SHAPING AMERICA FINAL SCRIPT

SHAPING AMERICA FINAL SCRIPT TITLE: Lesson 24: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured PREPARED FOR: Dallas TeleLearning WRITER: Gretchen Dyer PRODUCER: Julia Dyer DRAFT: Final DATE: November 17, 2000

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 1 FADE IN: INTRODUCTION (1 min.) music up 1. B&W PHOTO MONTAGE/slow moves: images of Union and Confederate soldiers, dead on battlefield, etc. COPYSTAND In the spring of 1863, the nation had been at war for two years, with no end in sight. Both North and South struggled with internal dissent, desertion, and waning enthusiasm for the war. 2. Chancellorsville battle pictures, photo of Hooker, photo of Chancellor House COPYSTAND At Chancellorsville, Virginia, the Union army commanded by General Joseph Hooker lost to smaller forces under General Lee whose bold tactics surprised and humiliated Hooker. 3. relevant newspaper headlines or cartoons, photos of Mississippi, photo of Grant s army Along the Mississippi River, General Grant s army was stuck in the swamps, unable to get at Vicksburg. COPYSTAND 4. Democratic newspaper headlines calling for peace; anti-war cartoons COPYSTAND (still need headlines) The Union was thwarted on all fronts, and in the North anti-war sentiment was on the rise. But two victories would soon turn the tide in favor of the North, and deal the South a double blow from which it would never fully recover. SEGMENT ONE music up The Beginning of the End 5. image of Lincoln ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 2 SLIDE Vicksburg is the key. The war can never be brought to a close until the key is in our pocket." 6. Map #24-1a: Mississippi River showing Vicksburg MS, Memphis TN and New Orleans LA Perched on the eastern banks of the Mississippi River, Vicksburg lies roughly halfway between Memphis and New Orleans. 7. VOC Gary Gallagher, Roll 6716 Military Map backgrounds of Vicksburg (COPYSTAND) GARY GALLAGHER: (8:07:15) By late 1862, Vicksburg was the strongest Confederate point remaining on the Mississippi River. The United States had taken control of the upper part of the river. They d taken control of the lower reaches of the river, including New Orleans, earlier in 1862. Lincoln and his government wanted control of the Mississippi River, to divide the Confederacy. 8. Map #24-1b: Highlight trans- Mississippi states Half of the geographical area of the Confederacy lay in the trans-mississippi states of Texas, Arkansas and Louisiana. These states provided the South with critical troops and supplies. 9. images of Vicksburg/contemporary footage of river and bluffs COPYSTAND ROLL 6837-11:20, 11:26 ROLL 6835-09:04, 09:12 Thus Vicksburg was an important Union military objective. But the heavily fortified bluffs along the river prevented Vicksburg from being taken from the west, and the area to the north of the city was

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 3 impassable swampland. 10. VOC: Gary Gallagher, Roll 6716 Military Map backgrounds of Vicksburg (COPYSTAND) GARY GALLAGHER (8:08:05:11) Grant was put in charge of this operation in late 1862 and he decided that he needed to get troops below Vicksburg, that is, south of Vicksburg and on the same side of the river as the Confederate defenders, that is, the east side of the river. 11. Photos of gunboats, footage of Mississippi River COPYSTAND ROLL 6837-11:26, 11:00 Grant opted for a daring move. The gunboats and several transports loaded with supplies would float past Vicksburg at night, hoping to avoid detection in the dark. Though the boats were spotted and hit repeatedly by Rebel gunners, all but two made it safely downriver where they met Union troops and ferried them across. 12. Map #24-2: showing Grant s movements to Jackson and back to Vicksburg With his troops now in the heart of the Confederacy, cut off from lines of communication and supply, Grant headed east. 13. VOC: Gary Gallagher, Roll 6716 Military Map backgrounds of Vicksburg (COPYSTAND) 14. Vicksburg battle reenactment ROLL 6793 GARY GALLAGHER: (8:08:05:11) Grant then conducted a really fabulous campaign against Vicksburg, marching rapidly inland, eastward to the capitol of Jackson, winning battles

