DO NOW: The Crusades Imagine you are a knight living in France in 1095. A noble asks you to go to war for the Pope. Your enemy? The Muslims. Your mission? To take back the Holy Land. The reward? The noble tells you that the Pope has promised you eternity in heaven if you agree to fight. What would you do?
The Crusades SWBAT explain the causes, events, and effects of the Crusades.
Why is Jerusalem so important? Dome of the Rock Important to Muslims Muhammad rose to heaven from here Church of the Holy Sepulchre Important to Christians Jesus was buried and resurrected here Western Wall Important to Jews The Second Temple once stood here
HELP! The Seljuk Empire is trying to conquer us! Come save us! OK! Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, 1095 God Deus wills vult! a life after death in it! God wants us to drive back the Muslims and reclaim the Holy Land. Jerusalem will be ours! All who join this fight will be rewarded with heaven!
Clermont France 1095 Meanwhile, in Jerusalem God wants us to drive back the Muslims and reclaim the Holy Land. All who join this fight will be rewarded with a life after death in heaven! But this land is holy to me, too! This is where Muhammad rose to heaven!
The Crusades A Holy War Between Christians and Muslims
Crusades Comic Strip
First Crusade Antioch, 1098 Come this way, I ll let you in Four nobles led the First Crusade. Close to 30,000 crusaders fought their way through Anatolia and headed south toward Jerusalem. In June 1098, the crusaders laid siege to the city of Antioch. After nine months, a traitor let them through an opening in the city walls. Antioch fell to the Christians. ANATOLIA Antioch Jerusalem
First Crusade Jerusalem, 1099 The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some, however, stayed behind. They established four crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and Kingdom of Jerusalem. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem
First Crusade Jerusalem, 1099 The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some, however, stayed behind. They established four crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and Kingdom of Jerusalem. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem
1098: Christians Capture Antioch The massacre (murder) of Antioch's Jewish and Muslim people.
1099: Christians Capture Jerusalem Here, Christians worship inside the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, where Jesus is believed to have been resurrected.
Crusades Comic Strip
Second Crusade Edessa, 1144 As Muslims started to band together, they fought back more effectively. In 1144, they captured Edessa, the capital of the northernmost crusader kingdom. Christians answered by mounting the Second Crusade. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem
1144: Muslims Capture Edessa After the Muslims captured Edessa, a preacher named Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded the Christians to go on the Second Crusade to try to re-capture Edessa.
Second Crusade Anatolia, 1148 In 1148, King Conrad III of Germany led an army toward the Holy Land; however, on the way, the German army was badly beaten in Anatolia. Shortly after, King Louis VII of France also led an army toward the Holy Land; however, the French army was also badly beaten in Anatolia. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem
Second Crusade Damascus, 1148 Later that year, the remnants of the two European armies arrived in Jerusalem. About 50,000 crusaders marched to the Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came to aid Damascus and beat back the crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two European armies went home, ending the Second Crusade. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Tripoli Jerusalem
Second Crusade Damascus, 1148 Later that year, the remnants of the two European armies arrived in Jerusalem. About 50,000 crusaders marched to the Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came to aid Damascus and beat back the crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two European armies went home, ending the Second Crusade. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Tripoli Jerusalem
Crusades Comic Strip
Third Crusade 1187, Jerusalem By the 1180s, the great sultan Salah al-din, called Saladin by Europeans, had formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuk Empire. He led a renewed fight against the Crusaders in the Holy Land. In 1187, Salah al-din s army captured Jerusalem. Salah al-din did not kill his prisoners, as the crusaders had done. Instead, he freed many captives or sold them for ransom. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Tripoli Jerusalem
Third Crusade Acre, 1191 The loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans and sparked the Third Crusade. King Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart, led the fight against Salah al-din. In 1191, Richard s army forced the surrender of the town of Acre. Afterward, arrangements were made between the two sides to exchange prisoners. After waiting for a time, Richard felt that Salah al-din was taking too long to meet his end of the bargain. Growing impatient, Richard ordered his men to kill all 2,700 of his Muslim prisoners. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem
Third Crusade On the Way to Jerusalem, 1192 Richard then fought his way toward Jerusalem, but his army was not strong enough to attack the city. Salah al-din s forces had also grown weaker. In September 1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty. The crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem. Jerusalem
Third Crusade On the Way to Jerusalem, 1192 Richard then fought his way toward Jerusalem, but his army was not strong enough to attack the city. Salah al-din s forces had also grown weaker. In September 1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty. The crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem. Jerusalem
Crusades Comic Strip
Later Crusades Children s Crusade The crusades to the Middle East continued for another 100 years. Some crusades were popular movements of poor people rather than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for example, tens of thousands of peasant children from France and Germany marched in a Children s Crusade. Few, if any, ever reached the Holy Land. Some made it as far as European port cities, where they believed the sea would miraculously part for them. However, the sea did not part. Some children simply returned home. Others were sold into slavery by merchants. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem
Later Crusades Children s Crusade The crusades to the Middle East continued for another 100 years. Some crusades were popular movements of poor people rather than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for example, tens of thousands of peasant children from France and Germany marched in a Children s Crusade. Few, if any, ever reached the Holy Land. Some made it as far as European port cities, where they believed the sea would miraculously part for them. However, the sea did not part. Some children simply returned home. Others were sold into slavery by merchants. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem
Later Crusades Acre, 1291 None of the later crusades succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem. Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre, the last crusader city. This victory ended some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem
Later Crusades Acre, 1291 None of the later crusades succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem. Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre, the last crusader city. This victory ended some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land. ANATOLIA Edessa Antioch Damascus Acre Tripoli Jerusalem
Crusades Comic Strip
The Outcome of the Crusades The Christians won the First Crusade because they were able to take back Jerusalem. The Muslims won the Second Crusade because they took the crusader kingdom of Edessa, and the Christians failed to take it back. The Muslims won the Third Crusade because they took Jerusalem, and the Christians failed to take it back. The Muslims won the later Crusades because the Christians could never take back Jerusalem.
