The Dark Ages Europe between the Franks, the Ostrogoths, and the Crusades Ostrogoths overtake Rome Kept the senate and tradtions of Rome Many other Germanic tribes sweep in Roman influence is gone by the 7 800's Constantly on the move hunters and gatherers, farmed little, quite warlike pig herders tetracyathine, weak form of steroids = aggression loyalty within the families women were well respected powerful families chosen to lead in war > great honor made themselves kings, gave lands to nobles, freemen semi free peasants slaves from conquest and debt rules run by the kings, blood feuds, blood money allowed people to practice Roman laws Latin Christiandom Catholic Church was the only remnant of Rome to survive diocese headed by a bishop/archbishop, 1 pope took political/social power when Rome failed due to the lack of security in life, monasticism grows monks and nuns > spread the gospel and history St. Patrick of Ireland > missionaries Hand copied texts St. Benedict of Nursea > spread monasticism Monte Cassino near Naples wrote rules for monastic life clothing, food, work, virtues humility, obediance, stewardship, hospitality established the authority of the pope Pope Gregory the Great > Benedictine Monk gergorian chants... changed pagan churches into Catholic ones in England The Franks (not Kellie and Sara) Germanic tribes converted to Ariansim The Franks (around Gaul) pick up the battle for Catholicism thanks to Clovis Clovis conquered the Visigoths and all of Gaul converted to RC in 496 AD Church supplied him with an administration Clovis's heirs could not maintain their power empire fell into disaray, all looked for a new strong RC king Charles Martel 732 AD governor of Austria defended the Catholic lands against the Moors won the battle of Tours, saved the church offered a RC comission, refused allowed the Lombards to attack church lands Pepin the Short Son of Charles Martel, converted to RC by his mother stepped up and helped the church, crowned in 751 by the church Upon his death he created the Papal States Donation of Pepin Created the Vatican RC now both political and spiritual entity Oct 28 10:51 AM 1
Charlemagne Son of Pepin began the Carolingian Empire very religious, wanted to establish the old Roman empire to glory defeated the Lombards, Saxons, and Germanic Tribes could not defeat the Moors in S. France established the Pyrenese Mtns. as the S. boundary Christmas Day Crowning 800 AD Pope Leo III crowned him "Holy Roman Emperor" fabulous kingdom At his death, his three sons went into civil war Treaty of Verdun made peace between the brothers divided into East, Middle, and West kingdoms Oct 28 11:16 AM 2
Raiders from the Norseland Raiders from the Norseland The Vikings wreaked havoc all over Europe from late 700's to 800's left Scandanavia in seasonal raids 200 years worth of raids in new boats only attacked during the summer and fall plundered and enslaved people favorite targets > churches and monestaries, built towers sailed down rivers, Med. sea, Black sea, North Africa Average raid sail as close a possible use Berserkers in the front follow with axes, swords, spears take all you can carry (rape and pillage) move on to the next town fill the boat and go home Culture Patriarchal, high esteem for elders lived off of the land in the North death hall of warriors Valhalla funeral pyre at sea, all riches with them Technology new boats with rivots flexible and strong fast sails and low drag in the water (2 3 feet max) combiniaton of sails and Oars Exploration Iceland, Greenland, Vinland Finland, Sweeden, Norway, Denmark Leaders Eric the Red conquered new lands, est. Iceland Leif Ericson found Greenland/Vinland Ragnar Lodbrock story of his sons and the blood red eagle Rollo established a colony "Normandy" in France ASSIGNMENT: Create a set of Viking style Runes using drawings that represent the meaning of each of your runes. Put much effort into this colorful drawing and you will be well rewarded. for reference check out this site http://nlpagan.net/runeimage.htm http://nlpagan.net/runeimage.htm The Magyars invaded from the East killed or carried off everyone in the villages they raided reminded people of the old Huns began calling them the Hungarians settled in modern day Hungary Muslims Attacked and settled in southern Europe, N. Africa, and Spain Came from Asia and Mecca areas Hoped to take slaves and drive out the RC church Took Rome in 846 Pope begged the Franks for help Crushed them and drove them back to Spain Now called the Moors Oct 28 11:23 AM 3
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Feudal Society Nobles were given land from a king had to protect and manage the land in the king's interest grew to have more power than the kings b/c power to protect themselves from invasion Knights were hired soldiers on foot or horse for protection very expensive armor, horse, weapons, pay often given in forms of land needed to have fierce loyalty Land given to someone is called a FIEF Giver of the land is called the LORD Reciever of the land is called the VASSAL it was possible to be both lord and vassal In Feudalism, Each fief provided soldiers, food, and supplies for the general welfare of the kingdom > mutual obligation The Manoral System Nobles gave peasants the right to work the land for a fixed fee (tax) One feif could have many manors Castle or Manor home Pasture, fields, mills, water, woods, village huts Hard labor done by peasants tied to the land called SERFS Stayed with the land even if sold to another lord Close knit