Name: Date: Period: WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa WHI08 The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 AD by a) describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam; b) assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade; c) identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi a division and the Battle of Tours; d) citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization WHI10: The student will demonstrate knowledge of Africa by describing east African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 121
Essential Understandings of WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 1 The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith 2 Muhammad and his followers spread Islam 3 Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture 4 In the first three centuries after Muhammad s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming 5 geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires 6 Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity 7 Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization 8 Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization 9 African civilizations developed in sub-saharan west and east Africa 10 Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere 11 States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in southern Africa Essential Questions about WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 1 Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did it spread? 2 What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam? 3 How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule? 4 How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands? 5 What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization? 6 How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? 7 What were some contributions of Islamic civilization? 8 What were the characteristics of civilizations in sub-saharan Africa during the medieval period? Why do I need to know this? 1 As the world s fastest growing major religion, Islam has a strong impact on the lives of millions today 2 Muslims influence on three continents produced cultural blending that has continued into the modern world 3 Many of the ideas developed during this time became the basis of today s scientific and academic disciplines 4 Ancient Aksum, which is now Ethiopia, is still a center of Eastern Christianity 5 Migration continues to shape the modern world Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 122
DIRECTIONS: Using page 231 in your text, label the following places on the map where they belong Bodies of Water: Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea Countries/Territories: Holy Roman Empire, France, Spain, Arabian Peninsula, Seljuk Turks, Persia, Egypt Cities: Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Damascus, Baghdad, Medina, Mecca Color in: Byzantine Empire, Muslim World Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 123
The Rise of Islam Desert and Town Life 1 Arabian Peninsula is a crossroads of trade for 2 Bedouins Crossroads of Trade and Ideas 1 trade routes (caravan routes) connected Arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes 2 city of became an important stop on one of these caravan routes 3 simple that was filled with many idols a associated with, a believer in one God b the Arabs called their God, The Prophet Muhammad Early Life Revelations 1 born around 570 into a powerful Meccan clan; began working for Khadijah (a wealthy businesswoman); married her when he was 25 1 when Muhammad was 40 (610 AD), he had a revelation from the Angel Gabriel a told Muhammad that he was a messenger of God b revelations became the basis for Islam 2 Muhammad became convinced he was a prophet and the Allah was the one and only God and all others must be abandoned 3 Islam 4 Muslim 5 began preaching in Mecca The Hijrah 1 facing hostility, Muhammad and a small band of supporters moved to a the journey is called the b Yathrib was renamed city of the Prophet 2 Muhammad became a great political, religious and military leader Returning to Mecca 1 many of the Bedouins converted 2 in 630, the Prophet returned to Mecca with 10,000 followers a the leaders of Mecca surrendered 3 Muhammad Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 124
Directions: Using what you learned about Islam, fill in the Venn Diagram showing the similarities and differences between the basic beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims Jews Believe: Christians Believe: All Believe: Muslims Believe: Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 125
Beliefs and Practices of Islam Five Pillars 1 There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah 2 times a day facing Mecca a at a (Islamic house of worship) or anywhere 3 giving money to the poor through a religious tax 4 during the holy month of, Muslims may not eat or drink anything from sunrise to sunset 5 all Muslims must perform at least on pilgrimage ( ) to Mecca in their lifetime Way of Life 1 to eat pork or drink alcohol 2 afternoons are set aside for communal worship and prayer The Holy Book 1 ultimate source of authority is 2 expressed his will through the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad 3 ; main teaching is there is only one God, Allah a the Qur an is a from Gabriel to Muhammad b written in and is the only true word of God Links to Judaism and Christianity 1 as the Christian and Jewish God 2 all trace their ancestry to a they also place in religious history as a prophet 3 Muslims view Jesus as a ; Jews view Jesus as a 4 the is the word of God revealed to Muhammad, the is the word of God revealed to the Jews; Muslims believe the Qur an perfects the earlier revelations of God and it s the final book, as 5 law required Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 126
