UNIT 18 Lesson 18.1 Lesson 18.2 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations, and Salutations 473 Capitalizing Names and Titles of People 475 Lesson 18.3 Capitalizing Names of Places 477 Lesson 18.4 Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns and Adjectives 479 Grammar Review 481 Writing Application 487 472
18.1 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations, and Salutations A capital letter appears at the beginning of a sentence. A capital letter also marks the beginning of a direct quotation and the salutation and closing of a letter. RULE 1: Capitalize the first word of every sentence. The country of Canada extends across North America. RULE 2: Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence. A direct quotation gives a speaker s exact words. Duane said, About twenty-nine million people live in Canada. Many Canadians live near the southern border, Regina said. RULE 3: When a quoted sentence is interrupted by explanatory words, such as she said, do not begin the second part of the sentence with a capital letter. Most Canadians, said Minh, live in cities or towns. Canada s largest city, Lois added, is Toronto. When the second part of a quotation is a new sentence, put a period after the interrupting expression and begin the second part of the quotation with a capital letter. I ve been to Toronto, said Paul. My mother was born there. RULE 4: Do not capitalize an indirect quotation. An indirect quotation does not repeat a person s exact words and does not appear in quotation marks. It is often introduced by the word that. Paul said that his mother was born in Toronto. RULE 5: Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed. Dear Mrs. Moulin, To whom it may concern, Yours truly, Sincerely yours, 18.1 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations, and Salutations 473
Exercise 1 Capitalizing Sentences, Quotations, and Salutations Write each sentence. Use capital letters where needed. If a sentence contains no errors, write correct. 1. we were talking about our summer vacations. 2. Renée said, last summer I visited Canada. 3. you were lucky, said Paul, because you went in the summer. 4. Canada has cold winters, Jim remarked. 5. Paul said that summer winds from the Gulf of Mexico often bring hot weather to Canada. 6. does that mean that on some days it s as hot in Canada as it is in Mexico? asked Jim. 7. Jim said that in the Northwest Territories the summers are very short. 8. I m not surprised, said Renée, for the Northwest Territories reach up to the North Pole. 9. anyway, she said, we visited only Quebec. 10. Paul said that he d go to Quebec next year. Exercise 2 Using in a Letter Rewrite the letter, using correct capitalization. The letter contains ten errors. January 2, 2000 dear Jack, my family and I are having a great vacation here in the New Hampshire mountains. Dad says that We may come back again next year. The snow is perfect, and we love the town where we are staying. believe it or not, your cousin is also here on vacation. She told me today that you were not feeling well. perhaps a letter, I said, Will cheer him up. So I sat down after lunch and wrote you this letter. I hope You are feeling better. Next week I will be returning home. then I can visit you in person. your good Friend, Pete 474 Unit 18
18.2 Capitalizing Names and Titles of People A common noun is the general name of a person, place, or thing. A common noun is not capitalized. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing and is capitalized. RULE 1: Capitalize the names of people and the initials that stand for their names. Louis H. Lafontaine S. D. Thompson John Cabot RULE 2: Capitalize a title or an abbreviation of a title when it comes before a person s name or when it is used in direct address. General James Wolfe Dr. Michelle Turner Ms. Chavez In 1610 Captain Hudson searched for a passage to Asia. Later people asked him, Did you find it, Captain? Do not capitalize a title that follows or stands for a person s name. Henry Hudson was captain of a ship. RULE 3: Capitalize the names and abbreviations of academic degrees that follow a person s name. Capitalize Jr. and Sr. Tina Ibarra, Ph.D. Linda Tsang, M.D. David Melo, Jr. RULE 4: Capitalize words that show family relationships when used as titles or as substitutes for a person s name. Last year Father and Aunt Beth retraced Cartier s journey. Do not capitalize words that show family relationships when they follow a possessive noun or pronoun. Jody s uncle took photographs of the voyage. RULE 5: Always capitalize the pronoun I. Champlain is the explorer I admire most. 18.2 Capitalizing Names and Titles of People 475
