The syntax and semantics of causative constructions in Balsapuerto Shawi Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Jan 28th Fieldwork Forum-UCB Grammar profile (1) a-sahka-te-r-awe CUS-trabajar-PS-PRG-1ª P.SG.SUJ. I cause (someone) to work. (2) pa -kir-awe INMIN-romper-1ª P.SG.SUJ I break something. (3) Ina-ken ni ni-ne-n he-gen dog-lien-3ªp.ps His dog (of him) Table 1: blique cases in Shawi Case Genitive -ken blative -eran Locative -ke Essive -we Comitative -re Benefactive -mare Limitative -ware Suffix (4) Ka tanan-k-eran a na-wi pantapi-ø masa-r-aw(e). I jungle LC-BL one-cls banana-bs pick-sup -1ªP.SG.SUJ. I pick one banana from the jungle. (5) Ina Nunshinisha -ke yahpiri -ø ya-ka n-in. I Canoapuerto-LC juane-bs DESID-eat-3ªP.SG.SUJ. He was to eat a juane in Canoapuerto. 1
(6) Ina sahkata-r-in mayistru-we. he work-sup-3ªp.suj teacher-esiv He works as a teacher. (7) Ka nansa-r-aw(e) ina sanawi-ru-ku I dance-sup-1ªp.sg.suj this woman-cmit-1ª P.SG I dance with this woman. Table 2: Grammatical relations in Balsapuerto Shawi Grammatical phenomenon lignment Case marking Ergative-bsolutive Verbal agreement Intransitive/Transitive: Nominative-ccusative ( ctive-stative?) Ditransitive: Primative-secundative Word order Ergative-absolutive Causatives in Shawi 1. Lexical causatives (8) Wa an-ø pei-n-en-ke chimin-in. apu-bs house-lien-3ªp.ps-lc die-3ªp.sg.suj The apu dies/died at home. Causative version: (9) Ka-ri a na-pi sana-pi-ø tehpa-r-aw(e). yo-erg one-cls woman-cls-bs kill-sup-1ªp.sg-suj I kill a woman. 2
(10) Pei-n-ewe-(e)ran ka-ø pihpi-ra-r-aw(e). house-lien-1ªp.ps-bl I-BS I m going out of my house. go out-prg-sup-1ªp.suj Causative version: (11) Ka unkui-ra-r-aw(e) ya wi caja-n-ewe-(e)ran. I take out-prg-py-1ªp.sg-suj pijuayo box-lien-1ªp.ps-bl I m taking out pijuayos from the box. (12) Mi ne ya -ki-r-in. mocahua The mocahua breaks. NTICUS-break-PY-3ªP.SG.SUJ Causative version: (13) Mi ne-ø pa -ki-r-awe mocahua INMIN-break-PY-1ªP.SG.SUJ I break the mocahua. 2. Causatives with ichi- 3
Tabla 3: Causativisation process cwith ichi- Formal process Non-causativised form Causativised form Intransitive (S) Transitive (-) (14) Ina-ø nansa-r-in. S he-bs dance-py-3ªp.sg.suj He dances. Transitive (-) (16) Kema-ø i sha -ø u u-r-an. Ditransitive (1-2-) you-erg? water-bs drink-py- 2ªP.SG.SUJ (15) Ka-ø ichi-nansa-r-awe ina-ø. I-ERG You drink water. wate)r. CUS.SC-dance-PY-1ª.P.SG.SUJ él-bs I make him dance (but i participate in the dance as well; but I help him dance). (17) Ka i sha -ø ichi-u u-r-an-(n)ke. 1 2 I-ERG water-bs CUS.SC-drink-1ªSG.SUJ-2ªSG.BJ I make you drink water (and I drink water with you/ I help you drink (18) Ka wina-we -ri man-ini nu pa-ø. 1 son-1ªp.ps-erg plow-3ªp.sg.suj tierra-bs My son plows the soil (19) I ya mashu-ri ichi-man-ini nu pa -ø ka wina-we -ø 1 2 brother oldman-erg CUS.SC-plow-3ª.P-SJ soil-bs 1 son-1ª.p.ps- BS My brother makes my son plow the soil (but he plows the soil with him/ but he helps him plow it). 3. Causatives with a- 4
Table 4: Causativisation process with a- Formal process Non-causativised form Causativised form (20) Ina-ø sahka-te-r-in. (21) Ka-ri a-sahka-te-r-aw(e) ina-ø. Intransitive (S) S Transitive he-abs work-ps-py-3ªp.sg.suj I-ERG CUS-work-PS-1ªP.SG.SUJ he-bs (-(ex S)) He worked. I make him work/ I make him work while supervising him. Transitive (-) Ditransitive (1-2(ex )- ) (22) Ka-ri tanta-ø ka -n-aw(e) I-ERG bread-bs eat-py-1ªp.sg.suj I eat bread. (24) Ka-ri nara-ø a ne-r-aw(e). I-ERG tree-bs cut-py-1ªp.sg.suj I cut a tree. (23) Kema-ri tanta-ø a-ka -n-an-ku. 1 2 you-erg bread-bs CUS-eat-SUP-2ªP.SG.SUJ-1ªP.SG.BJ You make me eat bread/ You make me eat bread and you see me doing it. (25) Ina-ri nara-ø a-a ne-r-in-ku. 1 2 I-ERG tree-bs CUS-cut-SUP-3ªP.SG.SUJ-1ªP-SG.BJ He makes me cut a tree/he makes me cut a tree while watching me doing it. 5
Tabla 5: Equivalence between morphological causative a- and periphrastic causatives Morphosyn tactic mechanism Example Translation Preffix a- (26) Ka-ri-nke a-yunkat-au-(n)ke. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ CUS-swim-1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.BJ (27) Ka-ri-nke a pa-r-an-(n)ke yunk-asu. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ 2ªP.SG.INF.PSL order?-1ªp.sg.suj-2ªp.sg.bj swim- (28) Ka-ri-nke aku-r-an-(n)ke yunk-asu. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ put-1ªp.sg.suj-2ªp.sg.bj swim- Periphrasis 2ªP.SG.INF.PSL (29) Ka-ri-nke nin-an-(n)ke yunk-asu. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ make-1ªp.sg.suj-2ªp.sg.bj swim- 2ªP.SG.INF.PSL (30) Ka-ri-nke sha wi-te-r-an-(n)ke yunk-asu. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ tell-pl? -1ªP.SG.SUJ-2ªP.SG.BJ swim- 2ªP.SG.INF.PSL (31) Ka-ri-nke ten-an-(n)ke yunk-asu. I-ERG-2ªP.SG.BJ say-1ªp.sg.suj-2ªp.sg.bj swim-2ªp.sg.inf- PSL Ι make you swim. 6