Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi Already back, but not yet returned from exile
Approaching Haggai Who was Haggai and what were his times? What are the structure and themes in Haggai? How does Haggai point us forward to Jesus and the NT?
Approaching Haggai Who was Haggai and what were his times? Haggai the prophet (1:1) was well known to his contemporaries It is likely that Haggai returned with the 50,000 exiles from Babylon in 538 BC (Ezra 2:64). In 536 BC, Joshua the priest and Zerubabbel the governor began to rebuild the temple (Ezra 3)
Approaching Haggai Who was Haggai and what were his times? Those who returned faced a number of difficulties: Land had lain fallow; homes were in disrepair Those who had been left behind took over the land, creating difficult legal situations (cf. Jer 52:15-16; Ezek 11:3, 15) Rebuilding Jerusalem and the male faced external opposition (Ezra 4:1-5, 5:3-5) Initial steps toward rebuilding the temple met with discouraging comments (Ezra 3:12-13)
Approaching Haggai Who was Haggai and what were his times? As a result, work on the temple stopped. Sixteen years passed until Haggai and Zechariah were able to persuade the people to work on the temple again (Ezra 5:1-2; 6:13-14) Work began in 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I (Ezra 5-6; see chart 1). Haggai s prophecies are all dated in relationship to his reign and all occur between August and December in that year (see chart 2) As a result of these prophecies, the temple was completed in 516-515 BC.
Persia s kings 559-530 BC Cyrus the Great Daniel 10-12 530-522 BC Cambyses 522 BC Bardiya 522-486 BC Darius I Haggai (520 BC), Zechariah 485-465 BC Xerxes I Esther 465-424 BC Artaxerxes I Ezra-Nehemiah 424 BC Xerxes II 424-404 BC Darius II 404-358 BC Artaxerxes II 358-338 BC Artaxerxes III 338-336 BC Artaxerxes IV 336-330 BC Darius III defeated by Alexander the Great; Daniel 8 330-329 BC Artaxerxes V
Haggai s Oracles Oracle Reference Date First 1:1 1st Day of 6th month (Aug 29, 520 BC) Second 1:15 24th Day of 6th month (Sept 21, 520 BC) Third 2:1 21st Day of 7th month (Oct 17, 520 BC) Fourth 2:10 24th Day of 9th month (Dec 18, 520 BC) Fifth 2:20 24th Day of 9th month (Dec 18, 520 BC)
Approaching Haggai What are the structure and themes in Haggai? The focus of this little book is the rebuilding of the temple it is structured around four/five oracles, that represent condensations of Haggai s larger sermons. There are key repeated phrases that cause the oracles to hang together: Consider your ways (1:5, 7; 2:15, 18) I will shake (2:6, 7, 21)
Approaching Haggai What are the structure and themes in Haggai? Oracle #1: Consider your ways you build your own houses but leave mine a ruin (1:1-12) It s been 16 years since work on the temple began the people delay in building the Lord s house while they work on their own (1:2-3) The reason why the people have not prospered is because they have not honored the Lord s house (1:9-11) Oracle #2: I am with you, so rebuild my house (1:13-15)
Approaching Haggai What are the structure and themes in Haggai? Oracle #3: This house will have greater glory than the previous one (2:1-9) The new temple was criticized because it was not as glorious as Solomon s temple (Ezra 3:12-13) God promises that this second temple would have greater glory and would be the place of peace (2:9) He would do this by shaking the world and the nations will come (2:7-8)
Approaching Haggai What are the structure and themes in Haggai? Oracle #4: Consider your ways, I will now bless you instead of judging you (2:10-19) In the face of all the negative things that happened (cf. 1:9-11), God would now bless his people because they worked on his temple (2:19) Oracle #5: I am with you you are my signet ring (2:20-23) In Jer 22:24-26, God tells Jehoiachin that he would cast him aside, like a man tearing a signet ring from his finger. But here, God tells Zerubabbel, a descendent of Jehoiachin that he would make you like my signet ring (2:23).
Approaching Haggai How does Haggai point us forward to Jesus and the NT? The glory of the Second Temple: There is no record of the Shekinah Glory of God resting on the second temple as he did with Solomon s (1 Kings 8:10-11) And yet, God s glory would come to that temple (John 1:14) and through the work of the Great High Priest, shalom would come. The shaking of the world (cf. Haggai 2:6 with Hebrews 12:25-29)
Approaching Zechariah Who was Zechariah and what were his times? What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? How does Zechariah point us forward to Jesus and the NT?
Approaching Zechariah Who was Zechariah and what were his times? Zechariah was a priest, the son of Berechiah and grandson of Iddo (1:1). He was a member of a priestly family that returned from exile (Neh 12:4). He began his ministry in 520 BC and began prophesying a few months after Haggai (1:1; Oct 520 BC) and he joined Haggai in urging the returning exiles to build the temple (Ezra 5:1-2; 6:13-14)
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? One of the major issues with Zechariah is the significant difference between chaps 1-8 and chaps 9-14. Chapters 1-8 focus more on the immediate concerns of the restoration community the rebuilding of the temple, the leadership of Joshua and Zerubabbel, the problem of sin in the renewed community. Chapters 9-14 seem less oriented to issues of immediate concern, but focused on future, eschatological issues. As a result, critical scholarship believes that chapters 9-14 are from a different author and period.
