SECTION 5 Step-by-Step Istructio Objectives As you teach this sectio, keep studets focused o the followig objectives to help them aswer the Sectio Focus Questio ad master core cotet. Explai how Peter the Great tried to make Russia ito a moder state. Idetify the steps Peter took to expad Russia s borders. Describe how Catherie the Great stregtheed Russia. Prepare to Read Build Backgroud Kowledge Ask studets to recall what they kow about the tsars, boyars, ad serfs of Russia. Ask them to predict whether Russia s rulers durig this time would act similarly to or differetly from absolute moarchs elsewhere i Europe. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selectio aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witess History Audio CD, A Foreig Pricess Takes the Throe Have studets study the photos, captios, ad Witess History text o this page. Ask them to predict the role of both Wester Europea ad Russia traditios o Catherie s rule. Focus Poit out the Sectio Focus Questio ad write it o the board. Tell studets to refer to this questio as they read. (Aswer appears with Sectio 5 Assessmet aswers.) Preview Have studets preview the Sectio Objectives ad the list of Terms, People, ad Places. Have studets read this sectio usig the Guided Questioig strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have studets fill i the Ve diagram with details about the reigs of Peter the Great ad Catherie the Great. Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p. 156 Vocabulary Builder Use the iformatio below ad the followig resources to teach the high-use word from this sectio. Teachig Resources, Uit 3, p. 68; Teachig Resources, Skills Hadbook, p. 3 High-Use Word stipulate, p. 531 WITNESS HISTORY Absolute Moarchy i Russia Objectives Explai how Peter the Great tried to make Russia ito a moder state. Idetify the steps Peter took to expad Russia s borders. Describe how Catherie the Great stregtheed Russia. Terms, People, ad Places Peter the Great westerizatio autocratic boyar warm-water port St. Petersburg Catherie the Great partitio Readig Skill: Idetify Mai Ideas As you read this sectio, make a Ve diagram like the oe below to compare evets i the reigs of Peter the Great ad Catherie the Great. Peter Visited Europea coutries Adopted Wester ideas Catherie Established port o Black Sea Defiitio ad Sample Setece v. to make a specific demad The cotract stipulated that the buyer had to pay i cash. The palace (left) of Catherie the Great (far left) reflects both Europea ad traditioal Russia architectural styles. AUDIO A Foreig Pricess Takes the Throe For twety years, the Germa pricess Catherie lived at the Russia court, edurig a uhappy marriage to the Russia heir apparet, who was widely cosidered to be isae. She filled her time readig, studyig Frech philosophy, buildig alliaces behid the scees, ad bidig her time. Whe her husbad became emperor i 1762, she called o her allies to act. Withi a few moths he had bee deposed ad Catherie proclaimed empress of Russia. Like Peter the Great before her, Catherie would rule with itelligece, a firm had, ad a mid set o moderizatio. Focus Questio How did Peter the Great ad Catherie the Great stregthe Russia ad expad its territory? I the early 1600s, Russia was still a medieval state, utouched by the Reaissace or Reformatio ad largely isolated from Wester Europe. As you have read, the Time of Troubles had pluged the coutry ito a period of disorder ad foreig ivasios. The reig of the first Romaov tsar i 1613 restored a measure of order. Not util the ed of the cetury, however, did a tsar emerge who was strog eough to regai the absolute power of earlier tsars. Peter the Great, as he came to be called, used his power to put Russia o the road to becomig a great moder power. Peter the Great Moderizes Russia Peter, just 10 years old whe he took the throe i 1682, did ot take cotrol of the govermet util 1689. Although he was ot well educated, the youg tsar was immesely curious. He spet hours i the Germa quarter, the Moscow eighborhood where may Dutch, Scottish, Eglish, ad other foreig artisas ad soldiers lived. There, he heard of the ew techology that was helpig Wester Europea moarchs forge powerful empires. Jourey to the West I 1697, Peter set out to lear about Wester ways for himself. He spet hours walkig the streets of Europea cities, otig the maers ad homes of the people. He visited factories ad art galleries, leared aatomy from a doctor, ad eve had a detist teach him how to pull teeth. I Eglad, Peter was impressed by Parliamet. It is good, he said, to hear subjects speakig truthfully ad opely to their kig. 530 The Age of Absolutism