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 4 along the way, then turning back to the west from Jackson and hemming in the Confederate defenders from that direction. 15. VOC James McPherson, Roll 6693 Military Map backgrounds of Vicksburg (COPYSTAND) JAMES MCPHERSON (19:24:22:00) He cut the railroad between Jackson and Vicksburg and prevented any reinforcements from coming to Vicksburg from that side and he had control of all the routes of communication. His army could be reinforced and well supplied, whereas the Confederates were basically they were under siege and cut off from any supplies. 16. images of citizens of Vicksburg, cave dwellings, contemporary footage of Vicksburg COPYSTAND ROLL 6836-10:12, 10:27 ROLL 6793-00:13, 00:19 With Union shells raining down on Vicksburg, the citizens took to the cliffs along the river, burrowing into caves for protection. As the siege wore on through the late spring of 1863, they were reduced to eating mules and rats to survive. 17. image of Lee; dissolve to Map #24-3, showing movement of Lee s invasion Meanwhile, in the east General Robert E. Lee decided on a bold and risky course of action. COPYSTAND, SLIDES

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 5 18. VOC Gary Gallagher, Roll 6716 GARY GALLAGHER 19. Pennsylvania cornfields and farms, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania covered bridge ROLL 6779 ROLL 6788-18:04 (8:10:02:10) Robert E. Lee had a number of reasons for invading Pennsylvania in June of 1863. Logistically he wanted to take the war out of Virginia, give the farms in Virginia a respite from the presence of armies for as long as possible. He wanted to gather food and fodder from southern Pennsylvania and, If he could win a victory in the north, he thought that it would have a significant impact on northern civilian morale. 20. Gettysburg landscape high angle shots from observation tower ROLL 6728-20:24 ROLL 6729-21:00:30 The Blue and the Grey collided on the 1 st of July, 1863. After a day of fighting in and around Gettysburg, Union troops had claimed the high ground to the south of the town. Lee wanted the heights taken. 21. VOC Gary Gallagher Military Map backgrounds of Gettysburg (COPYSTAND) GARY GALLAGHER (8:11:43:27) The second day at Gettysburg is a series of very frustrating delays for Lee. It s a time when 22. Map #24-4a showing layout of battleground at Gettysburg and Union and Confederate positions George Gordon Meade is trying to get the Army of the Potomac into a strong defensive position on that famous fishhook of high ground. Lee is trying to get

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 6 his troops into a position to attack both ends of the Union line, both the Union right flank near Culp s Hill and east Cemetery Hill and the Union left flank along Cemetery Ridge down in the direction of Little Round Top. 23. VO Gary Gallagher, Roll 6716 Military Map backgrounds of Gettysburg (COPYSTAND) GARY GALLAGHER (8:11:43:27) I think Lee believed if he had gotten better coordination, if he had gotten an earlier start, if this had gone better, if that had gone better, he would have won a success, a tactical success, on the second day. As it was he had a series of very bloody and costly near misses that left the lines essentially where they had been the day before. 24. Map #24-4e, showing positions at the end of the 2 nd day But Lee was determined to attack again on the third day, this time at the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. His most trusted general, James Longstreet, fiercely disagreed. 25. image of Longstreet; images of Confederate soldiers COPYSTAND ACTOR (VO): Gen. James Longstreet General Lee, I have been a soldier all my life and should know as well as anyone what soldiers can do. It is my opinion that no 15,000 men ever arrayed for

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 7 battle can take that position. 26. image of Lee COPYSTAND ACTOR (VO): Gen. Robert E. Lee The enemy is there and I am going to strike him. 27. images of Confederate artillery, battlefield and reenactment footage COPYSTAND ROLL 6729-21:02 ROLL 6730-22:08 thru 22:18 ROLL 6787-17:02 thru 17:24 ROLL 6790-02:00 thru 02:20 After an artillery barrage lasting two hours, Major General George Pickett s division was to make the charge. 28. image of Major Gen. George Pickett ACTOR (VO): Major Gen. George Pickett Up men, and to your posts! Don t forget today that you are from old Virginia! 29. images of Pickett s charge: battlefield, reenactment, period drawings and photos As row upon row of Rebel soldiers crossed the field and were cut down by Union fire, Union troops, remembering the slaughter of their own at Marye s Heights six months earlier, began to chant Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! 30. images of fighting at Gettysburg; dead on battlefield: battlefield, reenactment, period drawings and photos ACTOR (VO): Rebel soldier at Gettysburg (Continue chanting under) Seconds are centuries minutes ages. Men fire into each other s faces not five feet apart. There are