families, lived with their animals, slept in straw Raining cats and dogs dont throw the baby out with the bath water dont let the bed bugs bite sleep tight Diet Northern > Beer, pork, bread South > Wine, pork, bread, cheese Men > worked as farmers or artisans Women > kept the house and cared for the family Children > Chores from 2 7, 7+ worked or apprenticed Nobility Not as easy of a life as you might think... much responsibility of managing the manors, failure=removal accountable to the king for production problems with disease and famine Gender roles paterfamilias ruled the manor Primogeniture Boys at 8 years old become squires > Knights sell themsleves into service Girls learn how to run a manor Church Very strongly Roman Catholic religious ceremonies mark major life changes birth, marriage, death parish festivals, nobles gave lands and $ to the church asked monks to pray for them for forgiveness of sins younger sons of nobles > monks younger daughters > nuns Problems nepotism, call for reform To help unify the church, created 7 Sacraments performed by priests and bishops Eucharist #1 most important, transubstantatiation Oct 28 11:53 AM 5
6 Dark Ages.notebook November 13, 2012 Emperor Alexius I was begging for help against the Seljuk Turks who had been threatening his lands in Byzantium. He got Pope Urban II to declare them Infidels because they were Muslim. At the Council of Clermont the pope declared that all who died fighting infidels would be forgiven of all sins. Nov 1 3:53 PM 6
The Crusades The Crusades Led by Pope Urban II November 27, 1095 Crusaders "with marked with a cross" commissioned to right the evils of the Turks, murdering Christians" 1096 1000's of peasants marched against Jerusalem Had been taken by the Muslims reasons to crusade: moral duty adventure free pass into Heaven Led by French and Norman nobles ill prepared and poorly trained wool clothes and heavy armor 1098 took Antioch despite difficulties 1099 took Jerusalem and caught the Turks off guard resistance was very unorganized 70,000 Muslims massacred nobles divided the land into fiefs and made the people vassals 1144 Muslims launch a counter attack more crusaders sent from Europe to defend the holy land failed miserably in Jerusalem replacements came late and too few St. Bernard got Fr. king Louis VII and Ger. king Conrad III to fight 1187 Jerusalem falls back the Muslim hands led by Sala al' Din (Saladin) Turks did not punish the people as they had been punished in the first crusade The Third Crusade Begins being mounted immediately after the fall of Jerusalem Frederick Barbarossa Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Richard Lionheart of England Philip Augustus of France Frederick died Richard and Philip fought over leadership Philip left and went home, Richard went on to Jerusalem Philip attacked Richard's lands in France (Eleanor of Acquitaine) The Fourth Crusade 1202 called by Pope Innocent III sacked and destroyed Constantinople Venetians destroyed it because it was competition for trade Byzantium was weakened so the Ottomans conquered it in 1453 The Children's Crusade 1212 10 year old, Nicholas of Cologne had visions from God 1000's of kids from 5 18 sent to fight "God will protect them" grew tired of walking, hired pirates to take them to fight pirates sold them into slavery Crusade in the West Attacked Spanish Moors, most successful of all Cursade against Heresy Innocent III 1208 Sent an army to attack heretics lasted 20 years, very destructive > the Spanish Inquisition later turned on the Jews "murderers of Chirst" Crusade in the North Andrew II of Hungary built the Teutonic Knights Warrior Monks destroyed paganism in Germany and Prussia very successful, created the Holy Roman Empire Nov 1 3:08 PM 7
Technology in Farming no more invasions, time to begin rebuilding deep plow for European soil three field system built water mills, wind mills Food Production went up, population went up Food Population Time International trade became role of Jewish Merchants became the bankers of Europe Merchants began to control towns, followed by artisans smiths, wrights, skilled labor organized in to guilds controlled output, prices, quality standards Women had a big role, especially with cloth production Kings tax nobles to hire a professional army knights no longer needed begin fighting amongst themselves for dominance adopted CHIVALRY code of conduct in how to act properly be brave, fight fairly, protect women/children/clergy Nobles focus more on arts and poetry > rules for courtly love noble women Eleanor of Aquitaine b. 1122 inherited 1/3 of modern day France married to King Louis VII of France. divorced married Henry II of England he ruled the English part, she ruled the French part helped her sons revolt to overthrow their father, failed, jailed Freed after 15 years, put her son Richard Lionheart on the throne she ruled while he led the 3rd Crusade fought off Philip Augustus most women of the time just had babies... Church leads the way in Education people get more interested in the Classics (Greece and Rome) Aristotle truth comes from reason Christians truth comes from God Thomas Aquinas reason and faith are both necessary to find the truth > Scholasticism= logic and the bible, reason+faith Universities established Latin Grammar Rhetoric Logic The Classics Italy, Paris, England, Germany... Clergy were the teachers later Geometry, Arithmatic, Astronomy, Music >Liberal Arts Created a new "Educated" class Nov 1 3:35 PM 8
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