Converging Worlds Communities and Cultures in Colonial America: A Sourcebook Edited by Louise A. Breen Routledge Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON
Contents PART I Beginnings 1 1 European Ambitions and Early Contacts: Diverse Styles of Colonization, 1492-1700 3 Timothy Walker Document 1: Treaty between Spain and Portugal concluded at Tordesillas, June 7, 1494: Spain and Portugal make their claims to the "New" World 5 Document 2: "The Requirement:" The Spanish way of announcing their intention to take control, 1512 13 Document 3: Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte, June 11, 1578: Queen Elizabeth issues a patent to Humphrey Gilbert 15 Document 4: Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh receives the Roanoke patent 20 Document 5: Charter of the Dutch West India Company, 1621: The States General of the Netherlands establishes the Dutch West India Company 25 2 Tentative Testimonies: The Aztecs, Conquest, and The Black Legend 37 Heather McCrea Document 1: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de Las Casas, 1542 [published 1552] 38 Document 2: The New Laws of the Indies: Spain enrages colonists with "new laws" that protect Indians, 1542 41 Document 3: Bernal Diaz remembers the Conquest 48 ' Document 4: A Florentine Codex account of the Massacre at Cholula 51
VI Indians of North America: First Encounters 53 Michael L. Oberg Document 1: Excerpt from A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia: Thomas Harriot reports on the "nature and manners" of the native people at Roanoke, 1588 56 Document 2: Henry Hudson arrives at Manhattan, 1609 63 Document 3: Excerpts from Of Plimoth Plantation: William Bradford comments on an epidemic among the native peoples of New England, 1634 66 PART II Regions 67 4 The Chesapeake Bay 69 L.H. Roper Document 1: Letter of John Rolfe, 1614: A Jamestown planter asks permission to marry a native woman 72 Document 2: Letter of John Rolfe, 1620: An Englishman writes the Virginia Company with news of Jamestown, 1620 76 Document 3: Letter from Charles I to Governor and Council of Virginia: Charles I takes the Governor and Council of Virginia to task, 1637 79 Document 4: Virginians complain about the founding of Maryland and the actions of their governor, 1635 82 Document 5: The Declaration of the People: A rebellious colonist denounces royal governor William Berkeley, 1676 86 Document 6: Excerpts from the Virginia Slave Code of 1705 and Laws Leading up to it 89 5 New England 95 Richard P. Gildrie Document 1: Excerpt from A Modell of Christian Charity: John Winthrop encourages and instructs colonists traveling to New England on "Christian Charitie," 1630 100 Document 2: Excerpt from The Simple Cobler of Aggawam: A minister warns against the dangers of religious toleration,.. 1647 106 Document 3: Letter from Israel Stoughton to John Winthrop: Militia officer Israel Stoughton envisions Pequot women captured in war as servants, 1637 110
VII Document 4: Excerpt from Lion Gardiner's Relation of the Pequot Wanes: The Narragansett sachem Miantonomi tries to create a pan-indian union, early 1640s 111 Document 5: Excerpt from The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson: An English war captive recalls her suffering and the workings of providence during King Philip's War, 1682 112 Document 6: Passage from the Records of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay: The Massachusetts General Court legislates against the immoral behaviors thought to have "provoked" God to allow New Englanders to suffer Indian violence, 1675 115 Document 7: Excerpt from Daniel Gookin's Historical Account of the Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians in New England in the Years 1675, 1676, 1677: An Englishman voices sympathy for the suffering of Indians during King Philip's War, 1677 120 6 The Caribbean Islands: British Trade, Settlement, and Colonization 123 James C. Robertson Document 1: Great Newesfrom the Barbadoes... A True and Faithful Account of the Grand Conspiracy of the Negroes against the English: Barbadians discover and punish a plotted slave rebellion, 1675 126 Document 2: Report of Rear Admiral Sir Charles Stewart: A ship master complains of being robbed by Spanish sloops, 1730 129 Document 3: Selection from the Minutes of the Provincial Council: A patriot planter from Georgia advises his son to leave Jamaica, 1776 133 Document 4: Letter from Sir Basil Keith, Governor of Jamaica, to Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia: The governor of Jamaica sympathizes with the plight of his counterpart in Virginia, 1776 134 7 The Middle Colonies 137 Wayne Bodle! Document 1: Excerpt from Robert Juet's Journal: The Half Moon crew explores the future New Netherland while seeking a route to Asia, 1609 140 Document 2: Excerpt from First Settlement of New-York by the Dutch: Early Colonists recall the geographical extent of Dutch holdings 146 Document 3: Excerpt from The Livingston Indian Record: The Five Nations Iroquois and representatives from Maryland and Virginia engage in diplomacy under the Covenant chain, 1677-1679 149 Document 4: William Penn proposes a "briefe and plaine" scheme for intercolonial cooperation, 1697 161