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 8 bayonet thrusts saber strokes pistol shots. Men going down on their hands and knees spinning around like tops throwing out their arms gulping blood falling - legless, armless, headless. There are ghastly heaps of dead men. 31. VOC McPherson, Roll 6693 JAMES MCPHERSON (19:27:38:00) I think Meade fought a more skillful battle than he s often given credit for, whereas Lee was suffering from what I sometimes call the Chancellorsville Syndrome - that is, overconfidence. He had won against greater odds in the Battle of Chancellorsville just two months before Gettysburg. He thought the Union army was demoralized. He thought his own army was invincible. He said so. It turned out that he was wrong on both counts and his decision to attack repeatedly against well dug in defensive positions, against an army whose morale was not as badly impaired as Lee thought it was, was the principal reason why the Union forces won at Gettysburg. 32. VOC Gary Gallagher GARY GALLAGHER (8:10:50:12) He s been second guessed about this endlessly, of course, by people who know the battle

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 9 turned out to be a Confederate disaster and so said Lee shouldn t have done what he did. Lee himself said not long after Gettysburg that if he d known what he d did was gonna fail, he would have done something else, but he didn t know at the time it would fail so he continued the attacks. 33. contemporary footage of Gettysburg; intercut with images of dead and wounded from Gettysburg Even by Civil War standards, the casualties at Gettysburg were appalling. 34. cont d above In total, 51,000 men were lost on both sides, almost a third of all the troops engaged. This carnage made Gettysburg the bloodiest battle of the war. 35. images of carnage at Gettysburg; wagons filled with wounded Badly beaten and filled with regret, Lee ordered a retreat. It was the 4 th of July. 36. images of Lt. Gen. John Pemberton, Confederate surrender at Vicksburg COPYSTAND ROLL 6836-10:04:45 (site of surrender) On the same day, Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton surrendered the 31,000 Confederate soldiers at Vicksburg. Faced with starvation, his own troops had pleaded with him not to allow them to dishonor themselves by desertion.

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 10 37. VOC James McPherson JAMES MCPHERSON (19:26:02:00) To surrender that many soldiers basically wiped out one whole Confederate army and more important, I think, opened up the whole Mississippi River to Union naval and civilian control and cut the Confederacy in two. 38. Shots of Mississippi River ROLL 6837-11:20 With the defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the Confederate high-water mark receded. 39. Headlines of Gettysburg victory COPYSTAND JAMES MCPHERSON (19:27:38:00 skip down)you can look at the headlines in any northern newspaper during the days after Gettysburg and get an idea just how important this victory was in boosting northern morale. That battle, 40. VOC James McPherson which had huge media coverage, probably had a more important impact on public opinion, especially in the north, than any other single battle in the war; and a more important impact on public opinion than even the capture of Vicksburg, which may have been strategically more important. In all of these ways - strategically, morale-wise, and control of territory, it was an important, and I think key, turning point in the war.

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 11 Segment Two music up The Gettysburg Address 41. image of dedication ceremony; Edward Everett COPYSTAND (still need Everett) On November 19, 1863, the battlefield at Gettysburg was dedicated as a war memorial. The keynote speaker that day was Edward Everett, a famous Massachusetts orator. Everett spoke for two hours. When he sat down, President Lincoln rose to make the concluding remarks. 42. image of President Lincoln COPYSTAND 43. contemporary footage of statues at Gettysburg ROLL 6782-12:26 thru end ROLL 6783-13:00 thru end ROLL 6784-14:11 thru end ROLL 6785-15:00 thru 15:20, 15:21 thru 15:29 ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. 44. Gettysburg statues MCPHERSON

