Resume` V R MANOJ Deputy Director, Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan Adisankaranilayam,Veliyanad - 682 313 [Ernakulam] Kerala Ph: +91 9846 626 626 Email: drvrmanoj@gmail.com Specialization: Sanskrit Grammar. Other areas of interest include: Indian Philosophy, Sanskrit Literature, Indian Perspectives of Psychology and Lexicography. Personal profile Date of birth & age : 30-04-1973 [44 years as on 30-04-2017] Nationality & marital status : Indian, Married Languages known : Malayalam, Samskritam, English, Hindi, Telugu & Tamil Hobbies : Playing Mrudangam, Guitar, interested in classical music Academic qualifications Ph. D. : 2001 - Sri Chandrashekharendrasaraswathi Viswamahavidyalaya Enathur, Kancheepuram - 631561. TN B. Ed. : 1997 - Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupathi - 517 507. AP MA : 1996 - Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupathi - 517 507. AP BA : 1994 - Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupathi - 517 507. AP Intermediate : 1991 - Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi - 110 058 Title & abstract of thesis : Pratyayavimarsa [Suffix Analysis] - Verbal suffixes set down in the third chapter of Ashtaadhyaayee have been compiled in their order of enumeration to form an exclusive reference text that deals with the application and subtleties of word derivation process. Each suffix has been independently dealt with in its all details. There are seven chapters besides conclusion, index and bibliography. Publications [Medium - Samskritam, excluding where mentioned otherwise] Books 1. Manoj, V. R. (2017). Pratyayasarvaswam Part I - a lexicon of Sanskrit verbal suffixes set down in the third chapter of Ashtaadhyayee. (pp. 269). Publisher: Sri Chandrasekharendrasaraswathi Viswamahavidyalaya [Deemed University], Enathur, Kancheepuram 2017. 2. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Dhaatunaamanekaarthatvasaadhanam - Validating the multiple senses of roots supported by textual excerpts, classic examples and English summary. (pp. xiv + 100). Publisher: Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. December - 2014. [ISBN 978-93-80864-98-3] [Medium - Sanskrit and English] 3. Manoj, V. R. (2011). Purnimaa, a commentary and critical edition of the Aakhyaatachandrika of Bhattamalla - an ancient lexicon of synonymous Sanskrit verbs written in metric style. (pp. xii + 520). Publisher: Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. September - 2011. [ISBN 978-93-80864-99-0] Page 1 of 8
Book reviews 1. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Aadi Sankara, Finite to the Infinite of Dr. Prema Nandakumar. DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. December - 2015, Volume 7, 299-302. [ISSN 0976-3066] [Medium - English] 2. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Punarnavaa of Prof. O. Vatsala - A Malayalam commentary on the Vyaakaranamahaabhashyam of Patanjali. DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. April - 2014, Volume 5, 271-278. [ISSN 0976-3066] [Medium - English] Book chapters 1. Krishnan, L. and Manoj, V. R. (2008). 'Giving' as a Theme in the Indian Psychology of Values. In K. R. Rao, A. C. Paranjpe, & A. K. Dalal (Eds.), HANDBOOK OF INDIAN PSYCHOLOGY, (pp. 361-382). Foundation Books, an imprint of Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. [ISBN 978-81-7596-602-4] [Medium - English] Selected research papers 1. Manoj, V. R. (2017). Shabdavimarsah Series: In dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. April - 2017, 39 (6), 14-16. 2. Manoj, V. R. (2017). Shabdavimarsah Series: Gam dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. March - 2017, 39 (5), 21-27. 3. Manoj, V. R. (2017). Shabdavimarsah Series: Bhu dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2017, 39 (3), 17-19. 4. Manoj, V. R. (2016). Samskritasya Ghatanaavaishishtyam. JYOTSNA SANSKRIT SOUVENIR - Directorate of Public Instructions, Govt. of Kerala - 2016, (1), 54-56. 