1 Maccabees, 68, 110, 111, 138 2 Maccabees, 110, 112 3 Maccabees, 141 4Q171 ii 18 19, 129 4Q267, 130 4Q306 i 2, 130 11QPsalms 24:4 5, 129 70 year prophecy. See seventy-year prophecy Abba Gurion (Midrash), 80, 87, 165, 166, 179, 181, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 198, 208, 209, 210, 213 Abbaye (amora), 147, 149, 150, 216 Additions to Esther. See Esther, Greek version Agag, 86, 117, 223 Alexandria, 112, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 129, 139, 156, 158, 159, 183 allusive keyword, 74, 111, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147 Alpha Text, 35 37 al-yahūdu, 8 Amalek, 86, 88, 171, 172, 173, 175 Aramaic Levi Document, 132 Arch of Titus, 183 Artaxerxes, 125, 127, 155, 177, 178, 181 Babylonian Esther Midrash, 163 64 Babylonian Talmud, 171, 198 Arakhin 10b, 201 Avoda Zara 10b-11a, 190 Avoda Zara 38a, 193 Baba Batra 14b, 124 Berakhot 58a, 187 Hullin 139a, 204 Hullin 139b, 98 Kiddushin 66a, 147 51 Megillah 2b, 187 Megillah 7a, 171 Megillah 11a, 174, 176, 189, 194 Megillah 11b, 203 Megillah 12a, 182, 189, 196 Megillah 12b, 182, 189, 190 Megillah 12b 13a, 223 Megillah 13a, 193, 212, 221 Megillah 13b, 174, 196, 215, 221 Megillah 14a, 201, 202 Megillah 15a, 192, 199, 211, 222 Megillah 15b, 179, 208, 212, 215 Megillah 16a, 174, 213 Megillah 16b, 180, 218, 223 Menahot 64d 65a, 180 Rosh ha-shana 3b, 181 Sanhedrin 74a b, 216 Sanhedrin 98a, 190 Sanhedrin 100a, 220 Shabbat 23a, 172 Shabbat 33b, 188 Shabbat 88a, 217 Bar Koseba, 160, 188, 201, 204 Bavli. See Babylonian Talmud Belshazzar, 178 Bereshit Rabbah 22:9, 205 30:8, 174 36:1, 205 39:13, 212 63:7, 185 67:4, 195 Bhabha, Homi, 94 Bigtan and Teresh, 71, 80, 148 Bilshan, 179 canonization, 152 60 Chronicles Chronicles, First 14:17, 103 22:10, 186 29, 100 29:1, 45 29:19, 45, 100 256
257 Chronicles, Second 2:13, 100 2:14, 100 3:14, 100 14:13, 103 17:10, 103 19:7, 103 20:29, 103 Chronology, Rabbinic, 176 81 Cyrus, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 42, 176, 177, 178, 181, 189, 190, 205 Daniel 1, 94, 193 2, 174 2:19, 192 2:38, 189 2:49, 191 3, 195 3:31, 191 5, 43, 123, 177, 182 6:26, 191 7, 174 Daniel (book), politics of, 43 Daniel (person), 30 Darius the Mede, 178 dāt (law), 58 61 David (King), 64 Dead Sea Scrolls, 129 34 Deuteronomy 4:8, 59 4:34, 11, 117 6:22, 117 7:19, 117 12:9 10, 102 16:3, 13, 14 25, 173 25:19, 173 26:8, 117 29:2, 117 31:18, 98, 204 34:11, 117 Dura Europos, 152 55 Eikhah 5.3, 181 Eikhah Rabbah 5:3, 181 Elephantine, 48, 104 Elijah, 97 Enoch, 132 Enuma Elish, 36 37 Esau, 172, 173, 175, 194 Esther, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 1, 61, 62 1:1, 44 1:2, 185, 186 1:3, 215 1:4, 99 1:6, 99 1:8, 58 1:10, 184 1:12, 187 1:13 15, 59 1:17 20, 60 1:19, 87 1:20, 225 1:22, 60 10, 95, 104, 125 10:3, 89 2, 144 2:4, 212 2:5, 198 2:5 6, 51, 86, 148, 213 2:7 (Greek), 221 2:8, 61 2:9, 215 2:12, 61 2:19, 191 2:20, 86, 121 2:21, 129, 191 2:23 3:1, 212 3:1, 72, 206 3:2 4, 70 3:4, 70 3:6, 173 3:7, 130 3:8, 61 3:12, 90 3:15, 195 4, 61, 74 4:1, 194, 210 4:1 2, 75, 90 4:3, 225 4:8 (Greek), 121 4:14, 70 4:15 17, 91 4:16 17, 199 5:1, 74, 91 5:4 5, 91 5:7, 129 5:8, 91 5:9, 148 5:13, 75 6:1, 91, 120, 195, 206, 208 6:1 (Greek), 206 6:2, 129 6:13, 120 6:13 (Greek), 121 7:7, 88 7:10, 213
