US History, October 28 Entry Task: Talk with your table - what are examples of acceptable LIES (white lies)? Announcements: Don t forget to turn in your poster! Today: Review Sedition Act, VA & KY Resolutions, and Jefferson s Contradictions
What do you think? The lesson: In a deep sense, then, politicians break their promises because the public tolerates dishonesty. Yes, you can blame politicians for lying; but as a wise, old saying goes, "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me."
What were some arguments about the Sedition Act? IN SUPPORT AGAINST
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson & James Madison were outraged & wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (or Resolves) in 1798-99: Presented a states rights argument (called the PRINCIPLES of 98 ) suggesting that states could ignore (nullify) national laws that they viewed as unfair The states rights & nullification arguments will be used by the North against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the South to secede from the USA during the Civil War in 1860-61 Also used by S.Carolina in 1832 about tariffs which favored the North
Think About Was the Anti-French sentiment enough of a concern to eliminate freedom of speech, press, and protest? Should the US have rights to silent protesters during time of war?
Thomas Jefferson (President 1801-1809) Scientist, Farmer, Reluctant Statesman Secretary of State under President Washington Vice President under Adams Champion for the Common Man
The U.S. Economy in 1800 Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19 By 1810, 84% of th century Americans Cotton were production directly entrenched the involved South s in agriculture need for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Eli Whitney s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South
The By U.S. 1800, Economy in 1800 The Northern economy was more diverse industrialization than the South, was but just most Americans were beginning involved in cultivating America livestock & grains By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Americans lived in cities) Samuel Slater designed cotton-spinning factories in NE; but most textiles were homemade
1800 Election Results (TIE = Into the House of Representatives!!) Thomas Jefferson (73 Electoral votes) Aaron Burr (73 Electoral votes) Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% New York Democratic-Republican 4 25.0% Blank ------- 2 12.5%
Amendment 12 (1804) Changes Presidential Elections The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for the President and Vice President they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted as Vice-President
John S. Adams Federalist Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican Significance of Election of 1800 peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another revolutionary achievement
Why do Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton hate each other? 1800 Election (H s influence = VP) 1804 Burr runs for Governor of New York (Hamilton s influence = loss of election)
Jefferson as President Jefferson entered office after the revolution of 1800 with a clear political ideology & goals: To reduce size & cost of gov t & promote republican agrarianism (farming) To repeal key Federalist policies (esp Alien & Sedition Acts) To maintain international peace However, Jefferson would have to compromise many of his ideological principles to be an effective president
Jeffersonian Reforms Jefferson s priority was to reduce the role of the national gov t & return key decisions to the states Jefferson worked with Congress to Repeal all excise taxes Reduce military spending Eliminate all national debt Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The bank will die in 1811, but he retained it during most of his Presidency)
Marbury v. Madison John Adams appointed new judges under the Judiciary Act of 1801 the night before his term was over Midnight Appointments of Federalists This act flooded the federal courts with Federalists, including John Marbury Controversy leads to Marbury v. Madison (1803), which establishes the concept of Judicial Review Part of the Judiciary Act of 1801 was declared unconstitutional JEFFERSON: Supreme Court should not have the exclusive right to interpret the Constitution!
The United States in 1800 Intense From 1800 migration to 1810, to the the U.S. had major population trans-appalachian growth; Grew West by 2 million people after 1790 led to new states Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796)
Spanish Land 1800 Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land after Revolution New Orleans
French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land New Orleans
France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France for $10 million if sale failed, instructed to seek alliance with England
French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land New Orleans
Toussaint L Ouverture, former slave, led a slave rebellion in French Haiti. Haiti supposed to be a stepping stone to America This event forced him to abandon his dream of a French America
Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered the entire Louisiana territory to the US for $15 million Turns out to be around 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Considered Jefferson s greatest accomplishment WHY???
Expansion of the United States
Louisiana Purchase includes all or part of 13 states and comprises 23% of US today
Jefferson and Contradictions Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) Kept the Navy strong to fight against Barbary Pirates in North Africa Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery all men are created equal Owned 200 slaves, published ugly remarks about race and wanted to deport African/African- Americans Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory
Jefferson and Contradictions Champion of Free Speech Yet he suggested that prosecution on Federalist newspapers would have a wholesome effect in restoring the integrity of the press Believed in equal rights But insisted that the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail Jefferson realized that ideas are often hard to put into practice in a realistic world.
