World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition Chapter 7 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
Figure 7.1 The graceful horseshoe arches of the Great Mosque at Córdoba in southern Spain provide a striking example of the sophistication and beauty of the arts and architecture produced by the fusion of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultural traditions in Islamic Iberia from the 8th to the 15th centuries.
Chapter Overview I. Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World II. The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam III.The Arab Empire of the Umayyads IV.From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era
TIMELINE 600 C.E. to 680 C.E.
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Bedouins Camel herding Agriculture
Map 7.1 Arabia and Surrounding Areas Before and During the Time of Muhammad Although much of Arabia was separated by vast deserts from surrounding classical civilizations, as the map shows it maintained contact by sea in the west and south and through camel caravans into Palestine and Syria.
Figure 7.2 With their supply of water, shade, and date palms, oases like this one in Egypt have long been key centers of permanent settlement and trade in the desert. Major towns usually grew around the underground springs and wells or small rivers that fed the oases. Travelers and traders caravans stopped at the oases to water their camels and horses and to rest and eat after their arduous treks through the desert. As points of concentration of wealth, food, and precious water, oases were tempting targets for raids by bedouin bands.
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance Clans Grouped into tribes Shayks Leaders Free warriors Rivalry
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Towns and Long-Distance Trade Entrepots Mecca Umayyad clan, Quraysh tribe Ka'ba Medina
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia Women have important roles Bride-price Not secluded or veiled Polygyny, polyandry Status of women often dependent on individual clans Stable family life leads to patriarchy
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Poets and Neglected Gods Poetry transmitted orally Animism, polytheism Including, but seldom prayed to, Allah Unclear how seriously bedouins took religion
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Sasanian empire ruled Persia Muhammad Banu Hasim clan Orphaned Mecca Khadijah Revelations, 610 Via Gabriel Qur'an
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Persecution, Flight, and Victory Ka'ba gods threatened Invited to Medina, 622 Courage of Ali Hijra Return to Mecca, 629 Arabs and Islam Umma, community of the faithful Zakat, a tax for charity
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Universal Elements in Islam Validity of earlier divine revelations 5 Pillars Acceptance of one God, Allah and Prophet Muhammad Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Payment of zakat Hajj
Figure 7.3 The Ka ba in Mecca, with masses of pilgrims. Each year tens of millions of the Muslim faithful from all around the world make the journey to the holy sites of Arabia. The rituals performed by pilgrims at Mecca and Medina are key religious duties for all who can afford to travel to the holy cities.
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community Muhammad's death, 632 Succession struggle Abu Bakr Ridda Wars
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Motives for Arab Conquests Conversions Jihads Booty Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Sassanian Empire Zoroastrianism Dynasty ended, 651
Figure 7.4 This illustration from an account of the Muslim conquest of Sicily in the 9th century C.E. is one of the earliest known artistic renderings of an Arab army at war. The camp, the armored warriors, and the siege in progress help us to envision the Muslim forces that built the first great Arab empire under the early caliphs in the 7th century C.E.
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Byzantium Copts and Nestorians Alexandria taken Loss of provinces in Syria and Egypt
Map 7.2 The Expansion of Islamic Civilization, 622 750 Whether by land or sea, Islamic civilization expanded by both conquest and trade, while the Muslim faith was spread mainly peacefully along ancient trading routes, often by sufi holymen.
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Uthman Ali 3rd caliph Murdered Rejected by Umayyads Battle of Siffin, 657 Loses support
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Ali Assassinated, 661 Son, Hasan, renounces caliphate Son, Husayn Killed, Karbala, 680
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Mu'awiya Caliph, 660, leader of Umayyads Sunni Umayyads Shi'a Ali's descendants Karbala Site of death of Husayn, son of Ali
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Umayyad Imperium Push west Stopped at Poitiers, 732 Retain Iberia Damascus in Syria made capital of Umayyad caliphate Mecca still holy city of Islam
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Converts and "People of the Book" Malawi, converts Still had to pay property taxes Jizya Dhimmi, people of the book Jews, Christians Later, Zoroastrians and Hindus
Figure 7.5 Jews worshiping in a synagogue. As dhimmi, or people of the book, Jews were allowed to build impressive synagogues and worship freely throughout the Muslim world. Jewish merchant families amassed great wealth, often in partnership with Muslims, and Jewish scholars were revered from Spain to Baghdad for their many contributions to learning.
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad Age Islamic ideas prevail at first Bride-price given directly to wife Hadiths Traditions of Muhammad recorded mostly by women Women pursue scholarship, law, and commerce; not many veils at this time.
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Umayyad Decline and Fall Revolts Merv Abassid revolt 750, Umayyads defeated by Abassids Battle of the River Zab
Figure 7.6 Muslim worshippers in modern Pakistan. Whether in a nearby mosque or in their homes and shops, Muslims are required to pray five times a day, facing the holy city of Mecca. Those congregating in a mosque, as in this photo, are oriented to Mecca by the qibla wall, which is marked by a highly ornamented inset that indicates the direction of the holy city. Men congregate in the open spaces in the center of and outside the mosque, while women pray in areas on the sides or in the back or, sometimes, in balconies above that are screened off by pillars or carved panels from the areas where the men worship.
Civilization and Gender Relationships Pre-Islamic bedouin women had valued roles in society. Islam limitations Veiling in public Remaining privileges through Islam Learning to read (Qur'an) Inheritance, divorce, remarriage rights Civilization works against the interests of women.
Map 7.3 Emergence of the Abbasid Dynasty Frontier warriors from Khorasan far from the Umayyad capital at Damascus built a military force that overthrew the Umayyads between 747 and 750 C.E.
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era Sunni repress Shi'a Baghdad New capital Wazir Islamic Conversion and Mawali Acceptance Full integration of converts Mostly peaceful Appeal of Islam
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era Town and Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion Dhows Sailing vessels Trade ventures with Christians and Jews Different Sabbaths; business all week Urban expansion Ayan
Figure 7.7 The rulers and nobility of the Abbasid capital in Baghdad frequented baths like that shown in this Persian miniature painting. Here the caliph, Haroun al-rashid, receives a haircut while servants prepare the steam rooms. At the baths, the Abbasid elite could relax, exchange gossip, and enjoy expert massages. (British Library, London.)
The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization Domes and minarets of the Shah Mosque at Isfahan, Iran.
The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization Pulpit (minbar) from which the Friday sermons are delivered throughout the Muslim world.
The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization Drawing of the early mosque design.
The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization Al-Aqsa Mosque (or Dome of the Rock) in Jerusalem, the third holiest site in Islam.
The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization Qibla wall with decorated section facing Mecca.
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era The First Flowering of Islamic Learning Building Mosques, palaces Scholars recovered and preserved works from Greeks