258 Esther (cont.) 8:1, 144 8:11, 87 8:15, 143, 144 8:17, 225 9:2, 174, 192 9:15, 87 9:24, 117 9:28, 219 9:29 31, 96 Addition A, 116 Addition A 17, 115 Addition B, 114 Addition C, 119 Addition D, 119 Addition E, 141 Addition E 10, 117 Addition E 10 14, 118 Addition E 24, 139 Addition F, 117 Addition F7, 117 Esther Rabbah, 165 1:1, 179, 190 1:3, 215 1:10, 184 1:12, 187 1:13, 184 1:14, 185 2:1, 182, 189 2:5, 198 2:7, 184 2:10, 184 2:11, 182 3:3, 184 3:10 15, 213 3:11, 185 4:10, 225 5:2, 179 6:2, 217 6:7, 181 6:8, 215 7:7, 80 7:12, 210 7:13, 194, 198, 211 7:25, 195 8:1, 195 8:7, 199 9:2, 174, 192 9:4, 209 10:1, 210 10:13, 174 Petiḥtot 4, 174 Petiḥtot 9, 190 Petiḥtot 10, 174 Petiḥtot 12, 174 Esther, Greek version, 113 23, 138, 165 Esther, names of, 38, 39, 77 Exodus, 93, 117, 203 1:8, 44 2:22, 60, 185, 186 3:19, 99 6:1, 99 6:2 8, 51, 61, 86, 148, 213, 221 6:6, 173 7:3, 130 7:4, 61, 74 7:5, 10 9:1 7, 121, 213 12:11, 87 12:12, 9, 10 12:17, 10 12:29, 200, 201 12:30, 91 12:42, 201 13:21, 14 13:9, 11 14:19, 14 17, 173 17:9, 173 17:14, 171 19:17, 217 20, 10 25:4, 100 25 28, 100 26:1, 100 26:31 32, 100 26:36, 100 27:16, 100 28:2, 182 28:5, 100 28:6, 100 28:8, 100 28:15, 100 28:33, 100 29:46, 10 32:11, 10, 11 35:6, 100 35:23, 100 35:35, 100 35 40, 100 36:8, 100 36:35, 100 36:37, 100 38:23, 100 39:1, 100 39:3, 100 40:18 19, 100 Exodus, Second, 14, 16, 22
259 Ezekiel, 8 4:9 17, 67 9:4 6, 10 11:9, 9, 10 20, 10 27:7, 100 44, 24 Ezra, 97, 124, 126, 127 1:1, 97 1:1 4, 7 1:2, 185 2, 223 2:2, 179 4:12, 47 4:23, 47 4:5, 42 4:8, 174 5:1, 47 5:3 6:13, 16 6:14, 181 6:2, 100 6:22, 97 6:7, 47 7:25 26, 19 7:28, 20 7:6, 20 8:22, 20 8:31, 20 9:10 12, 132 9:3, 132 9 10, 132 10:2, 27 10:26, 27 Ezra and Nehemiah movement, 29 fire, anthropology of, 67 First Maccabees, 138 food and identity, 65 68, 138, 194 98 foreign wives, expulsion of, 25 28 four kingdoms, 173 74 gate, liminal location, 69 71, 73 gender in Esther, 77 78 Genesis, 97, 101, 126 12:10 20, 142, 144 25:23, 185 25:34, 173 27:34, 194 32:16, 172 37, 101 37:11, 116 39:9, 83 39:10, 81 40:2, 100 40:8, 84 41, 40 41:8, 40 41:10, 100 41:12, 39 41:16, 41 41:51, 83 41:51 52, 41 42:28, 84 43:23, 84 44:15, 84 44:16, 84 45:8, 101 47:25, 84 50:10, 101 50:19, 84 Genesis Apocryphon, 130, 132, 141 46, 150 Gilgamesh, epic, 66, 105 God absence of, 32, 89, 96 106, 197, 204 13 in Egypt, 84 85 supporting the king, 21, 42 Greek Esther. See Esther, Greek version Guenevere, Queen, 200 Haggai 1, 16 1:1, 181 2:10, 181 2:23, 50 2:3, 17 Haman, 36, 61, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 148, 149, 151, 154, 172, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 221, 223 Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, 30, 43, 65, 76, 78, 191, 193, 195, 198 Hanukka, 157, 219 Hasmoneans, 110, 112, 134, 137, 138, 150, 156, 157, 159, 177 Hatach, 192 Hebrew language, 28, 32, 34 Hebrew, Mishnaic, 149 Herod, 157, 158, 159 Hosea 7.1, 212 intermarriage, 28 29, 215 16 in Chronicles, 25 28 in Ezra-Nehemiah, 25 28 Isaiah, 42, 46 2:2 4, 46 8:18, 117