Peter brought to Russia a group of techical experts, teachers, ad soldiers he had recruited i Europe. He the embarked o a policy of westerizatio, that is, the adoptio of Wester ideas, techology, ad culture. But persuadig fellow Russias to chage their way of life proved difficult. To impose his will, Peter became the most autocratic of Europe s absolute moarchs, meaig that he ruled with ulimited authority. Cotrollig the Church ad the Nobles Peter pursued several related goals. He wated to stregthe the military, expad Russia borders, ad cetralize royal power. To achieve his eds, he brought all Russia istitutios uder his cotrol, icludig the Russia Orthodox Church. He also forced the haughty boyars, or ladowig obles, to serve the state i civilia or military positios. Some chages had a symbolic meaig. For example, after returig from the West, Peter stipulated that boyars shave their beards. He also forced them to replace their old-fashioed robes with Wester-style clothes. To ed the practice of secludig upper-class wome i separate quarters, he held grad parties at which wome ad me were expected to dace together. Russia obles opposed this radical mixig of the sexes i public, but they had to comply. Peter kew that obles would serve the state oly if their ow iterests were protected. Therefore, he passed laws esurig that obles retaied cotrol over their lads, icludig the serfs o those lads. I doig so, Peter stregtheed serfdom. Uder his rule serfdom spread i Russia, log after it had died out i Wester Europe. Further, he forced some serfs to become soldiers or to work as laborers o roads, caals, ad other govermet projects. Moderizig With Force Usig autocratic methods, Peter pushed through social ad ecoomic reforms. He imported Wester techology, improved educatio, simplified the Russia alphabet, ad set up academies for the study of mathematics, sciece, ad egieerig. To pay for his sweepig reforms, Peter adopted mercatilist policies, such as ecouragig exports. He improved waterways ad caals, developed miig ad textile maufacturig, ad backed ew tradig compaies. Peter had o mercy for ay who resisted the ew order. Whe elite palace guards revolted, he had over 1,000 of the rebels tortured ad executed. The, as a example of his power, he left their rottig corpses outside the palace walls for moths. What rewards ad puishmets did Peter use to solidify his cotrol over the obles? Peter Expads Russia s Borders From his earliest days as tsar, Peter worked to build Russia s military power. He created the largest stadig army i Europe, built a world-class avy from scratch, ad set out to exted Russia borders to the west ad south. Seekig a Warm-Water Port Russia seaports, located alog the Arctic Ocea, were froze over durig the witer. To icrease Russia s ability to trade with the West, Peter desperately wated a warm-water port oe that would be free of ice all year roud. Vocabulary Builder stipulated (STIP yuh layt ud) v. made a specific demad A Russia cartoo shows Peter the great persoally cuttig off the beard of a boyar. Teach Peter the Great Moderizes Russia Istruct Itroduce: Vocabulary Builder Have studets read the Vocabulary Builder term ad defiitio. Ask what moarchs usually stipulated that lords should do, ad what Peter stipulated that the boyars should do. Teach Describe Peter s goals for moderizatio. Ask What aspects of the West did Peter choose to emulate? (techology, clothes, shavig of beards, wome s social roles, educatio, mercatilism, maufacturig, tradig, better armies) I what aspects did he differ from the West? (keepig ad stregtheig serfdom) How did he hadle people who opposed him i Russia? (with severe repressio) Idepedet Practice Ask studets to choose oe of the followig: boyar, upper-class woma, serf, church leader, merchat, palace guard, or perso who kew Peter i Europe. Have studets write a dialogue betwee Peter ad the perso they selected. Moitor Progress As studets fill i their Ve diagram, circulate to make sure they are accurately comparig the reigs of Peter ad Catherie. For a completed versio of the Ve diagram, see Note Takig Trasparecies, 119 Solutios for All Learers L1 Special Needs L2 Eglish Laguage Learers L2 Less Proficiet Readers Help studets use the map o the ext page to better uderstad Russia expasio. Poit out how much of Russia is i Asia (east of the Ural Moutais). Have pairs of studets aswer the followig: How did Russia differ from other Europea atios? Why was the lad added to the East so importat? What was the sigificace of St. Petersburg s locatio? Why was Berig s exploratio importat for Russia? Use the followig resources to help studets acquire basic skills: Adapted Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide Adapted Note Takig Study Guide, p. 156 Adapted Sectio Summary, p. 157 Aswer Rewards: laws that favored the obles, for example by stregtheig serfdom. Puishmets: stipulatig that they chage their customs; requirig them to serve the state. Chapter 16 Sectio 5 531