Exercise 3 Capitalizing Names and Titles Write each item. Use capital letters where needed. 1. ms. lucy jojola 8. jeanette canales, m.d. 15. madame marie curie 2. dr. claude c. islas 9. judge jean luc 16. lord roy nesbett 3. captain richards 10. w. r. mackenzie 17. warren g. malloy jr. 4. aunt anna 11. president jefferson 18. professor talmon 5. richard bennett jr. 12. sir james smith 19. mr. and mrs. ortiz 6. daniel roget, ph.d. 13. mr. robert townsend sr. 20. general davidson 7. uncle louis 14. queen victoria Exercise 4 Using Capital Letters in Names and Titles Write each sentence. Use capital letters where needed for names and titles. 1. In 1497 king henry VII of England hired a navigator. 2. This navigator, john cabot, landed in what is now Canada. 3. The Italian navigator verrazano probably reached Canada in 1524. 4. In 1534 king francis I of France, i believe, sent jacques cartier to the New World. 5. In 1608 another French explorer, champlain, founded Quebec. 6. In 1673 joliet and marquette sailed down the Mississippi River. 7. Nine years later, the explorer la salle claimed for France all the land drained by the Mississippi River. 8. In 1789 sir alexander mackenzie followed a river to the Arctic Ocean. 9. Last year dad and Uncle bill traveled down this river. 10. Pike s Peak was first sighted by mr. zebulon Pike in 1806. The doctor will see you now. This is Dr. Gonzales. 476 Unit 18
18.3 Capitalizing Names of Places The names of specific places are proper nouns and are capitalized. Do not, however, capitalize articles and prepositions that are part of geographical names. RULE 1: Capitalize the names of cities, counties, states, countries, and continents. Toronto Mexico Europe New Hampshire Cook County Hong Kong RULE 2: Capitalize the names of bodies of water and other geographical features. Atlantic Ocean Hudson Bay Cape Cod Mojave Desert the Great Lakes Monument Valley RULE 3: Capitalize the names of sections of the country. the Southwest New England Midwest RULE 4: Capitalize compass points when they refer to a specific section of the country. the East Coast the South the Northeast Do not capitalize compass points when they are used to indicate direction. Mexico is south of San Diego. Do not capitalize adjectives formed from words showing direction. northerly wind eastern Texas RULE 5: Hyde Street RULE 6: Capitalize the names of streets and highways. Hollywood Freeway Capitalize the names of specific buildings, bridges, and monuments. Washington Monument Empire State Building 18.3 Capitalizing Names of Places 477
Exercise 5 Capitalizing Place Names Write each word or group of words. Use capital letters where needed. 1. new mexico 8. amarillo avenue 15. alaska 2. acapulco 9. northern texas 16. portola valley 3. asia 10. san diego freeway 17. southern oregon 4. peru 11. interstate 80 18. washington monument 5. brooklyn bridge 12. chrysler building 19. rocky mountains 6. yucatán peninsula 13. the southeast 20. the united states 7. the pacific northwest 14. indian ocean Exercise 6 Using Capital Letters for Place Names Write each sentence. Use capital letters where needed for geographical names. 1. The country of mexico is south of the united states of america. 2. Mexico is the most northern country in latin america. 3. Its capital and largest city is mexico city. 4. This city of 19 million people has the largest population of any city in north america and south america. 5. The largest cities in mexico exist in the region known as the plateau of mexico. 6. The large peninsula located west of the gulf of california is known as baja california. 7. The sierra madre is part of the rockies. 8. The highest mountain in north america is mount mckinley. 9. Mount mckinley is in central alaska. 10. hawaii is surrounded by the pacific ocean, and puerto rico has the atlantic to the north and the caribbean sea to the south. Exercise 7 Writing Place Names in a Paragraph Write at least five sentences telling about the state you live in. Include the names of cities, rivers, and other specific places. Name the states that border your state. 478 Unit 18
