Origins of the Cold War

Guided Reading - Unit 7 (chapters 18-19) Name Class Date Cold War Conflicts Origins of the Cold War Terms and Names United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping body of nations satellite nation Country dominated by the Soviet Union containment Effort to block Soviet influence by making alliances and supporting weaker nations iron curtain The division of Europe between free and communist countries Section 1 Cold War State of hostility between the Soviet Union and the United States but without military action Truman Doctrine U.S. policy of sending aid to any nation trying to prevent a Communist takeover Marshall Plan Program under which the United States gave economic aid to rebuild postwar Western Europe Berlin Airlift Resupply of West Berlin by U.S. and British planes during Soviet blockade of 1948 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Defensive military alliance of the United States, Canada, and ten European nations Before You Read In the last section, you saw the social and economic changes that would reshape postwar America. In this section, you will see how the Allied coalition that won the war fell apart and the United States and the Soviet Union came into conflict. As You Read Use a chart to take notes on U.S. actions and Soviet actions that contributed to the beginning of the Cold War. FORMER ALLIES CLASH (Pages 602 604) What caused Soviet-American problems? The United States and the Soviet Union were wartime allies. But there had been trouble between them for some time. A major reason was that they had opposing political and economic systems. In addition, the Soviets were angry that the United States had taken so long to launch an attack against Hitler in Europe. Stalin also did not like that the United States had kept the development of the atomic bomb a secret. Americans were upset that Stalin had signed a treaty with Hitler before World War II. Still, at the end of the war, people hoped that the United Nations (UN) would help bring a time of peace. Instead, the UN became a place where the two superpowers competed and tried to influence other nations. 252 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 1, continued As you read this section, complete the cause-and-effect diagram with the specific U.S. actions made in response to the Soviet actions listed. Use the following terms and names in filling out the diagram: containment Truman Doctrine Berlin airlift NATO 1. Effect: U.S. Action Cause: Soviet Action Soviet leader Joseph Stalin refused free elections in Eastern Europe and set up satellite nations. 2. Effect: U.S. Action 3. Effect: U.S. Action Cause: Soviet Action Soviets blockaded Berlin for almost a year. 4. Effect: U.S. Action 255 Guided Reading Workbook

Cold War Conflicts The Cold War Heats Up Terms and Names Chiang Kai-shek Leader of the Nationalist forces in China Mao Zedong Leader of the Communist forces in China Taiwan Island off the coast of China 38th parallel Imaginary line that divides Korea at 38 degrees north latitude Korean War War begun when North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 Before You Read In the last section, you read about postwar Europe. In this section, you will read about the postwar situation in Asia and about the Korean War. As You Read Use a time line to take notes on the major events of the Korean War. Section 2 CHINA BECOMES A COMMUNIST COUNTRY (Pages 609 611) How did the Communists gain control of China? For two decades the Chinese Communists struggled against the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. The United States supported Chiang because he opposed communism and sent him aid. But U.S. officials knew that Chiang s government was inefficient and corrupt. He overtaxed the Chinese people even during times of famine. He did not have the support of the people. Mao Zedong led the Communist forces in the North. He won the support of many Chinese peasants. Mao distributed land to them and reduced rents. He had an experienced army with high morale. President Truman refused to send American troops to help the Nationalists fight communism. But he did send aid. Even so, in 1949, Chiang and his forces had to flee to Taiwan, an island off the coast of China. China was now Communist. Containment in China had failed! American conservatives said that the United States had lost China because not enough had been done to help the Nationalists. Truman s followers said that the Communist success was because Chiang could not win the support of the Chinese people. Conservatives claimed that the U.S. government was filled with Communist agents. American fear of communism began to burn out of control. 1. How did Communists gain control of China? 256 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 2, continued As you read this section, fill out the chart below by writing answers to the questions in the appropriate boxes. Civil War in China Civil War in Korea 1. Which side did the United States support, and why? 2. What did the United States do to affect the outcome of the war? 3. What was the outcome of the war? 4. How did the American public react to that outcome, and why? 258 Guided Reading Workbook