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 12 (20:04:02:00) The Gettysburg address is 272 words 45. Images of black slaves, black Union soldiers (the 54 th regiment monument) ROLL 6655-20:00 thru 20:07 long. It takes about two minutes to deliver, yet it embodied within those 272 words all of the ideas for which the North was fighting in the war and all the ideas that Lincoln, and I think most Americans, thought the United States stood for. And since Northerners thought they were fighting for the idea of a democratic government, for the ideals of the revolution, for the union of a nation created by the founding fathers, these are all the themes that Lincoln emphasized in the Gettysburg address. And he also then went on to say that the North was now fighting for freedom as well as for union. 46. image of Lincoln ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln 47. Intercut with Gettysburg statues The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom 48. image of original Declaration of Independence (or, more statues) MCPHERSON He started out the Gettysburg address by reference to the Declaration of Independence, whether a nation

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 13 based on the idea that all men are created equal can survive. Giving that nation a new birth of freedom added a new dimension, or Lincoln would have said, fulfilled the long unfulfilled ideas of freedom enunciated in the Declaration of Independence. 49. Lincoln, Gettysburg statues ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Segment Three music up Total War 50. images of McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, Pope; end on image of Grant ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln No general yet found can face the arithmetic, but the end of the war will be at hand when he shall be discovered. 51. VOC Gary Gallagher; image of Grant and Lincoln together GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:20:38:18) Lincoln made Ulysses S. Grant General-in-Chief in March, 1864 because Grant had demonstrated that he was a winner he was "the man" on the Union side, if you want to put it that way. He had won a string of very impressive victories in the west Shiloh, Chattanooga, Vicksburg. He had won almost everywhere he fought.

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 14 52. VOC James McPherson JAMES McPHERSON (Roll 6694, 20:05:22) In 1864 and 1865, Union strategy evolved into its final series of stages. The first was Grant s idea of coordinated offensives on all fronts. 53. Map 24-6, showing locations of Union and Confederate armies simultaneous offensives JAMES McPHERSON (Roll 6694, 20:06) The basic overall idea of coordinated offensives to keep the pressure on worked, and no one Confederate army was able to reinforce another as a consequence of those simultaneous offensives. The second part of Union strategy in 1864 was to try to destroy Confederate armies. 54. Soldiers, countryside While Sherman pursued Johnston s army into Georgia, Grant dogged Lee in Virginia. 55. map showing battle sites at Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor; images of fighting, dead and wounded 56. newspaper headlines, campaign leaflets, cartoons re election Grant threw everything he had at Lee. In 30 days of almost continuous fighting, Grant lost 50,000 men. For Lincoln, military losses had political costs. 1864 was an election year and for the first time in history a nation prepared to hold a presidential election in the midst of a civil war.

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 15 57. VOC GARY GALLAGHER; images of 1864 election GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:21:18) The presidential election of 1864, I think, is one of the most important ones in United States history. What was at stake was whether the war was going to be prosecuted at full force by the North and full force with the intent not only of bringing the Union back together but also of ensuring emancipation. If the Republicans won, clearly the war would be pushed. If the Democrats won, it was murkier as to what would happen. 58. VOC HOWARD JONES HOWARD JONES (Roll 6843, 2:23) The Peace Democrats and a number of other people were talking in terms of ending this war any way possible. Let the South have slaves. Reunion, bringing the South back in, this was something they were willing to compromise on at this time. 59. cartoons, Democratic newspapers denouncing Lincoln As the summer of 1864 progressed and the body count piled up, Lincoln s popularity waned. 60. VOC GARY GALLAGHER; intercut with headlines, cartoons from Southern papers GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:22)

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 16 The Confederates began looking toward the election of 1864, understanding that much was going to rely on what happened on the battlefield. If the Confederacy could avoid defeats, many in the Confederacy believed that the Lincoln government would not be put back into power. 61. images of Grant; troops on the march The Confederate strategy seemed to be working. So Grant altered his strategy. Unable to win a decisive victory against the Confederates by attacking them, he opted for a war of attrition. 62. Map 24-7a showing Richmond and Petersburg, Union and Confederate positions In June, General Grant moved his troops south and east of Richmond to Petersburg. Rather than attack the heavily entrenched city, he laid siege to it. 63. Map 24-8a showing Sherman s progress toward Atlanta Meanwhile, Sherman pushed General Joe Johnston s army back across northern Georgia in a series of brilliant flanking maneuvers. 64. newspaper headlines re battles for Atlanta The Confederate army fought fiercely to defend Atlanta, but they were outnumbered and outgeneraled. 65. VOC Gary Gallagher; intercut with newspaper headlines reporting fall of Atlanta, Union victories in Shenandoah Valley GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:24) Sherman captured Atlanta on September 1 st,