Peter Expads Russia s Borders Istruct Itroduce: Key Terms Ask studets to fid the key term warm-water port (i blue) i the text ad defie it. The display Color Trasparecy 99: Russia Needs a Warm-Water Port. Ask studets to explai why ports are importat to a atio, particularly to oe of Russia s size. (for trade) Color Trasparecies, 99 Teach As you describe Russia s expasio, refer to the map o this page. Ask What happeed i Peter s war with Swede? (At first he was defeated, but after rebuildig the army he wo lad alog the Baltic.) How was St. Petersburg differet from Moscow? (It was a port, closer to Europe, Europea i desig, with magificet palaces.) The refer studets to the Ifographic o page 543. Discuss how the avy helped tur Russia ito a world power. Quick Activity Show studets Peter the Great from the Witess History Discovery School video program. The have studets discuss whether they thik Peter was a great moarch or a mostrous tyrat. As they ame achievemets ad misdeeds, list them i two colums o the board. Ask studets to weigh the evidece o the board. The take a class vote o the matter. Idepedet Practice Web Code ap-1651 will take studets to a iteractive map. Have studets complete the iteractivity ad the aswer the map skills questios i the text. Moitor Progress Read aloud the Primary Source selectio o the ext page or play the accompayig audio. The ask studets to explai what Pushki is referrig to. AUDIO Witess History Audio CD, Alexader Pushki EUROPE Expasio of Russia, 1689 1796 PRUSSIA Viea St. Petersburg AUSTRIA Novgorod Daube R. Elbe R. Moscow Odessa Costatiople Sevastopol Azov OTTOM AN EMPIRE DENMARK Diester R. Black Sea Lik to Geography 60 N R. Vistula Baltic Sea Dieper CAUCASUS MTS. SWEDEN Caspia Sea Do R. Volga R. 0 Ural R. Map Skills Durig the 1600s ad 1700s, Russia expaded its power ad ifluece both eastward ad westward to become the largest atio i the world. R. Archagelsk Perm Aral Sea URAL MTS. ASIA 20 E 40 E Lake Balkhash Sibir 60 E W Arctic Ocea 80 E RUSSIA Tomsk Krasoyarsk Turukhask Yeiseysk Coic Projectio 0 500 1000 mi 0 500 1000 km 120 E 1. Locate (a) Swede (b) Baltic Sea (c) St. Petersburg (d) Black Sea (e) Siberia (f) Berig Sea 2. Place Why were ports o the Black Sea more appealig to Russia tha those o the Baltic? N S E 80 N 140 E Siberia Yakutsk Irkutsk 160 E Lea River Lake Baikal For: Iteractive Russia map Web Code: ap-1651 180 Nizhe- Kolymsk Russia, 1689 Lad added by Peter the Great by 1725 Lad added by Catherie the Great by 1795 Lad added by 1796 Petropavlovsk Okhotsk Amur R. Sea of Okhotsk 40 N Berig Sea JAPAN Austria, 1796 Prussia, 1796 Trade routes Berig s exploratio route, 1725 1729 3. Predict Cosequeces How might this map look differet if Peter the Great had ot developed a moder avy? The earest warm-water coast was located alog the Black Sea. To gai cotrol of this territory, Peter had to push through the powerful Ottoma Empire. I the ed, Peter was uable to defeat the Ottomas ad gai his warm-water port, but the later Russia moarch Catherie the Great would achieve that goal before the cetury eded. The Great Norther War I 1700, Peter bega a log war agaist the kigdom of Swede, which at the time, domiated the Baltic regio. Early o, Russia suffered humiliatig defeats. A Swedish force of oly 8,000 me defeated a Russia army five times its size. Udauted, Peter rebuilt his army, modelig it after Europea armies. Fially, i 1709, he defeated the Swedes ad wo territory alog the Baltic Sea. Buildig St. Petersburg O this lad wo from Swede, Peter built a magificet ew capital city, St. Petersburg. Seekig to ope a widow o the West, he located the city o the Baltic coast alog the swampy shores of the Neva River. He forced tes of thousads of serfs to drai the swamps. May thousads died, but Peter s pla for the city succeeded. Aswers Map Skills 1. Review locatios with studets. 2. Those o the Baltic were froze for part of the year. 3. Russia s territory would be smaller, ad it would ot have expaded as much i coastal areas. Siberia Russia s absolute moarchs eeded a place to exile both crimials ad political oppoets for log periods of time. What place was better tha the arctic regio of Siberia? Siberia was far away from everythig Russia ad had a extremely ihospitable climate; temperatures could average 59 F ( 51 C) i witer. There was little chace of escape, as it was almost impossible to survive aloe i the vast, froze, sparsely populated regio. I fact, 10 to 15 percet of the exiles ever made it to Siberia; they died alog the way. The umber of exiles grew from a trickle i the early 1600s to 2,000 a year by the early 1800s. After a revolt i 1825, the tsar set 150,000 people off to their freezig fate. Today, the expressio set to Siberia still implies that a perso is beig puished or has become a outcast. 532 The Age of Absolutism