260 Isaiah (cont.) 14, 187 14:9, 186 19:18, 84 30:14, 208 36:11 13, 32 40 55, 12 43:16 17, 12 43:18 19, 13 48:20 21, 13 51:9 11, 12 52:12, 13, 14 56:7, 24 Janneus, Alexander, 117, 147 51 Jeremiah, 8, 9, 97, 177 10:9, 100 14:21, 187 21:5 6, 9 22:24 25, 50 24, 52 25, 42 25:10, 106, 177 25:12, 177 27, 42 27:20, 48 27 29, 42 28, 116 29:10, 177 32:17, 11 32:20 21, 117 39:6, 48 40:11 12, 45 43:9, 45 44:1, 45 52:28, 45 Jerusalem, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 33, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 85, 100, 102, 104, 111, 121, 122, 125, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139, 156, 159, 160, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187 Jerusalem, wall, 24 Job, 1:1, 51 Joseph, 39, 40, 41, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 94, 101, 116, 125, 126, 127, 195 as God, 84 85 names of his sons, 83, 126 Joseph story connection to Daniel, 40, 41 model for Esther, 85 and Moses, 126 Josephus, 80, 117, 118, 119, 123, 150, 155, 158, 159, 160, 183 Joshua 10, 102 10:8, 101 21, 102 21:42 43, 102 21:43, 102 23:9, 102 Jubilees, 150 30:7 10, 131 Judges 7:13, 201 7:9, 200 Judith, 138, 193 Kings Kings, First 1, 63 1:16, 74 1:2, 63 10:21, 184 14:25 29, 186 2:33, 89 5:4, 185 8:56, 102 8:66, 185 Kings, Second 18:26 28, 32 19:35, 200 25:27 28, 72 5:11, 100 Kish, 38, 51, 52, 86 Lamentations 5.3, 181 Lancelot, Sir, 200 Leqaḥ Ṭov (Midrash), 176 Leviticus Rabbah, 13:5, 180 liturgical poems. See Piyyut LXX Esther. See Esther, Greek version Maccabees, First, 68, 110, 111, 138 Maccabees, Second, 110, 112 Maccabees, Third, 141 Maimonides Laws of Kings and their Wars, 1:1, 173 Laws of Megillah and Hanukkah, 2:18, 219 Malachi, 132 Marduka, 30 Marduka (fictional character), 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 58 martyrdom, 135, 215 16 Megillat Ta anit, 156, 157, 199, 202 Scholion A, 202 Mekhilta Shirta 7, 218 menstruation Zoroastrian practices, 215
261 Micah 4:1 4, 46 Midrash Mishle 9:2, 219 Miqṣat Ma asē ha-torah Mishnah Avot 3:5, 223 Megillah 2:3, 206 Yadaim 3:5, 219 Yadaim 3:5 6, 224 Mordecai, character of, 71, 75, 76, 89, 95, 104 compared with Vashti, 72 Mordecai bilshan, 179 Mordecaian Day, 109, 110, 112 Nabonidus, 178 Naḥmanides Megilla 2a, 187 Nebuchadnezzar, 38, 40, 42, 43, 51, 85, 94, 176, 177, 178, 179, 186, 189, 191, 193, 195, 203, 206 Necho (Pharaoh), 186 Nehemiah, 23, 126, 127 1:1, 100, 127 1:2, 47 1:2 3, 127 1:4, 127 2, 24 2:2, 127 2:3, 127 2:8, 100 3, 24 3:33 34, 47 4:6, 47 6:17, 48 7, 223 7:2, 100 8, 217 9:36 37, 21, 27 10, 27 10:1, 217 13, 28, 132 13:17, 48 13:23 25, 28 13:24, 32 13:26 27, 28 Nicanor, 109, 110, 120 Niddah, 215 Nissim of Gerona, Sanhedrin 74b, 216 Numbers 16 17, 150 23:9, 