Muhammad s Successors Rightly Guided Caliphs 1 when Muhammad died in 632, he had not appointed a successor 2 Muslim community elected a caliph b were the other Rightly Guided Caliphs 3 used the Qur an and Muhammad s actions as guides to leadership 4 by 750, they had conquered over 6000 miles of land (2 times the size of the US) a b advance into Europe halted at the Reasons for Success 1 Muslims drew energy and inspiration from their 2 Muslim armies were well 3 Byzantine and Persian Empires had been in 4 Byzantine and Persian Empires those who didn t practice the official religion of their empire Treatment of Conquered Peoples 1 many conquered peoples ; attracted by the appeal of the message of Islam; also, Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax 2 allowed conquered peoples to a were given special treatment because they re people of the book b required to pay a tax so they didn t have to participate in the military c many served in the Muslim government Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Umayyad Dynasty 1 Uthman s murder in 656 sparked a civil war 2 Ali, as Muhammad s cousin, was the natural selection for Uthman s successor a Muawiya a governor of Syria, challenged Ali s succession b Ali was assassinated in 661 3 family, under Muawiya, came to power 4 established a hereditary form of succession 5 moved the Muslim capital to Damascus; Arab Muslims thought it was too far away from Mecca Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 127
The Muslim World Timeline Directions: Using the pages indicated next to the dates on the timeline, fill in the important events that trace the growth of Islam Then pick one of the events and draw a picture to represent that event at the bottom of the page 630 (p 235) 661 (p239) 732 (p240) 762 (p 240) Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 128
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Sunni-Shi a (Shiite) Split 1 the majority of Muslims a become known as the b about % of Muslims today 2 those who resisted believed the caliph should be a are known as the b, only about % of Muslims today 3 Sufi a pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path b lots of meditation and chanting Muslims Control Areas of Three Continents Abbasid Dynasty 1 overthrew the Umayyads in 750 2 moved the capital to which is located on key trade routes 3 created a large organized government to run the affairs a taxed land, imports, and exports and non-muslims wealth Muslim Trade Network 1 a Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean 2 the Muslim world was centered on the too 3 had only in the Muslim Empires 4 used today s checks Muslim Society Rise of Urban Centers Role of Women 1 Damascus was the leading city until Baghdad was constructed 2 Baghdad was built in 762; population approached one million at its peak 1 2 Muslim women had than European woman of the same time period 3 had access to Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 129
Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge House of Wisdom Medical Advances 1 opened by Caliph al-ma munin Baghdad in the early 800s 2 scholars of different cultures and beliefs translated ancient texts into 1 al-razi was the of the Muslim world 2 wrote the Comprehensive Book Math and Science 1 Muslims used scientific experiments to solve problems a Greeks used reason and logic 2 wrote a textbook explaining the art of binging together unknowns to match a known quantity a called his technique today called algebra 3 Ibn al-haytham (Alhazen) wrote Optics a explained how people see b his studies in optics were used in developing lenses for telescopes and microscopes 4 adopted and helped invent the concept of Philosophy and Religion 1 Ibn-Rushd tried to blend Muslim and Greek philosophy a faced opposition 2 Jewish philosopher who wrote The Guide of the Perplexed that blended philosophy, religion and science Literature 1 is the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry Art and Architecture 1 pictures of living things 2 many artists turned to 3 created like the Romans 4 the in Jerusalem (3 rd holiest city in Islam) is said to be where Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 130
African Empires DIRECTIONS: Using the maps on pages 191 and 365 in your text, label the following on your map where they belong Please be sure to fill in the legend on the map p 191 Sahara Desert, Aksum (color this in), Niger River, Zambezi River, Nile River, Limpopo River p 365 Ghana (outline), Mali (outline), Songhai (outline) (These three empires all overlap, so use a different color for each when you draw them in They are not drawn in for you) Legend Aksum Ghana Mali Songhai Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 131
East Africa 1 located south of Kush on a plateau on the Red Sea, in modern Eritrea and Axum 2 location made it an important trade center 3 Aksum reached its height under the strong ruler, 4 adopted in the 300s (the Ethiopian Orthodox Church still has over 22 million members) 5 Aksum lasted 800 years; fell to invaders invaders West Africa (the Sahel) Ghana 1 grew rich and powerful by taxing the goods that traders carried through their territory 2 most important trade items were 3 through trade, Ghana s rulers converted to 4 1076, Ghana was overrun Mali 1 began as a people under the control of 2 moved eastward when they found gold deposits 3 Mali s rulers reestablished the gold-salt trade and converted to 4 the leader helped expand Mali to twice the size of Ghana 5 became one of the most important cities in the empire; it attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders, and scholars to its mosques and universities 6 Mali fell apart within 50 years of Mansu Musa s death Songhai began as a group of people under the control of South Africa Zimbabwe 1 grew into an empire based on the trade 2 located between the and Rivers 3 grew rich by gaining control of important trade routes 4 by 1450, it had disappeared Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 132
Glossary WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa Directions: Fill in the definition for the term listed Then, in the box on the right, you have to draw a picture OR write the definition in your own words OR write a sentence using the word that demonstrates its meeting Bedouin Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Ka aba Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Islam Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Ramadan Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Sunni Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Shi a Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) House of Wisdom Processing (Illustration, Summarization, or Sentence) Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 133
Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes WHI08: Islam and WHI10: Africa 134