MIDDLE EAST
Middle East Climate
Deserts Sahara (North Africa) & Arabian Desert
Desert Landscape Sand dunes 15% of Sahara Rocky desert 85% of Sahara
Areas With Freshwater Areas with Mediterranean Climate Same climate as So. Cal. Rainy winter, Dry summer On Med. coast above 32 o N
Areas With Water Mountains Atlas Mtns. Zagros Mtns. Yemen
Mountains of Yemen
Areas With Water River Valleys Nile River Tigris & Euphrates
River Valleys Ancient Civilizations Nile Valley - Egypt
LANGUAGES Arabic Originated in Arabian Peninsula South of Taurus & Zagros Mtns.
Arabic
LANGUAGES Non-Arab Mountainous North Turkish Farsi in
LANGUAGES Hebrew in.
ISLAM Followers are Muslims Began with Muhammad Lived ~ 600 AD Born in Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Holiest City
Five Pillars of Islam 1. Make a profession of faith There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet
PILLARS OF ISLAM 2. Pray 5x/day towards Mecca 3. Charity
PILLARS OF ISLAM 4. Daytime fasting during Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
Islam Division Sunni Muslims Most Muslim countries Shi ite Muslims Iran, Iraq
THE MAGHREB 3 Countries: M.A.T. Were French Colonies until 1950s Atlas Mtns. Med. Climate Sahara
ATLAS MOUNTAINS Over 13,000 in Highest mtns
MOROCCO Strait of Gibraltar
MOROCCO Casablanca
EGYPT Most Populated Nile River Water supply Floods Deposited fertile silt
Nile River Valley 95% of Egypt s pop.
Aswan High Dam & Lake Nasser Benefits: Electricity Year-round irrigation More ag production Benefits of Dam:
Aswan High Dam & Lake Nasser Negative Effects: Silt trapped. No more floods depositing fertile silt Med Sea fishing
Cairo Largest city Only subway
Giza Pyramids
Alexandria 2 nd largest city Summer
Suez Canal Mediterranean Red Sea Built 1860s By Brit & French 1956 Egypt gained control Tolls
Sinai Peninsula Mt. Sinai
Mt. Sinai Moses 10 Commandments
LEBANON Mediterranean Climate No desert
LEBANON Mountains (10,000 ) Cedar Forests
LEBANON Beirut - capital
LEBANON Ancient Home of the Phoenicians Became Christian Arab Conquest, 700 AD Brought Islam Under French control 1920s-1940s French is the 2 nd language
LEBANON Diverse population 60% Muslim 40% Christian
LEBANON Civil War 1980s Christians vs. Muslims Emigration of Christians Peaceful now
ISRAEL 1/50 the size of Calif. Unique religion/language of the Mid East
Israel s People 80% Jewish, Hebrew-speaking
ISRAEL S PEOPLE 20% Muslim Arabs
ISRAEL Country est. 1948 Historically called Palestine Med. Sea in west Water Features in east Sea of Galilee Main source of freshwater Jordan River Dead Sea
DEAD SEA 1300 below sea level. Lowest elevation.. Extremely salty
Dead Sea
ISRAEL S CLIMATE North ½ Med climate Rainy in winter South ½ - Negev Desert
Negev Desert in South
The Promised Land of the Jews God promised Palestine to Abraham s Descendants Jews are Abraham s Descendants Jerusalem Jewish Capital King Solomon s temple Destroyed in 70 A.D. Western Wall remains Holiest Place for Jews
Jerusalem Dome of the Rock Holy for Muslims Muhammad rose to heaven
Jerusalem Holiest Place for Christians Jesus death (crucifixion) & resurrection
Arab-Jewish Conflict Britain ruled 1920s 1940s 1947 - UN plan to divide Palestine Jewish state ( Israel ) (green on map) Est. 1948 Arab state ( Palestine ) (yellow on map) Not accepted by Arabs
Arab-Jewish Conflict Both believe Palestine should be theirs Promised land for Jews Arabs lived there 700-1900s AD
ARAB-JEWISH WARS Israel conquered additional land after 1948 West Bank Gaza Strip
JORDAN Desert Petra
SYRIA Civil War 2011-Present (2016) 3-way war Govt, Rebels, & ISIS ( Islamic State ) ISIS Group of Islamic extremists Want strict Islamic law Conquering much of Syria & Iraq Violence against: Christians Moderate Muslims
SYRIA S CIVIL WAR Mass Migration of Refugees 4 mln left Syria (20% of population) Many trying to go to Europe Esp. Germany
IRAQ Mesopotamia T & E Rivers World s first: Agriculture Cities (Babylon )
IRAQ Was led by Saddam Hussein Overthrown in U.S. invasion 2003 ISIS controls parts of Iraq
ARABIAN PENINSULA Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Qatar Bahrain Kuwait
Desert Nomads Bedouins Herders of
PERSIAN GULF 60% of World s Oil #1 Saudi Arabia
Oil Exports from the Persian Gulf Exported to: Europe & Japan USA (12% of U.S. oil demand)
PERSIAN GULF CITIES Oil Wealth Rapid Urban Development
DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES World s tallest building
DUBAI Incredible shopping malls
TURKEY In Europe & Asia
BOSPORUS STRAIT Europe Asia
ISTANBUL On the Bosporus Old name: Constantinople Center for Christianity until 1400s
TURKEY S CLIMATE Mostly Mediterranean No desert Xlnt Agriculture
Iran Old name = Persia 1979 Revolution Relations with USA Trying to develop Nuclear Weapons?
AFGHANISTAN Desert & Mtns (25,000 ) Difficult to conquer or control
Afghan People Muslim, but not Arab Pashto Language Very Poor Opium
AFGHANISTAN HISTORY Ruled by Taliban, 1990s Permitted al-qaeda training bases Osama bin Laden founded/funded Al-Qaeda From Saudi Arabia Killed 2011