The Growth of Civilizations 1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC 150 BC 2. Rome and Early Christianity 750 BC AD 500 3. The Americas 1000 BC AD 1500 4. Empires of China and India 350 BC AD 600
Empires of China and India 350 BC to AD 600 1. The Growth of China 2. Chinese Society and Culture 3. Indian Dynasties 4. Indian Society and Culture 300 200 BC, strong empires unified much of China and India Under these empires, China and India became prosperous Led to classical periods in their histories, during which China and India developed many of the characteristics that would define their modern times
1. The Growth of China Qin and the Han 350 BC to AD 600
The Qin Dynasty 300 s BC, the Warring States Period era in which the Qin state began to dominate the other states of China
Qin [Ch in] Dynasty Established China s first empire Shi Huangdi (First Emperor) Legalist rule A powerful and efficient government was key to maintaining order Bureaucratic administration Centralized control Military expansion Book burnings targeted Confucianists Buried protestors alive! Built large section of the Great Wall
Shi Huangdi s Terra Cotta Army Discovered in 1974 - the immense army of the dead A Paranoid Emperor in hope of gaining immortality had artisans create a life-size army with chariots, horses, and more than 7,000 soldiers to guard him in the afterlife
Shi Huangdi s Terra Cotta Army Army placed in pits around the emperor s tomb
Individual Tombs
Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen Although harsh, Qin policies under Huangdi unified and strengthened China. He undertook massive building projects, including an improved irrigation system, an expanded network of roads and canals, and a defensive wall.
Cavalry Despite improvements in trade and transportation, peasants had to pay heavy taxes and some were forced to work on them
Individual Soldiers
Details of an Individual Soldier
Great Wall, Shanhai Pass To strengthen security and protect his empire from outside threats, Shanhai had workers join the separate defensive walls creating the Great Wall of China
The Great Wall with Towers Hundreds of thousands of peasants were forced to work on the wall and many people died from the harsh labor.
The Han Dynasty When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, the Qin Dynasty crumbled in rebellion. Liu Bang, a peasant leader, founded the Han dynasty, one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history
Han Dynasty People of the Han original Chinese Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many Buddhism introduced into China Expanded into Central Asia
Liu Bang Tomb His jade suit has 2498 pieces! He ruled with the mandate of heaven (approval of the gods) He re-instituted Confucianism and at the same time kept some Legalist policies to maintain firm control over his empire
Emperor Wudi One of the Greatest Han emperors Started public schools. Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam. Civil service systempass an exam in the Confucian classics bureaucrats Confucian scholargentry Revival of Chinese landscape painting.
Emperor Wudi and Expansion Martial Emperor - expand his empire through warfare Xiongnu-nomads who lived in the grasslands of n. China
The Han Decline In 184, a Daoist sect called the Yellow Turbans rebelled and through the empire into chaos Period of Disunion - 350 years of warfare
2. Chinese Society and Culture Trade Routes of the Ancient World The Silk Road network of trade routes that stretched from China 4,000 miles across the heart of Asia to the Mediterranean Sea
Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia
Chang an: The Han Capital
Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House The Han period was a Classical age in China history. During this age, art flourished and science and technology improved life.
Ceramics, Later Han Period The Spread of Buddhism to China, led to an increase in Buddhist art and statues
Acupuncture Inserting fine needles into the skin at specific points to cure disease and relieve pain
3. Indian Dynasties The Maurya Empire 321 BCE 185 BCE The first Indian Empire The seizing of the throne of the kingdom of Magadha
Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 First Mauryan emperor Unified northern India. Defeated the Persian general Seleucus. Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement. He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein] food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. 301 BCE gave up his throne & became a Jain.
Kautilya Chandragupta s advisor. Brahmin caste. Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or the Arthashastra.- statescraft A guide for the king and his ministers: Supports royal power. The great evil in society is anarchy. Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!
Ashoka (304 232 BCE) Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE. Dedicated his life to Buddhism. Built extensive roads. Conflict how to balance Kautilya s methods of keeping power and Buddha s demands to become a selfless person? Considered to be one of India s greatest rulers
Asoka s Empire
Asoka s law code Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. 10 rock edicts. Each pillar [stupa] is 40-50 high. Buddhist principles dominate his laws.
One of Asoka s Stupas
Women Under an Asoka tree
Turmoil & a power Vacuum: The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms. Kushan invaders from Central Asia Tamils-far south; carried active sea trade with Southeast Asia 220 BCE 320 CE
Gupta Empire: 320 CE 647 CE India remained divided into small kingdoms for about 400 years. Then around Ad 320, the Gupta took over northern India.
Gupta Rulers Chandra Gupta I r. 320 335 CE Great King of Kings founder Chandra Gupta II r. 375-415 CE Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world! Hindu revival. White Huns invade 450 CE
Chandra Gupta 11
4. Indian Society and Culture Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. He was following the path of the Buddha. He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.
International Trade Routes during the Guptas
Extensive Trade: spices gold & ivory
Kalidasa The greatest of Indian poets. His most famous play was Shakuntala. During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.
Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.
500 healing plants identified Plastic Surgery 1000 diseases classified Printed medicinal guides Medicine Kalidasapoet and playright Gupta Achievements Literature Sakuntala C-sections performed Inoculations Gupta India Solar Calendar Decimal System Concept of Zero Mathematics PI = 3.1416 Hindu-Arabic-Indian scholars created the numerals we use today Astronomy The earth is round Aryabhata
The Decline of the Guptas Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them. After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c
Bhartrhari 5c India court poet and philosopher. Knowledge is man's crowning mark, A treasure secretly buried, The source of luxury, fame, and bliss, A guru most venerable, A friend on foreign journeys, The pinnacle of divinity. Knowledge is valued by kings beyond wealth--- When he lacks it, a man is a brute. What does this poem suggest about the importance of knowledge? How does Mr. Schenk feel about knowledge?