He the ivited Italia architects ad artisas to desig great palaces i Wester style. Peter eve plaed the city s parks ad boulevards himself. Just as Versailles became a moumet to Frech absolutism, St. Petersburg became a great symbol of Peter s effort to forge a moder Russia. Blazig Trails to the Pacific Russia traders ad raiders also crossed the plais ad rivers of Siberia, blazig trails to the Pacific. Uder Peter, Russia siged a treaty with Qig Chia that defied their commo border i the east. The treaty recogized Russia s right to lads orth of Machuria. I the early 1700s, Peter hired the Daish avigator Vitus Berig to explore what became kow as the Berig Strait betwee Siberia ad Alaska (see map o p. 532.). Russia pioeers crossed ito Alaska ad migrated as far south as Califoria. Few Russias moved east of the Ural Moutais at this time, but the expasio made Russia the largest coutry i the world. It still is today, early 300 years later. Peter the Great s Legacy Whe Peter died i 1725, he left a mixed legacy. He had expaded Russia territory, gaied ports o the Baltic Sea, ad created a mighty army. He had also eded Russia s log period of isolatio. From the 1700s o, Russia would be icreasigly ivolved i the affairs of Wester Europe. Yet may of Peter s ambitious reforms died with him. Nobles, for example, soo igored his policy of service to the state. Like earlier tsars, Peter the Great had used terror to eforce his absolute power. His policies cotributed to the growth of serfdom, which served oly to wide the gap betwee Russia ad the West that Peter had sought to arrow. What impact did Peter s defeat of Swede have o Russia s expasio? Catherie the Great Follows Peter s Lead Peter died without a heir ad without amig a successor. This set off a power struggle withi the Romaov family, from whom all the tsars had come sice the early 1600s. Uder a series of ieffective rulers, Russia obles reasserted their idepedece. The, a ew moarch took the reis of power firmly i had. She became kow to history as Catherie the Great. Rise to Power A Germa pricess by birth, Catherie came to Russia at the age of 15 to wed the heir to the Russia throe. She leared Russia, embraced the Russia Orthodox faith, ad wo the loyalty of the people. I 1762, a group of Russia army officers loyal to her deposed ad murdered her metally ustable husbad, Tsar Peter III. Whether or ot Catherie was ivolved i the assassiatio is ucertai. I ay case, with the support of the military, she asceded the Russia throe. A hudred years after Peter s reig, Russia s bestkow poet, Alexader Pushki, portrayed the tsar as a larger-tha-life ruler, determied to tame ature o matter what the cost. How does Pushki describe the tsar? Primary Source There, by the billows desolate, He stood with mighty thoughts elate,ad gazed; but i the distace olya sorry skiff o the broad spateof Neva drifted seaward, loely...ad thus He mused: From here, ideedshall we strike terror i the Swede;Ad here a city by our laborfouded shall gall our haughty eighbor.... Alexader Pushki, The Broze Horsema WITNESS HISTORY VIDEO Watch Peter the Great o the Witess History Discovery School video program to lear more about this larger-tha-life tsar. AUDIO Catherie the Great Follows Peter s Lead Istruct Itroduce Read aloud the followig quote from Catherie: The Extet of the Domiio [of Russia] requires a absolute Power to be vested i that Perso who rules over it.... Use the Thik-Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE, p. T23) ad ask studets to explai her reasoig ad whether there is ay basis for it i history. Teach Poit out that Catherie followed largely i Peter s footsteps, though may argue that she was eve more powerful ad ruthless. Ask What chages did Catherie brig to Russia? (She reorgaized govermet, created public educatio, ecouraged Wester culture, itesified serfdom, ad expaded Russia s borders.) Why did both Peter ad Catherie icrease burdes o serfs? (to keep the loyalty of the boyars) How did Catherie differ from Peter i treatmet of the boyars? (She grated them some rights.) Quick Activity Display Color Trasparecy 100: Partitios of Polad, 1701 1795. Use the