Islam Islam means submission in Arabic Story of Muhammad s life, words, and deeds (hadith) are basis of Islam Teachings of Quran and of Muhammad s life are fulfilled in the life of a community (the umma) CombinaCon of religion and government makes Islam similar to empires
The Origins of Islam The Prophet: His Life and Teaching Visited by Angel Gabriel in 610 C.E. at age forty; visits concnued for twenty years ATer Muhammad s death, his words were memorized and wriven down as the Quran Quran regarded as absolute, uncorrupted word of God Discovery of paper and princng speeds the spread of the Quran
The Origins of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam Declaring the Creed Praying five Cmes a day facing Mecca Giving alms to the poor FasCng each day during Ramadan Making a hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
The Origins of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam [cont.] Jihad (sacred struggle) somecmes called the sixth pillar For some it means the extension of Muslim lands (dar al- Islam) For others it means personal struggle Faithful Muslims will avain paradise Many parallels among Islam, Judaism, and ChrisCanity
The Origins of Islam Responses to Muhammad Residents of Mecca found his moral teachings too demanding and quesconed his mental stability Meccan ChrisCans and Jews did not believe their monotheism needed purificacon Death of many of first- generacon followers caused remainder to relocate
The Origins of Islam Responses to Muhammad [cont.] The Hijira and the Islamic Calendar Muhammad invited to Medina to adjudicate dispute Flight to Medina (622 C.E.) known as hijira and is Year One of the Islamic calendar Converted many in Medina but not Jews Created religious community (umma) interlocked with Islamic government (dar al Islam) Formulated legal code based on the Quran
The Origins of Islam Responses to Muhammad [cont.] Muhammad Extends His Authority Warfare between early Muslims and Mecca with Muhammad ulcmately winning in 630 C.E. Muslims destroyed Meccan idols, captured Ka aba, and turned it and its sacred black rock into Islmaic shrine By Cme of Muhammad s death in 632, Muslims were well on their way to creacng an Arabia- wide federacon dedicated to faith and the policcal structure of Islam
The Origins of Islam Responses to Muhammad [cont.] ConnecCons to Other MonotheisCc Faiths Muslims claim Abraham (Hebrew) as the first Muslim and see Jews, ChrisCans, and Muslims as children of Abraham Accept earlier prophets including Jesus as people whose ideas were later corrupted by followers Believe there will be no further revelacons ChrisCans and Jews allowed to praccce their faith but were subject to a special tax
Successors to the Prophet Problem of successor to Muhammad inically met by eleccon of close associates as caliph Military successes spread Islam: Damascus in 636 and Jerusalem in 638 Administered conquered lands with garrison towns which were unstable Islam an empire or a religion?
Successors to the Prophet Religious Conflict and Sunni- Shi a Division Should caliph be from Muhammad s family [Shi ites] or from Ummayid clan of recent caliphs [Sunni]? Two Shi a caliphs were assassinated and war broke out (680); eleven Shi a imams or caliphs were assassinated in all Shi a wanted imam to model religious principles; opponents saw post as policcal
Successors to the Prophet Religious Conflict and the Sunni- Shi a Division [cont.] Hereditary line of Muhammad s family ended with the disappearance of the twelth imam Office of caliph no longer exists but dispute concnues 83% of Muslims are Sunni today
Successors to the Prophet Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire Urban life eroded tribal life, created class differences, and mixed Arab and non- Arab elites Used ByzanCne and Persian governing praccces Revolts from 740s onward but some military victories including Talas River (751), which halted Chinese advance westward
Successors to the Prophet The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs From northern Iran Abbasids claimed caliphate in 750 ConCnued imperial quest of the Umayyids Abbasids successfully ruled empire for a century with centralized administracon and good local relacons
Successors to the Prophet The Weakening of the Caliphate Abbasids faced succession issues and civil war Began to rely more on slave troops Civilian administracon became more corrupt Tax colleccon became exploicve
Successors to the Prophet The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont.] The Emergence of Quasi- Independent States Distance of rulers from people prompted revolts Ismaili and Shi ite leaders promoted rebellion In 945 rebels took control of Baghdad and effeccvely ended the empire, but allowed Abbasids to concnue to rule in name only Arrival of Seljuk Turks led to creacon of sultanate over government while Abbasids administered the religious side (1055)
Successors to the Prophet The Weakening of the Caliphate [cont.] Mongols and the DestrucCon of the Caliphate Temujin (later called Chinngis Khan) forged alliance with Turks and built extensive empire Hulegu conquered Baghdad (1258) and executed Abbasid caliph Death of Hulegu s brother and military defeat ended expansion of Mongol empire Muslims concnued to expand and win converts despite military defeats