Cold War Conflicts The Cold War at Home Terms and Names HUAC House Committee on Un-American Activities Hollywood Ten People called before HUAC who did not cooperate Section 3 blacklist List of people in the Hollywood film industry who were refused jobs because they did not cooperate with HUAC Alger Hiss Former State Department official Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Activists in the American Communist Party who were executed as spies Joseph McCarthy Republican Senator who claimed Communists were taking over the federal government McCarthyism Term used to refer to tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without producing evidence Before You Read In the last section, you read about the Cold War abroad. In this section, you will read about the effects of the Cold War at home. As You Read Use a web diagram to take notes on the ways that anticommunist fear gripped the United States. FEAR OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE (Pages 616 618) How did Americans react to the threat of Communist influence? Many Americans felt threatened by the rise of Communist governments in Europe and Asia. Some even felt that Communists could threaten the U.S. government from within. These fears increased when people found out about some spies selling U.S. government secrets to the Soviets. Republicans accused the Truman administration of being soft on communism. In response to this pressure, Truman set up a Loyalty Review Board. The Board investigated over 3 million people. About 200 were fired. Many people felt that these investigations were unconstitutional. The accused were not allowed to see the evidence against them or to face their accusers. In 1947, Congress set up the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). Its purpose was to look for Communists both inside and outside government. HUAC concentrated on the movie industry because of suspected Communist influences in Hollywood. Many people were brought before HUAC. Some agreed that there had been Communist infiltration of the movie industry. They informed on others to save themselves. Ten people called before HUAC refused to testify. They said the hearings 259 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 3, continued As you read this section, fill out the charts below by writing answers to the questions in the appropriate boxes. a. What were they accused of? b. How were they affected by the accusations? c. Do the accusations seem to have been fair? Explain. 1. The Hollywood Ten 2. Alger Hiss 3. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg McCarthyism 4. What seems to have motivated it? 5. Why did it succeed at first? 6. Why did it fall out of favor? 262 Guided Reading Workbook

Cold War Conflicts Two Nations Live on the Edge Terms and Names H-bomb Hydrogen bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower President of the United States John Foster Dulles Secretary of state brinkmanship Willingness to go to the edge, or brink, of war CIA Intelligence-gathering, or spy, agency of the United States government Warsaw Pact Military alliance of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations Section 4 Eisenhower Doctrine Policy of the United States that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country Nikita Khruschev Soviet leader Francis Gary Powers Pilot of an American U-2 spy plane U-2 incident Downing of a U.S. spy plane and the capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960 Before You Read In the last section, you saw how the fear of communism affected life in the United States. In this section, you will see how Cold War tensions increased as both the United States and the Soviet Union tried to spread their influence around the world. As You Read Use a chart to take notes on the involvement of the United States in Cold War trouble spots around the world. BRINKMANSHIP RULES U.S. POLICY (Pages 622 623) What was the arms race? The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. American leaders wanted to develop a more powerful weapon. In 1952, the United States exploded the first hydrogen bomb, or H-bomb. But the Soviets tested their own H-bomb in 1953. Dwight D. Eisenhower was president. His secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, was very anti-communist. He said America must not compromise. The United States must be prepared to use all of its nuclear weapons against any aggressor. This willingness to go to the edge, or brink, of war was called brinkmanship. The United States began making more nuclear weapons. So did the Soviet Union. This was called the arms race. Many 263 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 4, continued As you read this section, write your answers to the question in the appropriate boxes. How did the United States react, and why? 1. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. 2. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister placed the oil industry in Iran under the Iranian government s control. 3. The Guatemalan head of government gave American-owned land in Guatemala to peasants. 4. In 1956, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal. 5. Soviet tanks invaded Hungary and fired on protesters in 1956. 6. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. 7. In 1960, the Soviet Union brought down an American U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers. 266 Guided Reading Workbook