Lewis & Clark Journey Jefferson sent quiet plans to Congress to send an expedition, asking for only $2500 (ends up costing $38,722) Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis, who invites William Clark to partner in the expedition as co-commanders The Corps of 33-50 travels 8,000 miles to the Pacific & back on a 2-yr journey
President Jefferson s Instructions Map a new route to the Pacific Ocean Make contact with the Native Americans Obtain specimens for further study Keep a full record of activities during the Expedition
What do you already know about L&C s journey?
What were particular challenges during this expedition?
July 20, 1804 For a month past the party have been troubled with boils, and occasionally with the dysentery. These boils were large tomours which broke out under the arms, on the legs, and, generally, in the parts most exposed to action, which sometimes became to painful to permit the men to work. This disorder...has not affected the general health of the party, which is quite as good, if not better, than that of the same number of men in any other situation. October 26, 1805 - William Clark The Flees which the party got on them at the upper & great falls, are very troublesom and dificuelt to get rid of, perticularly as the me[n] have not a Change of Clothes to put on, they strip off their Clothes and kill the flees, dureing which time they remain nakid.
February 7 and February 22, 1806 Meriwether Lewis This evening we had what I call an excellent supper it consisted of a marrowbone a piece and a brisket of boiled Elk that had the appearance of a little fat on it. this for Fort Clatsop is living in high stile. The small pox has distroyed a great number of the natives in this quarter. it prevailed about 4 years since among the Clatsops and destroy[ed] several hundred of them, four of their chiefs fell victyms to it's ravages. our sick consisting of Gibson, Bratton, Sergt. Ordway, Willard and McNeal are all on the recovery. we have not had as ma[n]y sick at any one time since we left Wood River. the general complaint seams to be bad colds and fevers, something I beleive of the influenza.
July 12, 1804 William Clark The Commanding officers, Capts. M. Lewis & W. Clark constituted themselves a Court Martial for the trial of such persons as are Guilty of Capatal Crimes, and under the rules and articles of War punishable by DEATH. Alexander Willard was brought forward Charged with "Lying down and Sleeping on his post" whilst a Sentinal... To this Charge the prisoner pleads Guilty of Lying Down, and Not Guilty, of Going to Sleep The court after Duly Considering the evidence aduced, are of oppinion that the Prisoner Alexdr. Willard is guilty of every part of the Charge exhibited against him. it being a breach of the rules and articles of War do Sentence him to receive One hundred lashes, on his bear back, at four different times in equal proportion. and Order that the punishment Commence this evening at Sunset, and Continue to be inflicted every evening until Completed.
Native American Tribes Encountered Introduction: Land was now America and a man far in the east President Thomas Jefferson was their new great father. Brought Presents: 12 dozen pocket mirrors - 4,600 sewing needles 144 small scissors - 10 pounds of sewing thread 130 rolls of tobacco - 288 knives Bear's Belly (Arikara) tomahawks that doubled as pipes 8 brass kettles - vermilion face paint silk ribbons, handkerchiefs, bright-colored cloth 33 pounds of tiny beads of assorted colors
October 10, 1804 William Clark... after the Council was over we Shot the air guns which astonished them much, the[y] then Departed and we rested Secure all night, Those Indians wer much astonished at my Servent, they never Saw a black man before, all flocked around him & examind him from top to toe, he Carried on the joke and made himself more turribal than we wished him to doe. Those Indians are not fond of Spirts Licquer. of any kind... Supposing that it was as agreeable to them as to the other Indians, we had at first offered them whiskey; but they refused it with this sensible remark, that they were surprised that their father should present to them a liquor which would make them fools. On another occasion they observed to Mr. Tabeau, that no man could be their friend who tried to lead them into such follies.
October 29, 1805 William Clark (Skamania County, WA) The Chief then directed his wife to hand him his medison bag which he opened and Showed us 14 fingers [different fingers not little or middle fingers] which he said was the fingers of his enemies which he had taken in war,... this is the first Instance I ever knew of the Indians takeing any other trofea of their exploits off the dead bodies of their Enimies except the Scalp.
The flattening of the head was practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower country, the Klikatats, Kalapooyahs, and Multnomahs, of the Willamette, and its vicinity; the Chinooks, Klatsaps, Klatstonis, Kowalitsks, Katlammets, Killemooks, and Chekalis of the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and probably by others both north and south. The tribe called Flatheads, or Salish, who reside near the sources of the Oregon, have long since abolished this custom.