18.4 Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns and Adjectives Many nouns besides the names of people and places are proper nouns and, therefore, are always capitalized. The adjectives that are formed from proper nouns are called proper adjectives and are also always capitalized. Cornee z ALL NATURAL RULE 1: Capitalize all important words in the names of clubs, organizations, businesses, institutions, and political parties. Fraternal Order of Police RULE 2: Girl Scouts Capitalize brand names but not the nouns following them. Downhome cookies Cruncho crackers RULE 3: Capitalize all important words in the names of important historical events, periods of time, and documents. War of 1812 Bronze Age Constitution RULE 4: Capitalize the names of days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Do not capitalize names of the seasons. Monday August New Year s Day spring po p c o r n RULE 5: Always capitalize the first and last words of the titles of literary works, songs, films, television series, magazines, and newspapers. Capitalize all other words except articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions of fewer than five letters. Julie of the Wolves RULE 6: Time magazine Capitalize the names of ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Native American Canadian Italian RULE 7: Capitalize all proper adjectives, including those formed from names of ethnic groups and nationalities. Native American crafts Mexican art Victorian era 18.4 Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns and Adjectives 479
Exercise 8 Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Adjectives Write the following items. Use capital letters where needed. 1. madison school 11. we are the world 2. december 12. chicago tribune 3. world war I 13. international workers union 4. native american poetry 14. my life and difficult times 5. casey at the bat 15. african american stories 6. oliver twist 16. valentine s day 7. input corporation 17. girl scouts of the united states of america 8. mello yogurt 18. popular mechanics magazine 9. french 19. spanish dances 10. japanese 20. declaration of independence Exercise 9 Using Capital Letters for Proper Nouns and Adjectives Write each sentence. Use capital letters where needed for proper nouns and adjectives. 1. Mexico is a latin american country rich in art and tradition. 2. For centuries the arts have played a very important part in mexican life. 3. Long before Columbus discovered america, the maya and toltec peoples built beautiful temples. 4. The aztec people composed music and poetry. 5. The mexican revolution of 1910 changed the course of Mexico s art and literature. 6. Have you read the poem wind and water and stone, by the famous mexican writer Octavio Paz? 7. In Mexico independence day is in september. 8. Holidays in mexico are colorfully celebrated. 9. We learned that mexico is the most southern part of the continent of north america. 10. The names of many cities in the southwestern united states originated from mexican and spanish words. 480 Unit 18
UNIT 18 Grammar Review C APITALIZATION A Secret for Two, by Quentin Reynolds, tells the story of a visually impaired milk deliverer, Pierre Dupin, and Joseph, the horse that drew his wagon. The passage has been annotated to show some of the rules of capitalization covered in this unit. Literature Model from A Secret for Two by Quentin Reynolds Montreal is a very large city, but, like all large cities, it has some very small streets. Streets, for instance, like Prince Edward Street, which is only four blocks long, ending in a cul-de-sac. No one knew Prince Edward Street as well as did Pierre Dupin, for Pierre had delivered milk to the families on the street for thirty years now. During the past fifteen years the horse which drew the milk wagon used by Pierre was a large white horse named Joseph. In Montreal, especially in that part of Montreal which is very French, the animals, like children, are often given the names of saints. When the big, white horse first came to the Provincale Milk Company, he didn t have a name. They told Pierre that he could use the white horse henceforth. Pierre stroked the softness of the horse s neck; he stroked the sheen of its splendid belly, and he looked into the eyes of the horse. That is a kind horse, a gentle and a faithful horse, Pierre said... Name of a street Name of a person First word of a sentence Name of a city Proper adjective Name of a company First word of a direct quotation Grammar Review 481
