Laws of Shabbat - Class #21 Ladles, re-cooking, roasting, and much more. written by Alan Goldman edited by Rabbi Shraga Simmons 2007 JewishPathways.com 1
More About Vessels In the previous lesson, we learned the halachic categories of vessels. There are a couple of remaining issues that we need to discuss. Ladles A ladle is used to take food usually something liquid-y out of a hot pot. The pot has usually just been removed from the fire, so it has the status of a first vessel. Recall how we explained that one reason a vessel gets the status of second vessel is due to the fact that its walls are cold, and thus it cools down the food. Yet in the case of a ladle, since it goes directly into the pot, and the ladle itself gets heated up, some authorities treat it like a first vessel. 1 Although this is not the only opinion, we act stringently and treat the ladle as we do the pot itself. 2 What does this mean in practical terms? If the ladle is a first vessel, then pouring hot food (let s say, soup) from the ladle would be just like pouring from any first vessel. As we learned, anything poured from a first vessel has the capacity to cook uncooked items that it touches. Therefore, we cannot ladle hot soup into a bowl containing something uncooked, such as raw vegetables or dried spices. For that matter, we need to make sure that the bowl itself is dry, since any water droplets would become cooked once they touch the hot soup. 3 In addition, we need to make sure that the ladle is clean and dry before placing it into the first vessel. 4 1 Taz (Yoreh De ah 92:30); Mishnah Berurah 318:87; 39 Melochos, p. 581. 2 There would be room to be lenient in the event that the ladle was in the pot for a very short time and did not get sufficiently hot. 3 Mishnah Berurah 318:35; Biur Halacha 318, s.v. V Hu ; Shemirat Shabbat K Hilchato 1:46; 39 Melochos, p. 582. We learned previously that it is permitted to put uncooked water into a second vessel, but not to pour from a first vessel onto water. 4 Shvisat HaShabbat, Introduction to Mevashel 19. 2
Solid food (Davar Gush 5 ) Here, we are not talking about an actual vessel, but food that behaves like a vessel. For example, you ve made a roast with potatoes, and you take a potato piece from the pot and put it on your plate. As a solid food that has just been removed from a first vessel, the potato is treated like a first vessel itself. 6 What s the logic of this halacha? It is because the solid surface of the potato is akin to walls that preserve the potato s first-degree heat. (Anyone who has opened a baked potato can attest to how hot it is inside.) This means that you can t sprinkle (uncooked) pepper onto the potato, or allow it to come into direct contact with other uncooked items. 7 8 These two cases ladle and Davar Gush are exceptions, since something that is technically a second vessel is treated as a first vessel. 9 We will return to this point at the end of our lesson. With these issues completed, we can now get into the next big topic under Bishul: reheating. 5 Pronounced dah-var GOOSH. This literally means, a solid item. 6 Shach (Yoreh De ah 105:8); Orach Chaim 318:19, with Mishnah Berurah 45, 118; 39 Melochos, p. 582-83. 7 Mishnah Berurah 318:45; 39 Melochos, p. 583; Halachos of Shabbos, XIV:A.11 (p. 284-85). Note, though, that if the Davar Gush is inside a liquid, then it is treated like the liquid itself. For example, when you pour soup from a pot into a bowl, then the soup including all of the solid ingredients in it is cooled off and is treated as a second vessel. 8 This might imply that we aren t allowed to put a hot solid food onto the same plate as an uncooked food: say, a baked potato next to a green salad, as some of the salad juice may run into the potato and become cooked. In fact, there is a difference of opinion whether to allow it. For details, see 39 Melochos, p. 651 and the footnotes cited there. 9 At the end of lesson #20, we also mentioned an opinion that treats a scalding-hot item as a first vessel. 3
Cook It Again, Sam In common language, we don t say that we are re-cooking something, because once a food is cooked it remains cooked. That is true in halacha as well, when it comes to solid food: It is permitted to reheat the food, since it can never become halachically cooked a second time. A well-known phrase in halacha describes this idea: there is no cooking after cooking (ain bishul achar bishul). However, this is not the case for liquids. Once they cool off to room temperature 10 after being heated, they have the halachic status of uncooked. 11 This is because it is generally no longer recognizable that it was once cooked. (Water is a classic example: Once it has cooled, it is indistinguishable from water that was never cooked.) Thus we are not allowed to reheat a liquid (i.e. re-cook it) after it cools. Let s focus for a minute on a principle described in Lesson #20: We refrain from placing most raw foods into a second vessel, because of the concern that this food is in the category of easily cooked (kalei ha-bishul). In the case of a fullycooked liquid that has cooled, however, we are lenient and allow it to be placed into a second vessel. To Summarize: a cooked solid that has cooled can be put into a first vessel (that s removed from the fire) a cooked liquid that has cooled can only be put into a second vessel 10 Rema Orach Chaim 318:15; Shulchan Aruch HaRav (Orach Chaim 318:9); Shu t Igros Moshe (Orach Chaim 4:74, Bishul 2). This is the halacha for Ashkenazim. For Sefardim, once the liquid has cooled below yad soledet bo, it is considered halachically cool. See Halachos of Shabbos, XIV:A.18 (p. 261). 11 Orach Chaim 318:15, with Mishnah Berurah 29; 39 Melochos, p. 598. 4