lesso suggested i the trasparecy book to guide a discussio about the carvig up of Polad. Color Trasparecies, 100 History Backgroud Berig s Exploratios Youg Vitus Berig, a Daish avigator, joied the ewly created Russia avy i 1703. I 1725 he was set by Peter the Great to explore Asia s ortheast coast. It took two years to move me ad supplies across Siberia. Fially, he sailed through what is ow the Berig Strait, provig that Russia was ot coected to North America. O his retur across Siberia, he became ill, ad five of his childre died. I 1741 he set off agai, this time to explore the orthwest coast of North America. He discovered the Aleutia Islads, but fell ill. Berig ad 28 of his me died there o a barre islad. Followig his expeditio, Spai rushed to establish settlemets o North America s west coast. Russia, however, was more iterested i the fur trade tha i expadig oto a third cotiet. Aswers It gaied Russia territory alog the Baltic Sea, icludig the lad for his ew capital, St. Petersburg. PRIMARY SOURCE Sample: He portrayed him as both imagiative ad powerful. Chapter 16 Sectio 5 533
Idepedet Practice Have studets fill i the Outlie Map Easter Europe i 1796. Teachig Resources, Uit 3, p. 76 Moitor Progress Check Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide etries for studet uderstadig. Circulate to make sure studets are fillig i their Outlie Maps accurately. Admiister the Geography Quiz. Teachig Resources, Uit 3, p. 77 INFOGRAPHIC A Elighteed Ruler Catherie proved to be a efficiet, eergetic empress. She reorgaized the provicial govermet, codified laws, ad bega state-sposored educatio for both boys ad girls. Like Peter the Great, Catherie embraced Wester ideas ad worked to brig Russia fully ito Europea cultural ad political life. At court, she ecouraged Frech laguage ad customs, wrote histories ad plays, ad orgaized performaces. As you will read i the ext chapter, she was also a serious studet of the Frech thikers who led the itellectual movemet kow as the Elightemet. As a sixtee-year-old boy, Peter foud the hull of a old Europea sailig vessel i a storehouse. He restored the boat ad taught himself to sail it o the lakes ad rivers ear Moscow. The fid sparked a lifelog love for all thigs havig to do with sailig. As tsar, Peter traveled to Europe to lear everythig he could about shipbuildig. Armed with this kowledge, he created a Europea-style avy, thus turig Russia ito a leadig world power. I later years, Peter amed the boat he had restored the gradfather of the Russia avy. O his fifty-first birthday he sailed it ito St. Petersburg harbor to meet its gradchildre, Peter s avy. A woodcut datig from the 1800s shows Peter, disguised as a ship s carpeter, learig from Dutch shipbuilders i the late 1600s. Peter s ow carpetry tool ad drawig are show at bottom. A moder paiter shows Peter as a commo shipbuilder i the Netherlads. A Russia artist who was a cotemporary of Peter s shows St. Petersburg s harbor, filled with the ships that Peter had built. Thikig Critically 1. Draw Ifereces Peters motto was I am a studet ad I seek teachers. How do you thik this motto relates to his practice of passig himself off as a commo ma while studyig i Europe? 2. Make Comparisos How did the absolute moarchies of Peter the Great ad Louis XIV differ i terms of each moarch s dealigs with commo people? Aswers Thikig Critically 1. He kew he would lear more if people thought he was a commoer, ot a ruler. 2. Peter, drive by curiousity, had more dealigs with commo people tha did Louis, who surrouded himself by obles i Versailles. However, Peter treated some commo people serfs more harshly tha other Europea rulers. Solutios for All Learers L4 Gifted ad Taleted L4 Advaced Readers I 1787, Catherie the Great made a grad tour of her ewly coquered lads i Ukraie ad Crimea. Her deputy ad former lover, Grigory Potemki, had helped to coquer these lads from the Ottoma Empire, ad Catherie put him i charge of their developmet. Potemki coloized souther Russia with Bulgarias, Germas, Greeks, Jews, ad Romaias, as well as Russias, ad he developed the ew port of Sevastopol. There he built Russia s first Black Sea aval fleet. Some believe he was the power behid the throe who helped Catherie achieve may of her dreams. Have studets research this cotroversial figure ad outlie the plot ad some scees for a movie about his life. 534 The Age of Absolutism