Grammar Review Review: Exercise 1 Capitalizing Sentences and Quotations Rewrite each sentence, correcting any errors in capitalization. If a sentence has no errors, write correct. SAMPLE ANSWER Pierre Dupin said, no one loves Joseph as much as I do. Pierre Dupin said, No one loves Joseph as much as I do. 1. for most of his adult life, Pierre Dupin delivered milk to the families on Prince Edward Street. 2. after fifteen years of delivering milk, Pierre got his horse, Joseph. 3. the horse would lead his master to each house on the street. 4. Pierre thought, what would I do without my loyal Friend, Joseph? 5. Pierre and Joseph spent many years together in Montreal, Canada. 6. all the families on the street recognized Pierre and Joseph. 7. Pierre said, fifteen years ago my supervisor gave me a horse to pull my milk wagon. 8. Look into his eyes, said the supervisor. this horse will be your faithful friend. 9. Pierre thought His new horse was kind and gentle. 10. I think, said Pierre, That I will name him Joseph. Review: Exercise 2 Using in a Letter Rewrite the following letter, using correct capitalization. The letter contains ten errors. March 19, 2001 dear Sara, Today we read a story about a milk deliverer. My teacher said, class, I know you will like this story. it is one of my favorites. I can see why my teacher says He likes the story so much. last summer you said to me, someday I hope I can have my own horse. you might like to read this story. It s called A Secret for Two. tell me What you think of it. your friend, Chris 482 Unit 18
Grammar Review Review: Exercise 3 Capitalizing Names and Titles of People Rewrite the following names and titles, using correct capitalization. If an item contains no errors, write correct. 1. mr. robert chang 11. governor whitman 2. uncle john 12. dr. chris cross 3. the club s president 13. president lincoln 4. professor r. d. diego 14. emily cox, ph.d. 5. my aunt and uncle 15. e. b. white 6. queen elizabeth 16. mrs. doubtfire 7. margaret lee, m.d. 17. sir edmund hillary 8. lieutenant juarez 18. aunt maria and i 9. the captain of the ship 19. ken griffey jr. 10. ms. evert 20. lady jane grey Review: Exercise 4 Capitalizing Titles and Names of People and Places Write each sentence. Use capital letters where needed. SAMPLE Our art teacher, ms. whitney, showed us paintings from mexico. ANSWER Our art teacher, Ms. Whitney, showed us paintings from Mexico. 1. The brilliant Mexican artist diego rivera painted murals. 2. Born in 1886, rivera became famous for his murals of mexico. 3. Last summer aunt sharice saw the murals in the national palace in mexico city. 4. My aunt then visited the yucatán peninsula. 5. That peninsula is surrounded by the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea. 6. Her tour guide was juan perez, ph.d. 7. One evening dr. perez discussed general santa anna. 8. In 1833 the general became president of mexico. 9. Santa anna led the fight against the American colonists who wanted to take texas from mexico. 10. He was captured in a famous battle fought on the banks of the san jacinto river in 1836. Grammar Review 483
Grammar Review Review: Exercise 5 Capitalizing Proper Nouns Rewrite each sentence, correcting any errors in capitalization. SAMPLE ANSWER Within a year joseph knew the milk route as well as Pierre. Within a year Joseph knew the milk route as well as Pierre. 1. Pierre began his work for the provincale milk company every morning at five o clock. 2. Without any direction from pierre, Joseph stopped at each house on prince edward street. 3. Jacques, the Supervisor of the company, thought that Pierre should retire after thirty years of work. 4. Jacques didn t know that pierre was visually impaired. 5. Only Joseph, i believe, knew Pierre couldn t see. Review: Exercise 6 Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives Rewrite each sentence, correcting any errors in capitalization. SAMPLE ANSWER Montreal is in the canadian province of quebec. Montreal is in the Canadian province of Quebec. 1. The city is located in Southern Quebec, the province s most fertile region. 2. In 1535 Jacques Cartier of france became the first european explorer to reach present-day montreal. 3. The British captured the city in 1760 during the french and indian war. 4. Today french is the official language of Montreal. 5. Montreal is the largest french-speaking city in the world after Paris. 6. In addition to french, english is spoken in Montreal. 7. The St. lawrence river runs Northeast through quebec, a province of Canada. 8. Two states in new england and two canadian provinces border Quebec on the East. 9. Quebec shares its Southern border with New york and vermont. 10. The National capital of canada is ottawa. 484 Unit 18