CHAPTER 18: COLD WAR CONFLICTS PAGE 1 of 5 SECTION 1: ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR BLUE HEADING: Former Allies Clash RED HEADING: The United Nations BOLD WORD: United Nations (UN) RED HEADING: Truman Becomes President RED HEADING: The Potsdam Conference BLUE HEADING: Tension Mounts RED HEADING: Bargining at Potsdam RED HEADING: Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe BOLD WORD: Satellite Nations RED HEADING: United States Establishes a Policy of Containment BOLD WORD: Containment BOLD WORD: Iron Curtain BLUE HEADING: Cold War in Europe BOLD WORD: Cold War RED HEADING: The Truman Doctorine BOLD WORD: Truman Doctorine RED HEADING: The Marshall Plan BOLD WORD: Marshall Plan BLUE HEADING: Superpowers Struggle over Germany RED HEADING: The Berlin Airlift

CHAPTER 18: COLD WAR CONFLICTS PAGE 2 of 5 BOLD WORD: Berlin Airlift RED HEADING: The NATO Alliance BOLD WORD: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP BLUE HEADING: China Becomes a Communist Country BOLD WORD: Chiang Kai-shek BOLD WORD: Mao Zedong RED HEADING: Renewed Civil War BOLD WORD: Taiwan RED HEADING: America Reacts to Communist Takeover BLUE HEADING: The Korean War BOLD WORD: 38 th Parallel RED HEADING: North Korea Attacks South Korea BOLD WORD: Korean War BLUE HEADING: The United States Fights in Korea RED HEADING: MacArthur s Counterattack RED HEADING: The Chinese Fight Back RED HEADING: MacArthur Recommends Attacking China RED HEADING: MacArthur Versus Truman RED HEADING: Settling For Stalemate SECTION 3: THE COLD WAR AT HOME

CHAPTER 18: COLD WAR CONFLICTS PAGE 3 of 5 BLUE HEADING: Fear of Communist Influence RED HEADING: Loyalty Review Board RED HEADING: The House Un-American Activities Board BOLD WORD: House Un-American Activities Board (HUAC) BOLD WORD: Hollywood Ten BOLD WORD: Blacklist RED HEADING: The McCarran Act BLUE HEADING: Spy Cases Stun the Nation RED HEADING: Alger Hiss BOLD WORD: Alger Hiss RED HEADING: The Rosenbergs BOLD WORD: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg BLUE HEADING: McCarthy Launches His Witch Hunt BOLD WORD: Joseph McCarthy RED HEADING: McCarthy s Tactics BOLD WORD: McCarthyism RED HEADING: McCarthy s Downfall RED HEADING: Other Anti-Communist Measures SECTION 4: TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE BLUE HEADING: Brinksmanship Rules U.S. Policy RED HEADING: Race for the H-Bomb

CHAPTER 18: COLD WAR CONFLICTS PAGE 4 of 5 BOLD WORD: H-Bomb RED HEADING: The Policy of Brinksmanship BOLD WORD: Dwight D. Eisenhower BOLD WORD: John Foster Dulles BOLD WORD: Brinksmanship BLUE HEADING: The Cold War Spreads Around the World BOLD WORD: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) RED HEADING: Covert Actions in the Middle East And Africa RED HEADING: The Warsaw Pact BOLD WORD: Warsaw Pact RED HEADING: A Summit in Geneva RED HEADING: The Suez War RED HEADING: The Eisenhower Doctorine BOLD WORD: Eisenhower Doctorine RED HEADING: The Hungarian Uprising BLUE HEADING: The Cold War Takes to the Skies BOLD WORD: Nikita Khrushchev RED HEADING: The Space Race RED HEADING: A U-2 Is Shot Down BOLD WORD: Francis Gary Powers RED HEADING: Renewed Confrontation

