration or religious unity best serve the interests of the state?