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 17 Confederates got out September 2, 1864 an enormous success for the North just sent tremendous waves of optimism through the North. Philip Sheridan then, in his successful campaign in the Shenandoah Valley between mid-september and mid-october, sealed the fate of the Democratic Party in that Lincoln was guaranteed re-election then, and not only Lincoln but very large majorities for the Republican Party. What turned it around was success on the battlefield. 66. newspaper headlines reporting Lincoln s reelection and Republican sweep With Lincoln reelected and Republican majorities in both houses of Congress, it became clear that the war would not end until the North had won. 67. Proclamation of day of Thanksgiving original document or newspaper report After the election, Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November a national day of Thanksgiving. 68. image of Gen. Sherman and his troops 69. VOC GARY GALLAGHER And Sherman began his march to the sea. GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:25) 70. B-roll: rubble and ruins, Middleton Place, Drayton Hall Ulysses S. Grant hoped to bring a different kind of war to the Confederacy and that was a war that some historians have called a strategy of exhaustion, where

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 18 you strike at the logistical capacity of your opponent. You don t have to kill all your opponent s soldiers. Destroy his railroads, destroy the industrial capacity of your enemy, lay waste to the agricultural resources of your foe. If your enemy can t clothe and equip his armies, you ll win anyway, and that s what the idea is behind Sherman s march to the sea. 71. illustrations of Sherman s march houses and barns burning, Union soldiers destroying property, etc. ACTOR (VO): Gen. William T. Sherman We cannot change the hearts of these people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations will pass away before they again appeal to it. 72. Map 24-8b showing Sherman s route to Savannah Sherman left Atlanta with 62,000 men. Detaching himself from his supply lines and from all communication with the North, he headed for Savannah on the Atlantic Coast. 73. images of Union soldiers on Sherman s march ACTOR (VO): Union private We had a gay old campaign. Destroyed all we could not eat, stole their slaves, burned their cotton and gins, spilled their sorghum, burned and twisted their railroads and raised hell, generally.

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 19 74. images of homes burning; Georgian women and children ACTOR (VO): Georgian woman As far as the eye could reach, the lurid flames of burning houses lit up the heavens. 75. images of slaves on Sherman s march Thousands of slaves joined Sherman s march, leaving their homes and following the Union army to freedom. 76. image of telegram from Sherman to Lincoln presenting Savannah as a Christmas gift (?) 77. South Carolina countryside, Fort Sumter On December 22, 1864, Sherman entered Savannah. Now he turned north toward South Carolina. 78. images of Sherman s troops in South Carolina; Southern newspaper headlines ACTOR (VO): Gen. William T. Sherman When I go through South Carolina, it will be one of the most horrible things In the history of the world. The devil himself couldn t restrain my men in that state. 79. Map 24-7b showing Sherman s, Grant s, Lee s and Johnston s positions. As Sherman s army moved north, and Grant pushed from the east, Lee s ability to hold the Richmond- Petersburg line finally gave out. 80. Gallagher OC GARY GALLAGHER: Finally, a major blow against

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 20 Lee's far right at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865 obliged Lee to abandon the trenches in Richmond and Petersburg, and to begin a retreat westward. 81. images of refugees leaving Richmond, city on fire 82. B-roll: Confederate White House The Confederate government fled its capital city along with the soldiers. As they left they set fire to much of Richmond. 83. images of Lincoln walking through Richmond, greeting black citizens 84. B-roll: Capitol Square On April 3, 1865, President Lincoln entered a smoldering city in ruins. But as he walked through Richmond, free blacks and slaves left behind by fleeing owners came out to show their gratitude. 85. image or illustration of U.S. flag flying over Richmond capitol (?) ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln Thank God I have lived to see this. It seems to me that I have been dreaming a horrid nightmare for four years, and now the nightmare is over. Segment Four music up The End 86. images of gaunt, exhausted Confederate soldiers; 87. Map 24-9 showing Confederate and As the war came to a close, Lee s army could no