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? But it seems clear that there are a number of themes that link the two sections together into a whole: Jerusalem s importance 1:12-16, 9:8-10 Cleansing of the community 3:1-9, 12:10 Gentiles in God s Kingdom 2:11, 9:7, 10 Outpouring the Spirit 4:6, 12:10 Regathering the exiles 2:6, 10:9-10 The Messiah 3:8, 9:9-10
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? The night visions (1-6) This section is arranged in a loose chiasm, to center attention on Zech 3-4 as the central message. The section opens with the word of the Lord coming to Zechariah the prophet with a call to God s people to return to him (1:1-6); It closes with the word of the Lord coming to Word of the Lord coming to Zechariah the prophet with a call to crown Joshua, the priest-king, with the promise of the Branch to come (6:9-15)
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? The night visions (1-6) B sections Night vision 1: four horsemen God promises to return in mercy and to rebuild his temple (1:7-17) Night vision 8: four chariots God declares that he finds rest for his Spirit in the north (6:1-8) C sections Night vision 2: Four horns/craftsmen Judgment upon Judah s oppressors (1:18-21) Night vision 7: Woman in the basket judgment upon Judah s oppressors (5:5-11)
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? The night visions (1-6) D sections Night vision 3: Man with the measuring line: God will regather Israel and dwell in her midst (2:1-13) Night vision 6: Flying scroll: Wickedness will be banished from Israel (5:1-4) E sections (the central visions) Night vision 4: Reclothing Joshua: righteous robes for God s people (3:1-10) Night vision 5: Golden lamp stands: the Holy Spirit for God s people (4:1-14)
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? From Fasts to Feasts (7-8) This oracle dates to December 518 BC, after the ceremony to reestablish the temple but before its completion (7:1) God tells his people that they will no longer mourn, but now I will return to Zion and dwell in Jerusalem (8:2). The result will be that the nations will come to worship Yahweh (8:23)
Approaching Zechariah What are the structure and themes in Zechariah? The return of the king (9-14): divided into two major oracles First oracle: Leaders and their people (9-11) The coming king through whom God will save his people (9:9-17) Second oracle: People and their leaders (12-14) This coming king is from the house of Judah, a Davidic king who will be pierced for God s people (12:10-13:1)
Approaching Zechariah How does Zechariah point us forward to Jesus and the NT? One estimate suggests that Zechariah is quoted in the NT over 65 times with the majority of these references in Revelation. The Messianic King riding on a donkey (9:9; Matt 21:5) The Davidic King who is pierced and betrayed (11:12-13, 12:10; Matt 26:15, 27:9-10, John 19:34, 37) The Shepherd King who is emitted (13:7; Matt 26:31)
Approaching Malachi Who was Malachi and what were his times? What are the structure and themes in Malachi? How does Malachi point us forward to Jesus and the NT?
Hebrew names for the books Hebrew arrangement and classification English arrangement and classification Approximate dates concerned In the beginning These are the names And he called In the wilderness These are the words Torah Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Law (Pentateuch) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy the beginning to c. 1400 BC Joshua Judges 1-2 Samuel 1-2 Kings Former prophets Joshua Judges 1-2 Samuel 1-2 Kings History Joshua Judges Ruth 1-2 Samuel 1-2 Kings 1-2 Chronicles 1400-1380 BC 1380-1050 BC 1200-1150 BC 1100-971 BC 971-560 BC 1010-539 BC Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel The book of the Twelve: Hosea-Malachi Latter prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel The book of the Twelve: Hosea-Malachi Ezra Nehemiah Esther Poetry and Wisdom Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs 539-450 BC 445-410 BC 483-474 BC No specific historical period covered Praises Job Proverbs Ruth Song of Songs The Preacher How! Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah 1-2 The Words of the days The writings Psalms Job Proverbs Ruth Song of Songs Ecclesiastes Lamentations Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah 1-2 Chronicles Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea-Malachi 739-530 BC 627-580 BC 586 BC 593-570 BC 605-530 BC 760-460 BC
Approaching Malachi Who was Malachi and what were his times? We don t know anything about Malachi (1:1). His name means my messenger, but there is no further identification. While the book s lack of identification makes it difficult to date, there are some clues: The temple and its sacrificial system appear to be re-established (Mal 1:10; 3:1, 8); hence, it would have to be after 515 BC. There are significant parallels between the sins that Malachi observes and those Nehemiah chastises (see chart) Hence, it is likely that Malachi prophesied around the time of Ezra- Nehemiah, 475-450 BC
Parallels between Malachi and Nehemiah Named sin Malachi Nehemiah Corrupt priests 1:6-2:9 13:7-9 No concern to keep the Sabbath 2:8-9; 4:4 13:15-22 Mixed marriages 2:11-15 13:23-27 Social problems 3:5 5:1-13 Failure to tithe 3:8-10 13:10-14
Approaching Malachi What are the structure and themes in Malachi? The book is arranged as a series of six disputations, as God and his people argue. God accuses his people of failures and his people dispute this (see outline). Underlying this dialogue is God s continued commitment to the covenant (1:2-5). Three covenants mentioned especially: The covenant with Levi (2:8) The covenant with the fathers The covenant of marriage (2:10-16)
Approaching Malachi What are the structure and themes in Malachi? God is determined that his name would be great among the nations (1:11) and so he will send his messenger who will prepare the Lord s way (3:1) When the Lord comes, it will be the Day of the Lord (3:2) judgment and salvation will come (4:1-2). This Day is certain; God will not change his mind (3:6) The book ends with two appendixes, urging God s people to observe his law and to look for his coming prophet (4:4-6).
Approaching Malachi How does Malachi point us forward to Jesus and the NT? Mark 1:2 opens with a quotation of Malachi 3:1 and Isaiah 40:3 the messenger who prepared the Lord s way was John the Baptist (Matt 11:7-15; Luke 7:18-35). That means that Jesus himself was the Lord who was come, who brought the Day of the Lord, judgment and salvation to his people for the sake of the nations.