Solid vs. Liquid How do we determine what halachically is a solid and what is a liquid? We can begin with the easy cases, like a cold piece of chicken (clearly a solid) and a kettle of water (clearly liquid). A good litmus test of distinguishing between a liquid and a solid is whether or not it is pourable. Others use a slightly different test: Once the item is put on a plate, does it retain its shape, or does it run down? Jello is a good example of something that typically retains its shape. 12 It s the solid-liquid combination cases that are difficult: For example, how do we view roast beef that has a thin glaze on it? Once the meat has cooled, the glaze congeals and does not run like a liquid; on the other hand, once it is hot, the glaze will melt and become liquid-like. 13 The basic approach is that we look at the food s state when at room temperature. Therefore, the glazed beef can be reheated, assuming that when the glaze melts, most of it will be absorbed by the solid part of the food. In other words, if you will wind up with a puddle of liquid once you reheat the item, then you can t reheat it. 14 (Of course, the only way to know what will happen is to make a good guess about the volume of liquid-y matter from the beginning.) Here s a good rule to follow: If the food has a significant accumulation of liquid, then it should not be reheated. If it is merely moist, it may be reheated. Alternatively, a food with a lot of liquid could be wiped off and then reheated. 12 Shu t Igros Moshe (Orach Chaim 4:74 Bishul 5). 13 Mishnah Berurah 318:100. 14 Mishnah Berurah 318:100; 39 Melochos, p. 594-95. Similar to a glaze are fat and margarine. 5
Now let s take the case of ice cream, You eat it as a solid, yet at room temperature it is a liquid. Therefore it has the halachic status of liquid. 15 Another case to consider: a piece of cooked chicken from the freezer. This will have ice on it, which will melt into water once the chicken is heated. Here too the basic rule is: the chicken may be reheated, but the ice should be removed first. Knowing what type of food we re dealing with tells us if we can reheat it. 16 Now we need to know how the food was prepared, which determines how to reheat it. Ways of Preparing Food Whenever I read cookbooks, I find a dizzying array of terms for preparing food: braising, steaming, roasting, sautéing, and so on. Fortunately, in halacha, these boil down (sorry for the pun) to only two categories: 1) cooking i.e. preparing food using hot liquid (in Hebrew, bishul), and 2) baking/roasting using the medium of hot air (opheh) or direct fire (tzli) 17 The halacha says that a food can be reheated only using the same method that was used to cook it in the first place. So, something that was previously cooked may be reheated only via hot liquid, and 15 Why anyone would want to heat up ice cream on Shabbat is besides the point! 16 There are a host of other issues that need to be considered before reheating food on Shabbat. These will be dealt with in the next lesson. For now, we are just discussing the threshold issue whether the food is eligible to be reheated at all, and if so, by what method. 17 Some authorities distinguish between baking and roasting, thus creating three categories. See Pri Megadim (Mishbetzos Zahav 318:6). 6
something previously baked/roasted can be reheated only via dry heat. 18 Why is this so? As we said earlier, regarding a solid food, once it has been cooked, it remains cooked. So putting it through the same type of cooking process again has no effect on it (except for making it warm). However, if you put the food through a different cooking process, you are improving it or changing it in some way. This is, in a sense, a new cooking, and that cannot be done on Shabbat. Some examples: I have a piece of meat that was roasted that is, baked in the oven without any liquid. In other words, it was prepared using dry heat. I want to heat it up on Shabbat afternoon. Separately, I have a crock pot of cholent 19 that has been cooking all night. I can t put the meat into the cholent, since this would be reheating it using moist heat. I ve made a hard-boiled egg and I want to reheat it by placing it on top of my cholent pot. It is permitted to merely warm the food by placing it on top of the pot provided that the food cannot change there (i.e. become browned or dried out). 