A Ruthless Absolute Moarch Catherie was also a absolute moarch, like other Europea rulers of the time, ad ofte she was amog the most ruthless. She grated a charter to the boyars outliig importat rights, such as exemptio from taxes. She also allowed them to icrease their straglehold o the peasats. Whe peasats rebelled agaist the harsh burdes of serfdom, Catherie took firm actio to repress them. As a result, coditios grew worse for Russia peasats. Uder Catherie, eve more peasats were forced ito serfdom. Like Peter the Great, Catherie was determied to expad Russia s borders. Wagig the Russo-Turkish war agaist the Ottoma Empire gaied her a warm-water port o the Black Sea i 1774. She also took steps to seize territory from eighborig Polad. The Partitios of Polad I the 1770s, Catherie, Kig Frederick II of Prussia, ad Emperor Joseph II of Austria hugrily eyed Polad. As you have read, the Polish-Lithuaia Commowealth had oce bee a great Europea power. However, its rulers were uable to cetralize their power or dimiish the ifluece of the Polish obility. The divided Polish govermet was ill-prepared to stad up to the icreasig might of its eighbors, Russia, Prussia, ad Austria. To avoid fightig oe aother, the three moarchs agreed i 1772 to partitio, or divide up, Polad. Catherie took part of easter Polad, where may Russias ad Ukraiias lived. Frederick ad Joseph took cotrol of Polish territory i the west. Polad was further partitioed i 1793. The i 1795, Austria, Prussia, ad Russia each took their fial slices ad the idepedet coutry of Polad vaished from the map. Not util 1919 would a free Polish state reappear. 5 How were Catherie s goals similar to those of Peter? Lookig Ahead By the mid-1700s, absolute moarchs ruled four of the five leadig coutries i Europe. Britai, with its strog Parliamet, was the oly exceptio. As these five atios competed with oe aother, they ofte eded up fightig to maitai a balace of power. At the same time, ew ideas were i the air. Radical chages would soo shatter the Frech moarchy, upset the balace of power, ad revolutioize Europea societies. Progress Moitorig Olie For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: aa-1651 Assess ad Reteach Assess Progress Have studets complete the Sectio Assessmet. Admiister the Sectio Quiz. Teachig Resources, Uit 3, p. 67 To further assess studet uderstadig, use Progress Moitorig Trasparecies, 71 Reteach L1 L2 If studets eed more istructio, have them read the sectio summary. Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p. 157 Exted Adapted Readig ad L1 Note Takig Study Guide, p. 157 Spaish Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p. 157 L4 See this chapter s Professioal Developmet pages for the Exted Olie activity o absolute rulers. Aswer They both wated to icrease the power of the tsar, expad Russia s borders, ad moderize. L2 L2 Terms, People, ad Places 1. For each term, perso, or place listed i the begiig of the sectio, write a setece explaiig its sigificace. 2. Readig Skill: Idetify Mai Ideas Use your completed Ve diagram to aswer the Focus Questio: How did Peter the Great ad Catherie the Great stregthe Russia ad expad its territory? Comprehesio ad Critical Thikig 3. Idetify Cetral Issues What were three goals of Peter the Great ad what was oe step that he udertook to achieve each goal? 4. Aalyze Iformatio Why was obtaiig a warm-water port a major priority for Peter? 5. Compare Poits of View How did Peter ad Catherie evisio Russia s future? Writig About History Quick Write: Write the Text Body Choose a topic from the sectio o which you might write a persuasive essay for example: Was Peter the Great really great? Write the body of your text, usig a list of poits you have made to guide you. Remember to ope ad close the body of the text with particularly strog argumets. Sectio 5 Assessmet 1. Seteces should reflect a uderstadig of each term, perso, or place listed at the begiig of the sectio. 2. Usig autocratic methods, they westerized ad moderized Russia, cetralized royal power, improved the army, ad expaded its territory through war, treaties, ad exploratio. 3. Goals (ay 3): to westerize, stregthe the military, expad Russia borders, ad cetralize royal power. Reforms (ay 3): brig the church uder his cotrol, force boyars to serve the state, force chages i social customs, stregthe serfdom, import techology, improve educatio, build military power. 4. A warm-water port would allow Russia to icrease trade ad become a major power. 5. Both evisioed that Russia would cotiue to grow ad become more powerful by masterig wester techologies ad practices. Writig About History Resposes should iclude a list of argumets that clearly support oe side. A accompayig paragraph or group of paragraphs should restate these argumets i the form of seteces. For additioal assessmet, have studets access Progress Moitorig Olie at Web Code aa-1651. Chapter 16 Sectio 5 535