VIII 8 The Carolinas: Shaping of a Slave Society 163 Noeleen Mcllvenna Document 1: Letter from John Urmston to the Society for the Propogation of the Gospel: An Anglican missionary proclaims the evils of the Albemarle during Cary's Rebellion, 1711 166 Document 2: Passage from the Colonial Records of the State of Georgia: A South Carolina official describes the Stono Rebellion, 1739 175 Document 3: Excerpt from the Journal of Josiah Quincy Junior: Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts visits South Carolina, 1773 178 PART III Themes 181 9 Judgment at Salem: War, Witchcraft, and Empire 183 Louise A. Breen Document 1: Excerpt from Robert Calefs More Wonders of the Invisible World: A Boston merchant denounces witchcraft beliefs and the Salem trials 186 Document 2: Magistrates interrogate Tituba about covenants, familiars, and harms, 1692 two versions 195 Document 3: A Boston sea captain and merchant recalls being accused of witchcraft, 1700 204 Document 4: Cotton Mather's advice to witchcraft judge John Richards and Council member John Foster, 1692 206 10 Purgatory: Interpreting Christian Missions and North American Indians 213 David J. Silverman Document 1: Excerpt from Clear Sunshine of the Gospel Breaking Forth Upon the Indians in New England: Puritan Thomas Shepard describes the first encounter between Wampanoags and John Eliot 1647 215 Document 2: Excerpt from Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Jesuit missionary Paul Le Jeune writes of the hardships of life with the Montagnais, mid 1630s 217 11 The Slave Trade and Slavery 221 Ty M. Reese Document 1: Excerpt from An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa: A former slave ship surgeon reveals the horrors of the Middle Passage 224
IX Document 2: Excerpt from John Josselyn's Account of Two Voyages. to New England: An English traveler comments on the rape of a slave in Massachusetts, 1638 232 Document 3: Runaway Slave Advertisements from Virginia, 1761-66 233 12 Women, Family, and Gender 239 Linda L. Sturtz Document 1: Excerpt from OfPlimoth Plantation: William Bradford describes communal and church obligations using familial and gender metaphors, 1644 244 Document 2: The Deposition of Robert Roules: A crowd of Marblehead women kill two Indian prisoners, 1677 245 Document 3: Excerpt from the Pennsylvania Gazette: A female African prophet and freedom fighter in Jamaica, 1732 248 Document 4: A slave woman pleads with the Archbishop of Canterbury for religious liberty and protests her sale to the West Indies, 1760 249 Document 5: Passage from the Colonial Records of the State of Georgia: Georgia's founder James Oglethorpe extols the importance of women in ensuring order and productivity during a time of chaos and war, 1742 251 Document 6: Excerpt from A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison: A war captive from Pennsylvania recalls how she made a new life among the Indians 254 Document 7: Advice from 18th century almanacs on family, women, and marriage, 1736-60 259 PART IV Transformations 265 13 American Backcountries 267 Warren R. Hqfstra Document 1: "Of the Manners and Customs of the Indians inhabiting the Western parts of Carolina and Virginia:" German Explorer John Lederer reports on the Shenandoah Valley, 1669 70 271 Document 2: Excerpt from Moravian Diaries through Virginia: Moravian missionaries trek through western Virginia, 1749 273 Document 3: Excerpt from Annals of Southwest Virginia: Ohio Company agent Christopher Gist scouts for land and trade opportunities, early 1750s 276 Document 4: An English traveler presents an idyllic view of the Shenandoah Valley, 1759-60 278 Document 5: Ben Franklin condemns the "Paxton Boys" as barbaric, 1764 279
X Document 6: The "Paxton Boys" defend their actions and express their frustrations, 1764 281 Document 7: Excerpt from the Journal of Nicholas Cresswell: An Englishman travels the backcountry, 1774 284 14 Spiritual Awakenings 287 Kenneth P. Minkema Document 1: Excerpt from Wahres Christentum: Johann Arndt on "Dying to the World," 1606 ' ' 289 Document 2: Excerpts from The Nature and Necessity of the New Birth: George Whitefield Proclaims the Necessity of the New Birth, 1737 291 Document 3: Excerpts from A Narrative of the Lord's Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant: John Marrant narrates the "Lord's Wonderful Dealings" after his conversion, 1785 295 Document 4: The Code of Handsome Lake: The Seneca Prophet, Handsome Lake calls for a hybridized nativism and a new code by which to live, 1799 297 Document 5: Joanna Southcott's Dispute with Satan, 1802 300 Document 6: Excerpt from Catherine Tekakwitha: Her Life: Pierre Cholonec praises "Iroquois Virgin" Catherine (Kateri) Tekakwitha, ca. 1700 302 Document 7: Excerpt from A Handbook on Guadalupe: An account of the first sighting of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531, recorded in 1649 304 15 Enlightenment 309 Ned C. Landsman Document 1: Letters from The Journal of Esther Edwards Burr, 1754 1757: Women correspond in efforts to help one another "improve," 1750s 311 Document 2: Excerpt from The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: Benjamin Franklin networks and experiments with a secular way of inculcating virtue 315 Document 3: Excerpt from Notes on the State of Virginia: A Virginia planter expounds on the characteristics of native peoples and Africans 321 16 Ambitions: Expansion of New France 327 Robert M. Morrissey Document 1: A Jesuit explains the "Polity of the Hurons, and their.. Government," 1636 332 Document 2: A French Negotiator works to establish unity among Menominee (Malhomini) and Potowatami refugees at Chequam*-gon Bay, 1660s 339
XI Document 3: A French ceremony asserting possession at Sault Ste. Marie, 1671 342 Document 4: Grand Treaty establishes Iroquois Neutrality, 1701 345 17 French and Indian War 349 James Piecuch Document 1: Excerpt from the Papers of George Washington: Virginia governor instructs George Washington to assess French strength in the Ohio Country, 1753 352 Document 2: Excerpt from the Writings of George Washington: George Washington describes defeat, 1755 354 Document 3: Albany Plan of Union: The colonies contemplate union, 1754 356 Document 4: Excerpt from The American Journals of Louis Antoine de Bougainville 360 Document 5: Letter of Sir William Johnson to the Lords of Trade: Indian Superintendent William Johnson explains the strategic importance of the Iroquois, 1763 365 Text Permissions 371 Notes on Contributors 379 Index 383