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Fall of Caliphate in 1258 meant fall of umma Some scholars saw this as decline of Islam Others point to concnued spread of Islam and its acceptance by Mongol descendents Current distribucon of Muslims shows presence in areas never reached by Caliph or converted ater end of caliphate
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Islam Reaches New Peoples India Muslim raids into India led to conquest of Delhi by 1211 and creacon of Delhi Sultanate (1211-1526) Controlled subconcnent by 1335 Most Muslim rulers accommodated Hinduism Converts to Islam escaped untouchable status Many Muslims were near the top of the social hierarchy
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont.] Southeast Asia Most conversions occurred in 14-15th centuries Sub- Saharan Africa Islam arrived via traders and Sufis Ghana was major trading center, rival of Arabs Traders converted to Islam; masses in 19th century Wave of conversions accompanied defeat of Ghana by Almoravids
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Islam Reaches New Peoples [cont.] Sub- Saharan Africa [cont.] Mansa Musa of Mali, orthodox Muslim, made hajj in 1324 and revealed wealth of area Timbuktu a major center of learning Spread of Islam into East Africa met fierce resistance in ChrisCan Ethiopia
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Law Provides an InsCtuConal FoundaCon Legal system of Islam, shari a, survived fall of caliph Can use any of a group of legal interpretacons Abu Hanifah, Malik ibn Anas, Muhammad al- Shafii, Ahmed ibn Hanbal Exercise primary influence in different regions Laws administered by religious scholars (ulama)
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Sufis Provide Religious MysCcism The Role of MysCcism Rose as rejeccon of materialism of Umayyad Sufis enabled followers to experience God directly Sufis avracted adherents with simplicity Some emphasized ecstacc praccces while others were more sober and meditacve
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Intellectual Achievements History Formal history introduced by al- Tabari (c. 839-923) Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was first to apply social science theory to the understanding of history Favored cyclical view of history where new waves of invasion introduced new cycles of history
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Intellectual Achievements [cont.] Philosophy Encountered philosophy from Greeks and Indians AVracted to Platonism and neo- Platonism Mutazilites argued that Quran should be seen as metaphorical, not literal, word of God Enabled ChrisCan and Jewish philosophers to encounter Greek and Indian texts
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Intellectual Achievements [cont.] MathemaCcs, Astronomy, and Medicine Astronomy texts from India to Baghdad by 770 al- Khwarazmi (d. c. 846) developed algebra Medical cures were spread around the empire Qanum fi l- 9bb (Canon of Medicine) of ibn Sina (d. 1037) dominated ChrisCan medical thinking for three hundred years
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering The Extension of Technology Islam a communicacon network conneccng all major Eurasia civilizacons Exchanged informacon with all of them Agricultural exchange extensive Used irrigacon to offset absence of monsoon rains prevalent in India, source of many new crops
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering City Design and Architecture Muslim governments built great cices Mosques were a necessary element of every city and neighborhood WriCngs of Ibn BaVuta underscore link between cices, commerce, and travel
RelaCons with Non- Muslims Dhimmi Status Three choices for non- Muslim in Muslim state Conversion Dhimmi Status For worshippers of one God who accepted Muslim rule Status defined by The Pact of Umar (634-644) Paid special tax but could worship in their own faith Couldn t build new churches, seek converts, wear Muslim clothing, or build houses higher than Muslim houses Fight against the Muslim state
RelaCons with Non- Muslims The Crusades (1095-1291) Called by Pope Urban II at request of Alexius I Were policcal as much as religious efforts Early crusades were successful and brutal European crusaders were mercenaries Crusades could capture but not hold holy places of ChrisCanity Crusades divided ChrisCanity along east- west lines
RelaCons with Non- Muslims A Golden Age in Spain Berbers revitalized Spanish culture and broke ByzanCne control of trade in western Mediterranean End of Spanish caliphate (1030) opened door to start of ChrisCan reconquista Rich hybrid culture survived in midst of reconquista Ferdinand and Isabella defeated Muslims in 1492 and expel Jews from Spain; Muslims follow
Judaism, ChrisCanity, and Islam: What Difference Do They Make? Sources of friccon among religions with common heritage Are proselyczing religions in search of converts Each sought to be the government in its areas of predominance Each became idencfied with a specific geographic region But there was also peaceful coexistence