CHAPTER 18: COLD WAR CONFLICTS PAGE 5 of 5 BOLD WORD: U-2 Incident

The Postwar Boom Postwar America Terms and Names Section 1 Gl Bill of Rights Law that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans suburb Residential town or community near a city Harry S. Truman President after World War II Dixiecrat Southern Democrat who left the party Fair Deal President Truman s economic and social program Before You Read In the last section, you read about the developments in the Cold War at home and abroad. In this section, you will read about the economic boom in the United States after World War II. As You Read Use a time line to take notes on the key events in postwar America. READJUSTMENT AND RECOVERY (Pages 634 636) How did the end of World War II affect America? After World War II, millions of returning veterans used the GI Bill of Rights to get an education and to buy homes. At first, there was a terrible housing shortage. Then developers such as William Levitt built thousands of inexpensive homes in the suburbs, small residential communities near the cities. Many veterans and their families moved in. The United States changed from a wartime to a peacetime economy. After the war, many defense workers were laid off. Returning veterans added to unemployment. When wartime price controls ended, prices shot up. Congress eventually put back economic controls on wages, prices, and rents. The economy began to improve on its own. There was a huge pent-up demand for consumer goods. People had been too poor to buy these goods during the Depression. Many items had not been available during the war. Now Americans bought cars and appliances and houses. The Cold War increased defense spending and employment. 1. What were three effects of the end of World War II on American society? MEETING ECONOMIC CHALLENGES; SOCIAL UNREST PERSISTS (Pages 636 639) What were postwar problems? President Harry S. Truman faced a number of problems immediately after the war. One was labor unrest. In 1946, a 267 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 1, continued As you read this section, describe the solutions offered to deal with postwar problems. 1. Problem: Millions of veterans thrown out of work as they return to civilian life Solution offered by the Truman administration and Congress 2. Problem: Severe housing shortage Solution offered by developers such as William Levitt Solutions offered by Congress under the Truman and Eisenhower administrations 3. Problem: Runaway inflation Solution offered by the Truman administration and Congress 4. Problem: Labor strikes that threaten to cripple the nation Solution offered by the Truman administration 5. Problem: Discrimination and racial violence Solutions offered during the Truman administration 270 Guided Reading Workbook

The Postwar Boom Popular Culture Terms and Names mass media Means of communication that reach large audiences Section 3 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Government agency that regulates the communications industry beat movement Writers who made fun of the conformity and materialism of mainstream American society rock n roll Form of popular music, characterized by heavy rhythms and simple melodies, that developed from rhythm and blues in the 1950s jazz A style of music characterized by improvisation Before You Read In the last section, you read about the American dream in the 1950s. In this section, you will read that popular culture in the 1950s reflected white, middle-class America, and a subculture challenged that conformity. As You Read Use a chart to take notes on the popular culture idols of the 1950s and their contributions. NEW ERA OF MASS MEDIA (Pages 652 655) What influence did TV have? Mass media the means of communication that reach large audiences include radio, television, newspapers, and magazines. Television became the most important means of communication in the 1950s. It both showed and influenced popular culture of the time. The number of homes with television jumped. It went from 9 percent of all homes in 1950 to 90 percent in 1960. At first, the number of television stations was limited by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC is the government agency that regulates the communications industry. Soon, however, TV stations spread across the country. Many shows became widely popular all over the nation. The 1950s were the golden age of television. Comedy shows starring Milton Berle and Lucille Ball were popular. Edward R. Murrow introduced on-the-scene reporting and interviews. There were also westerns, sports events, and original dramas. At first, all shows were broadcast live. Advertisers took advantage of this new medium, especially of its children s shows. Young fans wanted to buy everything that was advertised on their favorite shows. TV magazines and TV dinners frozen meals to heat and eat became popular. 275 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 3, continued As you read this section, take notes to answer questions about innovations and trends in 1950s popular culture. 1. Television a. What are some of the most popular shows produced? b. What kinds of subjects did television tend to present? c. What kinds of subjects did it tend to avoid? 2. Radio a. How did radio change to compete with television? b. What role did it play in popularizing African- American culture? How did movies change to compete with television? 3. Film 4. The beat movement a. Who were the most famous beat writers? b. What were the movement s chief characteristics? 5. Rock n roll a. Who helped to popularize rock n roll? b. What were rock s chief characteristics? 278 Guided Reading Workbook