20 If a change was made, this would be reheating the egg using dry heat, when the egg had been originally prepared via moist heat. 18 Orach Chaim 318:5, with Mishnah Berurah 41, 42; Halachos of Shabbos, XIV:A.21 (p. 264). The basic example of reheating using dry heat is putting the food near the intense hear of a stovetop. The basic example of reheating using moist heat is putting the food inside a hot pot containing liquid (assuming that the liquid has been continually heated since Shabbat began, since reheating liquid on Shabbat is not allowed). We will shed more light on these issues in the next lesson. 19 Cholent is a mixture of meat, grains, potatoes and/or beans that is a classic dish for Shabbat afternoons. It is slow cooked from Friday afternoon and left on a fire (or, in the modern age, inside an electric crock pot) until the next day. Preparing cholent allows us to enjoy a warm dish on Shabbat without getting into any issues of reheating. 20 Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, quoted in Shemirat Shabbat K Hilchato 1:62. 7
(Note that this question only arises if the egg, by being placed in this spot, could potentially reach a heat of yad soledet bo. If not, then there is no cooking issue involved at all.) Instant coffee, tea and cocoa To manufacture these items, the raw ingredients are heated at a very high temperature. Some products may have been cooked, in which case there is no problem to ere-cook them on Shabbat. 21 Some products, however, like ground roast coffee are roasted, and thus we are not allowed to cook them on Shabbat. So in making a cup of instant ground roast coffee, you can t use a second vessel, but need to use a third vessel. 22 How about a food that was both cooked and baked? Think of a bagel, which is first boiled and then baked. Since this item went through both processes, either method can be used to reheat it. 23 Fried foods present an unusual case. Deep-fried foods are considered cooked since they are prepared by placing them in oil, a liquid. Panfried or sautéed foods are the subject of debate. 24 Now is a good time to mention an exception to the rules we ve discussed: Cooked solids that get completely dissolved e.g. salt or pepper should only be put into a second vessel, but not a first vessel. 25 21 Shut t Igros Moshe (Orach Chaim 4:74 Bishul 5). 22 39 Melochos, p. 662. This is based on the prevailing opinion is that cooking cannot take place in a third vessel. 23 Pri Megadim (Mishbetzot Zahav 318:6); see Biur Halacha 318, s.v. Yesh. 24 A recommended reheating method for these kind of foods is to use a method we will soon discuss: warming it on top of a pot which is on the blech. Pri Megadim (Mishbetzot Zahav 318:7); 39 Melochos, p. 604-05. 25 Mishnah Berurah 318:71. 8
Combination Cases Okay, now let s put on our thinking caps and take this discussion to the next level. Remember the two exceptions where something that is technically a second vessel is treated as a first vessel? That s right a ladle, and Davar Gush. Well, there are a few exceptions to these exceptions. Let s take this one step at a time: Exception #1: It is a bit of a stringency to say that a ladle is a first vessel. After all, the true definition of a first vessel is something that is or was on the fire. Yet a ladle, having been immersed in a first vessel, gets treated as a first vessel. We also learned in this lesson that it is a problem to cook something after it has been baked. That in itself is a bit of a stringency. So the halacha says that when these two stringencies emerge in the very same case, we can be lenient. 26 For example: Jack ladles out some chicken soup into his bowl. He would like to dip bread chunks into his soup. Since this case combines the two issues of a ladle and cooking something after it has been baked, he may do so on Shabbat. 26 Mishnah Berurah 318:45; Minchat Yitzchak 5:127:3 9
Exception #2: It was also a stringency to say that a Davar Gush is a first vessel (as it has walls to retain the heat). And further, it was a stringency to say that a liquid which was fully-cooked, but has now cooled down, is considered as un-cooked. Again, since we have two stringencies in the same situation, the Sages permitted us to act leniently. For example: Miriam scoops out a plateful of hot cholent. She eyes the steaming potato and wants to pour some ketchup onto it. What are the issues involved? The potato is a Davar Gush and is treated as a first vessel. Also, the ketchup has the status of liquid (although thick, it is pourable) which is cooked but has cooled down. Although each factor taken independently would result in our being stringent, the halacha says that taken together, we can be lenient. 27 We ve now reach the halfway mark of our discussion of Bishul. It may be valuable at this point to review all of the Bishul lessons we ve had so far. 27 Shu t Igros Moshe (Orach Chaim 4:74 Bishul 5). We should emphasize that the Sages, who defined these rules in the first place, themselves determine the exceptions. We ourselves should not derive any general rules from the cases discussed. 10