Grammar Review Review: Exercise 7 Proofreading The following passage is about the artist John Kane, whose work appears below. Rewrite the passage, correcting the errors in spelling, capitalization, grammar, and usage. Add any missing punctuation. There are ten errors. John Kane 1 Born in scotland, John Kane (1860 1934) immigrated to Pennsylvania with his family when he was nineteen. 2 Kane began sketching as a youth, but he couldn t afford to go to Art school. John Kane, Across the Strip, 1929 (continued) Grammar Review 485
Grammar Review 3 The self-taught Artist finally achieved reckognition at the age of sixtyseven with the exhibition of one of his paintings in Pittsburgh. 4 Many of Kanes paintings present detailed images of everyday life in Pittsburgh, where the artist spent much of his life. 5 In Across the Strip, for example, mills and warehouses risen up behind apartment buildings, where clothes are hung out to dry. 6 A man in a horse-drawn wagon delivers bread on a route similar to that in A Secret for two. 7 like Pierre and Joseph, the man and horse is a familiar part of their City s daily life. Review: Exercise 8 Mixed Review Rewrite the following letter, capitalizing all necessary words. You will need to capitalize twenty-five letters. april 21, 20-- dear lenny, Since you were absent last week, I thought I would tell you what we did in our history class. we are learning about pyramids. ms. nelson said that great civilizations thrived in Mexico a thousand years ago. Barry asked, is it true that some native americans built pyramids? Anna answered, at the town of teotihuacán, people built pyramids dedicated to the sun. Our teacher added, in the religious centers of southern Mexico, the mayan people built pyramids with temples on top. In addition, she continued, there are other ancient pyramids. Ms. Nelson then told us about the pyramids in egypt. The Great Pyramid stands near the nile river. It is believed to have been built about 2700 B.C. when pharaoh khufu reigned. some pyramids were actually the tombs of egyptian pharaohs. Maybe we will still be studying pyramids when you return next week. All of us at west middle school miss you. your pal, stan 486 Unit 18
in Writing Study the italicized examples of capitalization in this excerpt from Joseph Bruchac s essay Thanking the Birds. Think about why each is capitalized. One day 30 years ago, Swift Eagle, an Apache man, visited some friends on the Onondaga Indian Reservation in central New York. While he was out walking, he heard sounds of boys playing in the bushes. There s another one. Shoot it! said one of the boys. When he pushed through the brush to see what was happening, he found that they had been shooting small birds with a BB gun. Techniques with Writing Application Try to apply the rules of capitalization in your own writing, just as Joseph Bruchac has done in his. 1 Capitalize adjectives that are formed from proper nouns. INCORRECT VERSION an apache man BRUCHAC S VERSION an Apache man 2 Capitalize the names of specific geographical places. INCORRECT VERSION the onondaga indian reservation BRUCHAC S VERSION the Onondaga Indian Reservation 3 Do not capitalize adjectives formed from words showing direction or location. INCORRECT VERSION Central New York BRUCHAC S VERSION central New York For more about proofreading for capitalization errors, see TIME Facing the Blank Page, page 98. Practice Practice using correct capitalization by revising the following passage on a separate sheet of paper. today the official languages of canada are english and French. however, most of the people of quebec are French-speaking canadians. Although it was the french explorer champlain who founded quebec, the english captured Quebec City during the french and indian war. They acquired quebec by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Over the next few decades thousands of british colonists came to canada from the british Isles and the american colonies. Writing Online For more grammar practice, go to glencoe.com and enter QuickPass code WC67666p2. Writing Application 487