The Postwar Boom The Other America Terms and Names Section 4 urban renewal Plan to tear down decaying neighborhoods and build low-cost housing bracero Farm workers entering the United States from Mexico termination policy Federal government decision to end federal responsibility for Native American tribes Before You Read In the last section, you read about mainstream American society in the 1950s. In this section, you will read about Americans who were not part of the American mainstream. As You Read Use a diagram to take notes on the problems faced by African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans in the 1950s. THE URBAN POOR (Pages 660 661) What was the plight of the inner cities? Prosperity reached many Americans in the 1950s. But it did not reach all Americans. In 1962, one out of every four Americans was poor. Many of these poor people were members of minority groups. In the 1950s, millions of middle-class white people left the cities for the suburbs. This was called white flight. Meanwhile, many poor African Americans moved from the rural South to Northern cities. Businesses and jobs followed whites out of the cities. Cities also lost the taxes these people and businesses had paid. City governments could no longer afford to keep up the quality of schools, public transportation, or other services. The urban poor suffered as their neighborhoods decayed. Many suburban, middle-class Americans could not believe that a country as rich as the United States had such poverty in its cities. However, Michael Harrington s 1962 book, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, made many Americans aware of the problem. One way the government tried to solve the problem of the inner cities was called urban renewal. Minorities could not afford the new homes that had been built in the suburbs during the 1950s. Also, minorities were not welcome in the white suburbs. As a result, inner-city neighborhoods became very overcrowded. Urban renewal was designed to tear down decaying neighborhoods and build low-cost housing. However, sometimes highways and shopping centers were built instead. The people who had lived in the old slums ended up moving to other slums rather than into better housing. 279 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 4, continued As you read about problems faced by the other America of the 1950s, note some causes of each problem, solutions that were offered, and some effects of those solutions. (Notice that two answers have been provided for you.) Problem: Decaying Cities 1. Causes: Solution Offered: 2. Effects of solution: Urban renewal Problem: Discrimination Against Mexican Americans Causes: 3. Solutions offered: Prejudice against Hispanics; hard feelings toward braceros who stayed to work in the U.S. after World War II; illegal aliens escaping poor conditions in Mexico Problem: Economic Hardship for Native Americans 4. Causes: 5. Solutions offered: 6. Effects of solutions: 281 Guided Reading Workbook

The Postwar Boom The American Dream in the Fifties Terms and Names Section 2 conglomerate Major corporation that owns smaller companies in unrelated industries franchise Company that offers similar products or services in many locations baby boom Soaring birthrate from 1946 to 1964 Dr. Jonas Salk Developer of a vaccine to prevent polio consumerism Excessive concern with buying material goods planned obsolescence Purposely making products to become outdated or wear out quickly Before You Read In the last section, you read about the postwar boom in the United States. In this section, you will read how many Americans achieved their dreams of material comfort and prosperity, but some found the cost of conformity too high. As You Read Use a chart to take notes on specific goals that characterized the American Dream for suburbanites of the 1950s. THE ORGANIZATION AND THE ORGANIZATION MAN (Pages 641 643) What changes took place in the American workplace in the 1950s? The economy grew rapidly in the 1950s. By 1956, more Americans were white-collar workers in offices than were in blue-collar factory jobs. White-collar workers were paid better. They usually worked in service industries, such as sales and communications. Businesses also expanded. They formed conglomerates, or major corporations that own smaller companies in unrelated industries. Other businesses expanded by franchising. A franchise is a company that offers similar products or services in many locations, such as fastfood restaurants. These large companies offered wellpaying, secure jobs to certain kinds of workers. These workers were conformists, or team players. They were company people who would fit in and not rock the boat. Businesses rewarded loyalty rather than creativity. They promoted a sameness, or standardization, of people as well as products. Books such as The Organization Man and The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit criticized this conformity. 271 Guided Reading Workbook