Videos First Crusade 1098 Antioch (4:30) First Crusade 1099 Jerusalem (5:00) Second Crusade 1144 Edessa (4:00) Second Crusade 1148 Anatolia (3:00) Second Crusade 1148 Damascus (7:00) Third Crusade 1187 Jerusalem (3:00) Third Crusade 1191 Acre (5:00) Third Crusade 1192 Jerusalem (5:00)
Antioch, 1098 As commander of three towers, I know the way in! Just give me some money and land! Fairuz Yes! No more drinking horse blood! Now we are one step closer to capturing the holy city of Jerusalem! Bohemond
The Reconquista SWBAT explain how Muslim rule declined in the Iberian Peninsula. PORTUGAL SPAIN
Welcome to Cordoba, Spain!
Reconquista Before the Reconquista, this building was a. After the Reconquista, this building became a.
The Beginning of the Reconquista
Let s go fight the Muslims in Spain! We ll get an even better chance at getting into heaven! Sweet Now that the Crusades are over, what do we do? I don t wanna go back to my farm
Hi, I m King Ferdinand of Aragon. Hi, I m Queen Isabella of Castille. If we get married and combine our two kingdoms into one country called Spain then we ll be able to defeat the last Muslim kingdom of Granada.
We defeated the Muslims at Granada! Now the Iberian Peninsula is all Christian!
1492: The Surrender of Granada
So now what??? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country. So, what did these monarchs do to deal with the Jews and Muslims that lived in Spain?
Expulsion of Jews & Muslims In 1492, Jews were told to become Catholics or leave the country. More than 170,000 Jews left their homes forever. Muslims remained in Spain, but many were forced to accept baptism as Catholics. Spain expelled its remaining Muslims beginning in 1609.
Spanish Inquisition Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand used the Inquisition, a church court, against Muslims and Jews who had converted to Christianity. Judges, called inquisitors, sometimes used torture to find out whether supposed converts were practicing their old religion. Thousands of people were burned at the stake.
Torture during the Spanish Inquisition
1492: Christopher Columbus I would like to sail to India, so I can bring spices back to Spain! Don t forget to spread our Christian beliefs to those Indians you meet and exploit!
Higher Order Thinking How would our world be different if the Reconquista had never happened?
Knee Splitter The knee splitter does what it says: split victims' knees and render them useless. Built from two spiked wood blocks, the knee splitter is placed on top of and behind the knee of its victims. Two large screws connecting the blocks are then turned, causing the two blocks to close towards each other and effectively destroy a victim's knee. 59
Iron Gag The Iron Gag was used to stifle the screams of a victim. A small hole in the front allowed air to pass in and out but muffled any screams. A torturer could press a single fingertip to the air-hole and create an extremely distressing situation for the accused. This was used often during the Inquisition so the accused would not interrupt the ceremony with their irritating cries of distress. 60
Foot Press The foot press was designed to uncomfortably fit a single foot between a sharp, ribbed iron plate and a bar of metal attached to a long screw. When the screw was turned, the bar crushed the foot into a mangled pulp. 61
Tongue Tearer First, the mouth is forced open with the Mouth Opener. Next, the iron Tongue Tearer was used to grab the tongue within it's rough grippers. Once a firm hold was maintained, the screw could be firmly tightened and the tongue was roughly torn from the prisoner's head. 62
Ear Chopper Used as an efficient way to cut the ears from the victim. The helmet was placed on the head; the ears sticking out just under the blades. All it took was a quick chop and the ears would be amputated. 63
The Boots The boots was made up of wedges that fitted the legs from ankles to knees. Pure pain ensues when the torturer violently pounds the wedges with a large, heavy hammer. A process that is done repeatedly until flesh and bone are completely destroyed. 64
Spanish Ladder The wrists were tied to one of the rungs, the feet tied to the bottom cylinder. Each turn stretched the victim further and further until the shoulders were dislocated. 65
Inquisitional Chair The chair was wooden construction with up to 2,000 metal spikes. The victim was strapped within the chair using tight leather straps. The initial pain of hundreds of sharp rusty spikes penetrating the flesh could always be increased by the torturer pressing the prisoner down or back against the spikes. 66
Cat's Paw The Cat's Paw was used by the Spanish. It was attached to a handle and was an extension of the torturer's hand. It was used to rip and tear flesh away from the bone, from any part of the body. 67
The Saw Victims of this brutal device were made to hang upside down. This position has a purpose: to fill the victims' heads with blood, and therefore allow them to remain conscious as the torturers work the saw sometimes up to their midsection before they pass out or die. 68
Guillotine The blade would be dropped separating the head from the body. The head would neatly drop into a waiting basket, to be retrieved by the executioner and displayed to the crowd gathered to watch. 69