5. Manoj, V. R. (2016). Shabdavimarsah Series: Asu dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. July - 2016, 38 (10), 18-19. 6. Manoj, V. R. (2016). Shabdavimarsah Series: Mana dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. July - 2016, 38 (9), 24-25. 7. Manoj, V. R. (2016). Shabdavimarsah Series: Shtha dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. June - 2016, 38 (8), 13-15. 8. Manoj, V. R. (2016). Shabdavimarsah Series: Dudhanj dhatoranekarthakaprayogah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. May - 2016, 38 (7), 19-23. 9. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Manovruttayah Tadvachakasca Sabdah.DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. December - 2015, Volume 7, 90-105. [ISSN 0976-3066] 10. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Shabdavimarsah Series: Sautangamih - Hrudayangamam - Plavangamah - Janangamah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. October - 2015, 37 (12), 17-22. 11. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Shabdavimarsah Series: Kshemankarah - Priyankarah - Madrankarah - Aashitambhavah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. August - 2015, 37 (10), 18-20. Page 2 of 8
12. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Shabdavimarsah Series: Meghankarah - Rutinkarah - Bhayankarah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. July - 2015, 37 (9), 16-19. 13. Manoj, V. R. (2015). Shabdavimarsah Series: Sarvamkashah - Kuulamkashah - Abhramkashah - Kareeshamkashah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. June - 2015, 37 (8), 30-33. 14. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Buddhivruttayah tadvaacaka shabdasca. DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. April - 2014, Volume 5, 104-121. [ISSN 0976-3066] 15. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Shabdavimarsah Series: Purandarsarvamsahau. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. April - 2014, 36 (6), 9-11. 16. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Shabdavimarsah Series: Vacamyamah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. March - 2014, 36 (5), 8-10. 17. Manoj, V. R. (2014). Shabdavimarsah Series: Parantapah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2014, 36 (3), 18-21. 18. Manoj, V. R. (2013). Shabdavimarsah Series: Dvisantapah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. December - 2013, 36 (2), 19-21. 19. Manoj, V. R. (2013). Shabdavimarsah Series: Priyamvadah- Part II. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. June - 2013, 35 (8), 36-39. 20. Manoj, V. R. (2013). Shabdavimarsah Series: Priyamvadah- Part I. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. May - 2013, 35 (7), 17-19. 21. Manoj, V. R. (2012). Bhaavavikaaravaacakasabdah. DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. November - 2012, Volume 4, 165-174. [ISSN 0976-3066] 22. Manoj, V. R. (2012). Shabdavimarsah Series: Gatvarah - Srtvarah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. October - 2012, 35 (12), 16-18. 23. Manoj, V. R. (2012). Shabdavimarsah Series: Jitvarah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. September - 2012, 35 (11), 20-24. 24. Manoj, V. R. (2012). Shabdavimarsah Series: Nasvarah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. August - 2012, 35 (10), 21-23. 25. Manoj, V. R. (2012). Shabdavimarsah Series: Itvarah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. July - 2012, 35 (9), 9-12. 26. Manoj, V. R. (2011). Sopasargadhatavah. DHIMAHI - Research Journal of Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, Ernakulam, Kerala. October - 2011, Volume 2, 47-50. [ISSN 0976-3066] 27. Manoj, V. R. (2010). Shabdavimarsah Series: Chandrah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. May - 2010, 32 (7), 15-16. 28. Manoj, V. R. (2010). Shabdavimarsah Series: Deeprah - Oosharah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. April - 2010, 32 (6), 16-21. 29. Manoj, V. R. (2010). Shabdavimarsah Series: Kamrah - Himsrah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. February - 2010, 32 (4), 25-28. 30. Manoj, V. R. (2010). Shabdavimarsah Series: Smerah - Ajasrah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2010, 32 (3), 17-19. Page 3 of 8