Section 2, continued As you read this section, write notes about how Americans were affected by various trends of the 1950s. Trends Effects 1. Business expansion: conglomerates and franchises 2. Suburban expansion: flight from the cities 3. Population growth: the baby boom 4. Dramatic increase in leisure time 5. Dramatic increase in the use of the automobile 6. The rise of consumerism 274 Guided Reading Workbook

CHAPTER 19: THE POSTWAR BOOM PAGE 1 of 4 SECTION 1: POSTWAR AMERICA BLUE HEADING: Readjustment and Recovery RED HEADING: The Impact Of the GI Bill BOLD WORD: GI Bill Of Rights RED HEADING: Housing Crisis BOLD WORD: Suburbs RED HEADING: Redefining the Family RED HEADING: Economic Readjustment RED HEADING: Remarkable Recovery BLUE HEADING: Meeting Economic Challenges RED HEADING: Presidents Truman s Inheritance BOLD WORD: Harry S. Truman RED HEADING: Truman Faces Strikes RED HEADING: Had Enough? BLUE HEADING: Social Unrest Persists RED HEADING: Truman Supports Civil Rights RED HEADING: The 1948 Election BOLD WORD: Dixiecrats RED HEADING: Stunning Upset RED HEADING: The Fair Deal BOLD WORD: Fair Deal

CHAPTER 19: THE POSTWAR BOOM PAGE 2 of 4 BLUE HEADING: Republicans Take the Middle Road RED HEADING: I Like Ike! RED HEADING: Walking the Middle of the Road SECTION 2: THE AMERICAN DREAM IN THE FIFTIES BLUE HEADING: The Organization and the Organization Man RED HEADING: Conglomerates BOLD WORD: Conglomerates RED HEADING: Franchises BOLD WORD: Franchises RED HEADING: Social Conformity BLUE HEADING: The Suburban Lifestyle RED HEADING: The Baby Boom BOLD WORD: Baby Boom RED HEADING: Advances in Medicine and Child Care BOLD WORD: Dr. Jonas Salk RED HEADING: Women s Roles RED HEADING: Leisure in the Fifties BLUE HEADING: The Automobile Culture RED HEADING: Automania RED HEADING: The Interstate Highway System RED HEADING: Mobility Takes Its Toll

CHAPTER 19: THE POSTWAR BOOM PAGE 3 of 4 BLUE HEADING: Consumerism Unbound BOLD WORD: Consumerism RED HEADING: New Products RED HEADING: Planned Obsolescence BOLD WORD: Planned Obsolescence RED HEADING: Buy Now, Pay Later RED HEADING: The Advertising Age SECTION 3: POPULAR CULTURE BLUE HEADING: New Era of Mass Media BOLD WORD: Mass Media RED HEADING: The Rise of Television BOLD WORD: Federal Communications Comission (FCC) RED HEADING: Stereotypes and Gunslingers RED HEADING: Radio and Movies BLUE HEADING: A Subculture Emerges RED HEADING: The Beat Movement BOLD WORD: Beat Movement BLUE HEADING: African Americans and Rock n Roll BOLD WORD: Rock n Roll RED HEADING: Rock n Roll RED HEADING: The Racial Gap

CHAPTER 19: THE POSTWAR BOOM PAGE 4 of 4 BOLD WORD: Jazz SECTION 4: THE OTHER AMERICA BLUE HEADING: The Urban Poor RED HEADING: White Flight RED HEADING: The Inner Cities RED HEADING: Urban Renewal BOLD WORD: Urban Renewal BLUE HEADING: Poverty Leads to Activism RED HEADING: Mexicans Seek Employment BOLD WORD: Braceros RED HEADING: The Longoria Incident RED HEADING: Native Americans Continue Their Struggle RED HEADING: The Termination Policy BOLD WORD: Termination Policy