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 21 Union lines in final days longer put up a fight. Soldiers suffering from exhaustion and hunger surrendered or drifted away, rapidly reducing the size of Lee s army in the final days. Hemmed in by Union forces on all fronts, Lee finally admitted defeat. 88. image of Lee ACTOR (VO): Gen. Robert E. Lee There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant and I would rather die a thousand deaths. 89. images of surrender at Appomattox 90. Appomattox b-roll (from American Adventure) 91. Middleton document ensuring safe passage to Confederate soldiers On April 9 th, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox. General Grant s terms of surrender were generous. Confederate soldiers and officers were allowed to return to their homes and to take their horses with them. 92. images of bedraggled and weakened Rebel soldiers Then, in a final gesture of compassion, Grant sent rations to the starving Rebel soldiers. 93. images of surrender of arms and flags at Appomattox Grant had won, but he took no great satisfaction in Lee s defeat. 94. cont d above ACTOR (VO): Gen. U.S. Grant I felt sad and depressed at the downfall of a foe who

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 22 had fought so long and valiantly, and had suffered so much for a cause though that cause was, I believe, one of the worst for which a people ever fought. 95. final portrait photo of Lincoln-- juxtapose with photo from first election (?) With Lee s surrender, Lincoln could at last relax a little. 96. images of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford s Theatre Five days after the surrender at Appomattox, he went to see a play with his wife at Ford s Theatre in Washington, D.C. 97. images of shooting; John Wilkes Booth There he was shot by a bitter actor with southern sympathies named John Wilkes Booth. 98. image of Lincoln on his deathbed Early on the morning of April 15, 1865, Lincoln died. With him died the nation s best hope for healing in the aftermath of war. 99. images of Lincoln alive; intercut with footage of Lincoln Memorial or Lincoln Tomb ACTOR (VO): Abraham Lincoln With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 23 lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. Summary Analysis (5 min.) music up 100. Images of Civil War (reprise from previous lessons) The Civil War lasted four years and claimed over six hundred thousand lives. When the North finally won, both sides had developed a new appreciation for the other s courage and determination. 101. VOC Gary Gallagher GARY GALLAGHER (Roll 6716, 8:27:38) A number of factors went into the North s victory. Many of the people in the Confederacy did lose heart. There was a good deal of disaffection behind the lines unhappiness with the government war weariness that sapped the effort to achieve this slaveholding republic. But I think the most important factor was the United States military forces decisively defeated Confederate military forces by the spring of 1865, demonstrated to everybody on both sides that the Confederacy really was helpless to mount a military effort that would defend its sovereignty. 102. images of Arlington Cemetery, and various Civil War monuments and battlefields

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 24 It took over two million Union soldiers and cost the North over two billion dollars to subdue the Confederacy. The North s willingness to bear the costs of war waxed and waned, but one man s will to pursue the war never faltered. 103. VOC Howard Jones; images of Lincoln circa 1865 HOWARD JONES (Roll 6843, 2:27) No president faced the types of problems that Lincoln had. He faced a war that was just tearing the nation from one end to the other. But yet somehow Lincoln managed to rise above this, to keep his head throughout all of this. 104. images from Gettysburg address segment; visuals of Lincoln Monument (2:28) His legacy is, he preserved the Union and there was the end of slavery, but I think what one needs to do is go one step farther and point out that he brought them together, that in order to preserve the Union and improve the Union, slavery had to come to an end, and together emerge what he called the new birth of freedom. 105. images of Antebellum South, urban, industrial North circa 1860 JAMES MCPHERSON Before the war there were two competing visions. There was the vision of an agrarian plantation, almost pastoral, hierarchical society that dominated the

SA24-Final: Union Preserved, Freedom Secured 11/17/00 25 South. And there was the competitive, free labor, urbanizing vision that was taking place in the North. 106. contemporary images of U.S. Northern victory in the war assured the Northern vision the dynamic, at times messy but democratic, free labor capitalism would become the American way of life. And it s these last two things, the abolition of slavery and the domination of the American future by free labor dynamic capitalism, that really makes the Civil War the second American Revolution. 107. visuals of Americans of all regions and races ACTOR (VO): Walt Whitman Strange (is it not?) that battles, martyrs, blood, even assassination should so condense perhaps only really, lastingly condense a Nationality.