31. Manoj, V. R. (2009). Shabdavimarsah Series: Kamprah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. December - 2009, 32 (2), 22-25. 32. Manoj, V. R. (2009). Shabdavimarsah Series: Namrah/. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. November - 2009, 32 (1), 28-33. 33. Manoj, V. R. (2008). Fundamentals of Indian Medical Science: Psychological Perspectives. SCIENCE AND SOCIETY. Published by Nirmala College, Muvattupuzha, Kerala. July - December - 2008, 6 (2), 123-134. [ISSN 0973-0206]Science and Society is abstracted/indexed in Indian Science Abstracts (ISA) website: www.niscair.res.in[medium - English] 34. Manoj, V. R. (2006). Shabdavimarsah Series: Krutrimam. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. March - 2006, 29 (5), 3-7. 35. Manoj, V. R. (2006). Shabdavimarsah Series: Uptrimam - Bhrutrimam. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. Feb - 2006, 29 (4), 15-17. 36. Manoj, V. R. (2006). Shabdavimarsah Series: Paktrimam. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2006, 29 (3), 3-9. 37. Lilavati Krishnan and Manoj, V. R. (2006). The Indian Psychology of Values: The Concept of Daanam. Infinity Foundation, May 10, 2006. [The Infinity Foundation is a non-profit organization based in Princeton, New Jersey, USA engaged in making grants in the areas of compassion and wisdom.. In the area of wisdom, Infinity Foundation seeks to promote East-West dialogue and a proper understanding of the Indian civilizational experience in the world, particularly in the United States and India. This is an online publication. Kindly search for: www.infinityfoundation.com> Indic Mandala > Inner Sciences > Essays >The Indian Psychology of Values: The Concept of Daanam> Lilavati Krishnan and V. R. Manoj] [Medium - English] 38. Manoj, V. R. (2005). Shabdavimarsah Series: Labdhrimam. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. December - 2005, 29 (2), 12-15. 39. Manoj, V. R. (2005). Shabdavimarsah Series: Sradhaluh - Trushnalu. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. May - 2005, 2 (7), 3-6. 40. Manoj, V. R. (2005). Shabdavimarsah Series: Dayaluh - Spruhayalu. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. April - 2005, 28 (6), 5-7. 41. Manoj, V. R. (2005). Shabdavimarsah Series: Dayaluh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. March - 2005, 28 (5), 11-14. 42. Manoj, V. R. (2004). Shabdavimarsah Series: Prabhavishnuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. April - 2004, 27 (6), 18-19. 43. Manoj, V. R. (2004). Shabdavimarsah Series: Ishnucpratyayahekamavalokanam. ARANYAKAM, March - 2004, 11 (1), 5-19. [ISSN 0975-0061] 44. Manoj, V. R. (2004). Shabdavimarsah Series: Apatrapishnuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. February - 2004, 27 (4), 18-19. 45. Manoj, V. R. (2004). Shabdavimarsah Series: Carishnuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2004, 27 (3), 8-10. 46. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Unmadishnuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. December - 2003, 27 (1), 22-23. 47. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Sabdavimarsah - 2. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. Nov - 2003, 27 (1), 11-12. Page 4 of 8
48. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Rochishnuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. October -2003, 26 (12), 16-22. 49. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Bhrajathuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. July - 2003, 26 (9), 15-18. 50. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Nandathuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. February - 2003, 26 (4), 12-14. 51. Manoj, V. R. (2003). Shabdavimarsah Series: Vepathuh. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. January - 2003, 26 (3), 18-24. 52. Manoj, V. R. (2001). Shabdavimarsah Series: Pratyayasampratyayah. SAMSKRITASRI - Journal of Sanskrit Educations Society, Chennai. May - 2001, 24 (6), 17-21. Editorial assistance for publications [rendered as part of job] VI issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2017. VII issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2016. VI issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2015. V issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2014. V issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2014. Saradraatri, a commentary on the Siddhaantakaumudi by Bellamkonda Ramarayakavi - 2014. Abstract of papers of the International Seminar on Spirituality and Education - 2013. IV issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2013. Punarnava, a commentary on the Mahaabhashyam by Prof. O. Vatsala - 2013. Satakoti of Killimangalam Narayanan Nambudiripad - 2012. Kreedaneeyakam of Dr. N. K. Gita - 2012. Chinmayanandacharitam of Sri K Ramakrishnavariyar - 2012. III issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2012. IV issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2012. II issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2012. III issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2012. Vedic Etymology and Semantics: A Linguistic Approach of Parvathy K. P. - 2012. Chinmayanandacharitham of K. Ramakrishnavariar - 2012. Vishnusahasranamabhasyam of Kudallur Dwijan - 2012. I issue of the Newsletter of CIF Shodha Sansthan - 2011. II issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2011. I issue of the Research Journal of CIF Shodha Sansthan entitled Dhimahi - 2010. Iswaradarsanam or Tapovanacharitam? of Swami Tapovanam? - 2005 Academic assistance for seminars and workshops [rendered as part of job] Regular programmes Foundation Day, 2009-2012 Sanskrit Day, 2009-2017 Indian Philosophy, 2009-2016 Navya Nyaya, 2009-2015 Page 5 of 8
Other programmes Learning Sanskrit Language Structure: Theory and Application (2014-2016) Workshop on Bhaskaracharya s Lilavati (April 16-22, 2014) National conference on the spiritual heritage of India (February 20-22, 2014) Education in All Inclusive Universal Spirituality (November 14-19, 2013) Kulasekhara Theatre Festival,(February 24-March 02, 2013) Sanskrit in 21st Century (March 27-28, 2012) Awards and honours Letter of appreciation from the IIT Kanpur [twice] for best teaching - 2003 & 2004. Silver medal in the south zone interuniversity meet - 1996. All India gold medal for Sanskrit grammar oratory - 1995. More than 50 meritorious certificates received for academic performances. Professional experience Dy. Director [20.04.2009 - current] - Chinmaya International Foundation Shodha Sansthan, [Under Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, Ministry of HRD, New Delhi] Adisankaranilayam, Veliyanad 682 313, Ernakulam. Coordinator [until10.04.2009] - Centre for Sanskrit and Vedic Studies, Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, Palghat, Kerala. Project Assistant [22.02.2006-31.07.2006] - Chinmaya International Foundation, Adisankaranilayam, Veliyanad, Ernakulam. Visiting Faculty [05.12.2003-04.12.2005] - Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur - 208 016 - taught graduates and post graduates. Lecturer [21.07.2000-27.11.2003] - Sri Chandrasekharendrasaraswathi Viswamahavidyalaya (Deemed University) Enathur, Kancheepuram - 631 561 - taught graduates. Guidance to short-term research 1. 2012 - External guidance to the ASPIRE Scholar PRAMITHA. D of Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady for her topic on Kalhana s Reference to Budhism in Rajatarangini - 2012. 2. 2012 - External guidance to the ASPIRE Scholar NIRMALA. V of Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady for her topic on Principles of Ichchasakti in Kashmir Saivism: A Pragmatic Approach - 2012. Conference proceedings and invited lectures 1. 