1. Rise of Rome 2. The Roman Republic 3. Decline of the Republic and Rise of the Empire 4. The Pax Romana 5. The Rise of Christianity 6. The Fall of Rome
Geography Etruscans Latins Carthaginians Greeks
Indo-Europeans moved into Italy One of those groups were the Latins (Romans) Etruscans and Greeks moved in later and took territory Carthaginians also took land (Phoenicians)
Etruscans Ruled northern Italy Eventually takes over Rome Romans learned the basis of their society from the Etruscans
Drive out Etruscan king in 509 BCE Sovereign Roman state founded Establishes a republic Same time as Marathon
Patricians and Plebeians First all government officials are Patricians Plebeians eventually demand power Slow progress
12 Tablets Set up in the Forum, or the marketplace Plebeians now know laws because they re written down Why important?
The Government of Rome in the Republic Graphic Organizer
Family is the basic unit Patriarchal Women = dutiful, loving, dignified, and strong Valued Education
Roman Republic Women Own property, could own businesses Most worked at home Patrician women had many more rights
Religion Polytheistic Adapted from the Etruscans and Greeks
Slaves Slavery a major part of Roman society and economy from beginning Conquered peoples from war Seen as property
By 270 BCE, Rome controls most of Italy First Etruscans Then Greek city-states and Greek colonies Italy unites under Roman Rule as Allies to Rome
Why successful? Well-trained army Citizen soldiers Small payment Riches made in conquering Valued arête
Why successful? Diplomacy Defeated groups paid taxes, acknowledged Roman leadership, supplied soldiers Defeated groups kept own customs, money, local government Roman citizenship to some Trade in Rome Light touch
Why successful? Firm control of rebellion no mercy was shown to rebels rebellions were crushed and usually all individuals and their families were executed
Carthage North Africans and Phoenicians Conflict between Rome and Carthage increase Punic Wars decide who will control Western Mediterranean
First Punic War 23 year war Rome wins Rome now superior naval force in the Mediterranean Sea Won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
Second Punic War Rome v. Hannibal Hannibal invade from the Alps with elephants Roman general attacks Carthage Rome wins Rome controls Spain and North Africa
Third Punic War Rome still fears Carthage Wipes the city out Rome now dominant in the Western Mediterranean
Hellenistic Wars First Macedonia/Greece Second Pergamum Third Seleucia
Hellenistic Wars provided 1. Power 2. Wealth 3. Prestige 4. Slaves Mediterranean = Mare Nostrum Our Sea
Republic is not set up to be an Empire 3 major problems
1. Trouble with Italian Allies Backbone of Roman support Treat allies liked conquered people Allies become angry
2. Private armies General control army, not Rome Generals begin to abuse power Battles between Roman generals
3. Latifundia system Plantation system Depends on slave labor Creates massive urban unemployment
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Plebian brothers Reform Rome, especially land distribution Seen as too radical Both are murdered by Patricians
A general named Marius had the idea of recruiting the landless poor for his military and promised land in return for service This created a soldier force loyal to Marius and not Rome A general named Sulla copied Marius actions and acquired a military force
Marius v. Sulla
Civil war broke out between these 2 armies over who should have the command of a war in Asia Minor Sulla s army won the war and then seized the city of Rome to wipe out all opposition to him
Sulla was friends with many Senators so once he had all the power he turned it back over to the Senate hoping to restore the Republic His actions set a precedent, though If a general had a loyal army he could seize Rome The generals to come wouldn t give power back to the Senate
Rise of an Empire Twitter Project Julius Caesar Pompey Crassus Cleopatra Mark Antony First Triumvirate Augustus Caesar (Octavian) Second Triumvirate
Latin for Roman Peace 200 year span from the rule of Augustus to Marcus Aurelius Prosperity for Rome
Age of Augustus First emperor is Augustus Caesar, formerly Octavian Incredibly popular and successful
Age of Augustus Kept Senate in place, refused dictatorship Merit system Allowed self-government throughout empire
Age of Augustus Stable government New tax system Census Rebuilt infrastructure of Rome Expands Rome
Age of Augustus T-chart on pg. 159
Age of Augustus Names adopted step-son, Tiberius, his successor
Panem et Circenses Bread and Circuses Circus Maximus Roman Coliseum Welfare state
Rome is tolerant of other religions as long as the people remained loyal to Rome Polytheism prevalent Accepted Roman Gods
Judea allowed to worship as monotheists Most Jew live under Roman rule Zealots want an independent state
Judea goes into rebellion Jerusalem is destroyed by Romans Jew scattered around Mediterranean
AT THE SAME TIME. Jesus begins preaching in Judea
Jesus of Nazareth Jewish Justice, morality, and service to others Messiah
Jesus of Nazareth Seen as threat by Roman authorities Uniting Jews Sentenced to death
Paul Jew with citizenship from Rome Spread the teachings of Jesus Wrote letters to Christian communities Traveled around Mediterranean
Romans are not tolerant of Christians Christians did not conform to Roman practices Christians killed at the hands of persecution became known as martyrs
The message of Christianity speaks to the masses Poor, lowly, oppressed Used Greco-Roman philosophy to explain Christian message
Roman infrastructure aids in the spreading of Christianity Wrote in Greek and Latin
Death of Marcus Aurelius ends Pax Romana 26 emperors in the next 50 years Rome has become Poor Overtaxed A unsustainable welfare state
Diocletian (284 CE) Divided empire into two parts Eastern and Western Economic reforms Blames problems on Christians
Constantine (312 CE) Continued reforms Toleration of Christians Moves capital to Constantinople
Rome under constant attack by Germanic peoples Huns for Germans towards Rome Visigoths Ostrogoths Vandals 476 CE Roman emperor is ousted by Germanic leader
Discussion Question 1 Read the 4 reasons that caused Rome to fall on pages 176-177 Pick the one that you think is the most important Write one paragraph (5 sentences) explaining the reason and why you think it s the most important.
Discussion Question 2 Read the Comparing Viewpoints on page 176 Do you think Rome s fall was inevitable or impossible to avoid? Why? (5 sentences)
Discussion Question 3 Do you see similarities between the United States today and Rome during its decline?