Journal Excerpt: Encounters with Grizzly Bears Clark Sunday, May 5, 1805 "In the evening we saw a Brown or Grisley beare on a sand beech, I went out with one man Geo Drewyer & Killed the bear, which was verry large and a turrible looking animal, which we found verry hard to kill we Shot ten Balls into him before we killed him, & 5 of those Balls through his lights This animal is the largest of the carnivorous kind I ever saw we had nothing that could way him, I think his weight may be stated at 500 pounds [227 kilograms]... we had him skined and divided, the oile tried up & put in Kegs for use."
September 7, 1804 As we descended from this dome, we arrived at a spot, on the gradual descent of the hill, nearly four acres in extent, and covered with small holes: these are the residence of a little animal [prairie dog], called by the French petit chien (little dog), who sit erect near the mouth, and make a whistling noise, but when alarmed take refuge in their holes. In order to bring them out, we poured into one of the holes five barrels of water without filling it, but we dislodged and caught the owner. After digging down another of the holes for six feet, we found, on running a pole into it, that we had not yet dug half way to the bottom: we discovered, however, two frogs in the hole, and near it we killed a dark rattlesnake, which had swallowed a small prairie dog: we were also informed, though we never witnessed the fact, that a sort of lizard, and a snake, live habitually with these animals. The petit chien are justly named, as they resemble a small dog in some particulars, though they have also some points of similarity to the squirrel. The head resembles the squirrel in every respect, except that the ear is shorter, the tail like that of the ground-squirrel, the toe-nails are long, the fur is fine, and the long hair is gray.
April 13, 1806 Meriwether Lewis The loss of one of our perogues rendered it necessary to distribute her crew and cargo among the 2 remaining perogues and 2 canoes,... rendered our vessels extreemly inconvenient to mannage and in short reather unsafe in the event of high winds;... I soon obtained two small canoes from them for which I gave two robes and four elkskins. I also purchased four paddles and three dogs from them with deerskins. the dog now constitutes a considerable part of our subsistence and with most of the party has become a favorite food; certain I am that it is a healthy strong diet, and from habit it has become by no means disagreeable to me, I prefer it to lean venison or Elk, and it is very far superior to the horse in any state.
Sacagawea Daughter of a Shoshone chief, kidnapped by the Hidatsa tribe Wed to Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trapper baby, Jean Baptist (Pomp) Reunion with brother, Cameahwait
February 11, 1805 Meriwether Lewis about five Oclock this evening one of the wives of Charbono was delivered of a fine boy. it is worthy of remark that this was the first child which this woman had boarn, and as is common in such cases her labour was tedious and the pain violent; Mr. Jessome informed me that he had freequently admininstered a small portion of the rattle of the rattlesnake, which he assured me had never failed to produce the desired effect, that of hastening the birth of the child; having the rattle of a snake by me I gave it to him and he administered two rings of it to the woman broken in small pieces with the fingers and added to a small quantity of water. Whether this medicine was truly the cause or not I shall not undertake to determine, but I was informed that she had not taken it more than ten minutes before she brought forth perhaps this remedy may be worthy of future experiments, but I must confess that I want faith as to it's efficacy.
August 17, 1805 Meriwether Lewis... Capt. Clark arrived with the Interpreter Charbono, and the Indian woman, who proved to be a sister of the Chief Cameahwait. the meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah-cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who, had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation.
Crossing the Rockies September 20, 1805 - Joseph Whitehouse A cold frosty morning. we eat a fiew peas & a little greece which was the verry last kind of eatables of any kind we had except a little portable Soup... dined Sumptiously on our horse meat.... the mountains not So high as back but verry broken. Came about 14 miles this day. the plains appear Some distance off yet. it is twice as far as we expected where we first discovred it from a high mountain.
Ocian in View! Oh the joy! Nov. 7, 1805 Clark wrote, HOWEVER, they were about 20 miles from the coast Columbia River estuary fierce storms kept them from reaching the ocean for three more weeks Winter on the Coast Ft. Clatsop
Legacy of the Expedition L&C were heroes Only one death, Sgt. Floyd, appendicitis Discovery of 178 plants & 122 animals unknown to science and mapped out the geography of the west Encountered nearly 50 Indian tribes Opened new avenues of trade
The report Louisiana from the Purchase Lewis & Clark & expedition the Lewis reaffirmed & Clark faith Expedition in the future economic prosperity of the U.S.
Native American Resistance The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions with Indians: Americans rejected coexistence with Indians Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee & other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites Jefferson hoped to civilize Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River