2017 The Role of Grammar in Textual Interpretation: An Example. National Seminar on Sanskrit Grammar and Translation Studies organized by the Dept. of Vyakarana, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady from 15.03.2017 to 17.03.2017. 2. 2015 - National Sanskrit Seminar at Tagore Centenary Hall, Kozhikode organized by Directorate of Public Instructions, Govt. of Kerala on 09.12.2015. 3. 2015-99 th Orientation Programme conducted by UGC Academic Staff College, University of Burdwan, West Bengal from 10.02.2015 to 09.03.2015. 4. 2015-1st Refresher Course on Research Methodology in Social Studies & Sanskrit conducted by UGC Academic Staff College, University of Burdwan, West Bengal from 08.01.2015 to 28.01.2015. Page 6 of 8
5. 2010 - Sanskrit Education sponsored by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) conducted at St. Mary s College Ernakulam - 2010. 6. 2010 - Basic Aspects of Natural Language Processing - a Beginner s Approach to Paanineeyam. International Workshop on Computer and Sanskrit Studies sponsored by Kerala State Higher Education Council and organized by Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady from 19.01.2010 to 27.01.2010. 7. 2010 - Sanskrit Education sponsored by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Sanskrit Education conducted at Chinmaya International FoundationShodha Sansthan- 2010. 8. 2010 - Introduction to Indian Philosophy at College of Teacher Education, Adimali - 2010. 9. 2009 - Introduction to Indian Philosophy at College of Teacher Education, Adimali - 2009. 10. 2004 - The Science of Grammar. World Congress on Vedic Sciences, organized by VijnaanaBhaarathi, Bangalore from 09.08.2004 to 13.08.2004. 11. 1999 - Participated. Regional Sanskrit Seminar, organized by SCSVMV, Kanchipuram. 12. 1996 -Dhaatvarthavichaare Shaastrajnaanam Matabhedah. National Seminar on Sanskrit Grammar, sponsored by University Grants Commission, organized by Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapetha, Tirupathi. 13. 1996 -Pratyayaanaam vaachakatvadyootakatvavichaara. Symposia, organized by Govt. Sanskrit College, Tripunithura, Kerala. 14. 1994 - Sannipaataparibhaashaa. Symposia, organized by Govt. Sanskrit College, Tripunithura, Kerala. Working projects and forthcoming publications 1. [Book review] Manoj, V. R. (2016). Brahmasutram - Chatussutri. 2. [Project nearing completion] Manoj, V. R. (2015). Kriyaanighantu - a contemporary sort thesaurus of Sanskrit verbs with English equivalents and plenty of examples drawn from classic poetry. (pp. xii + 550). 3. [Book review] Manoj, V. R. (2016). Mahaabhaashyaarthadeepikaa of Prof. Krishna Kumar. 4. [Book review] Manoj, V. R. (2016). Advaitaamrutham edited by Sandhya Sundar and Dr. Dilip Kumar Rana. 5. [Research paper] Manoj, V. R. (2016). Eternal Values in Maagha. 6. [Research paperd] Manoj, V. R. (2016). Manusmrti on Women s Safety: Setting Right a Presumptuous Interpretation. 7. Aagamasaara - a lexicon on affixes. 8. Aadesadesa - a lexicon on substitutes. 9. Ashtaadhyaayeevishayavivruthi - theme of Ashtaadhyaayee. 10. Vyaakaranasaastram - a practical guide to the structural and functional aspects of Panini s Ashtaadhyaayee. This will also be a compendium of grammatical terminologies. 11. Adhikaraniroopanam - Domains in the Ashtaadhyaayee 12. Importance of invalidity in the Ashtaadhyaayee 13. Plural aphorisms of Paanini 14. Naanaarthakosha - a lexicon of Sanskrit homonyms in the model of a contemporary dictionary. 15. Lakshmana the Legend - Fiction 16. The Fore-lone Krishna - Fiction 17. A Commentary on the Saradeeyakhyanamamala of Harshakeerthi. 18. A Commentary on the Nanarthamanjari of Raghava. Page 7 of 8
Declaration I hereby declare that all statements furnished in this resume` are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. CIF, Veliyanad 12/01/2017 [V. R. Manoj] Residence: KALHARAM Near Kidangoor Temple South Entrance Temple Maveli Madom Link Road, Kidangoor South Post 686 583 [Kottayam] Kerala Mobile: 9846626626 / Email: drvrmanoj@gmail.com Page 8 of 8