208 Palestinian Talmud, 171, 203, 218 Megillah 1:1 (70a), 187 Megillah 1:2 (70a), 218 Megillah 1:5 (70d), 171, 203, 218, 219 Megillah 2:4, 207 Sheqalim 5:1, 180 Panim Aherot A (Midrash), 187, 194, 195, 209, 212, 213 Panim Aherot B (Midrash), 80, 166, 168, 172, 174, 179, 180, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 223 Passover, 203 Persian Empire, 15 Persian period in rabbinic thought, 176 81 Pharisees, 134, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 157, 158 Pirqe de-rabbi Eli ezer, 209 Piyyut, 168, 169, 174, 180, 198 Proverbs 6:23, 217 22:20, 171 23:23, 217 Psalms 44, 205 44:24, 209 45:11, 28 78:65, 209 106:23, 208 106:26 27, 10 121:4, 209 124:2, 210 136:12, 11 145:4, 100 145:11 12, 100 Qara, Joseph, 213 Qohelet, 224 2:19, 101 3:21, 101 6:12, 101 8:5, 199 Qohelet Rabbah 8.5, 199 Qumran, 19, 26, 28, 30, 68, 114, 124, 129 34, 135, 141, 150, 156, 177 Ran, Sanhedrin 74b, 216 Rashi Esther 2:23, 213 Megillah 13a, 212 Megillah 15a, 211 Menahot 65a, 180 Rav (amora), 71, 81, 164, 189, 190, 192, 193, 199, 202, 210, 212, 217, 218, 220 Rava (amora), 60, 93, 164, 181, 201, 202, 208, 212, 215, 216, 217, 223, 224 Ritba, Ketubbot 3b, 216 Rome, 134, 154, 175, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188
262 Saadia Gaon, 71 Said, Edward, 112 Salmon b. Yeruham, 87 Samuel, 97 Samuel, First 9:1, 52 9:16, 173 9:20, 87 10:16, 86 10:27, 87 11:7, 103 15, 86, 88, 173 15:28, 87 16:23, 87 20, 88 Samuel (amora), 164, 190, 192, 193, 211, 212, 220, 224 Saul, 51 52, 86 89 Second Maccabees, 110, 112 Second Temple, 7, 16, 26, 27, 42, 47, 49, 67, 74, 76, 77, 90, 96, 114, 115, 124, 129, 132, 133, 135, 150, 176 81, 205 politics of its construction, 18 Seder Olam, 176, 181 Sennacherib, 37, 118, 186 seventy-year prophecy, 177, 203 Shakespeare, William, Othello, 101 Shapur, 154, 190 Shimon b. Yohai, 188, 194, 196, 198, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209 Shishak, 186 Sifra, Emor 9:5, 206 Song of Songs, 224 Tannaim, 163 Targum Rishon 1:1, 186 1:4, 189 1:5, 198 1:7, 182 2:1, 190 2:7, 212 2:9, 193 2:20, 215 3:9, 174 4:1, 211 4:5, 192 5:1, 184, 199 5:3, 179 5:14, 192 6:1, 209 6:13, 192 7:3, 213 8:16, 217 9:19, 199 9:22, 199 prayer in, 214 Targum Sheni 1:1, 185, 186 2:1, 190 2:9, 193 5:14, 192 6:13, 192 Targum to Esther, from the Cairo Geniza, 192, 198, 209 Targumim, 38, 166, 167, 168, 169, 180, 193, 199, 201 Temple, Jerusalem, 134 Temple Scroll, 132 Testament of Kohath, 132 theology, Persian, 21, 44 Third Maccabees, 141 Tiglath-Pileser III, 137 Tobit, 132 Tosafot Bavli Megillah 11a, 176 Menahot 65a, 180 Rosh ha-shana 3b, 180 Sanhedrin 74b, 216 Yoma 82a-b, 216 Tosefta Megillah 1:1, 187 Megillah 2:9, 206 Trajan, 158, 159, 205 Vayyiqra Rabbah, 13:5, 180 Xerxes character of, in rabbinic literature, 190 Yehareg ve- al ya avor. See martyrdom Yehudi (term of identity), 45 49 Yerushalmi. See Palestinian Talmud Yom Tov b. Ashbili, Ketubbot 3b, 216 Zechariah, 50 1:1, 181 1:7, 181 6:15, 14 8:7 8, 14 8:19, 95, 96 8:20 22, 46 9 14, 50 14:9, 209