index Medieval authors are indexed according to their given names. accidents qualities division of, 95 96 proprium of, 96 quantities discrete vs. continuous, 93 points and lines, 93 95 relations two definitions of, 96 97 reduction of, 97 98 separable vs. inseparable, 182 183 space and time where and when, 99 quantitative vs. substantial place, 99 100 relational theory of space, 100 temporal indivisibilism, 100 102 Adam du Petit-Pont (see also Parvipontani), 306, 313 Adam of Balsham, 27 Adam of St. Victor, 59 Alberic of Paris (see also Albricani), 27, 188 189, 191 192, 306, 315, 317, 320, 323, 325 Albricani, 306, 320 Alexander Nequam, 313 Ambrose, 59 Anselm of Canterbury, 2, 14, 25, 28, 31, 32, 308, 309 Anselm of Laon, 14 15 passim, 48, 49 appellatio, see signification argument (see also locus, logic, propositions) argumentatio vs. argumentum, 160 argumentum, 160, 170, 318 320 Deduction Theorem, 182 embarrassing, 186 192 against immediates, 177 Alberic s (= the most embarrassing of all twelfth-century arguments), 191 192 from opposites, 190 inference (entailment), 169 connexive principle(s), 165, 189 191 impossible positio, obligatio of, 191 necessity condition, 169, 176 179 perfect vs. imperfect, 170 171, 173 probability, 161, 176 179 relevance condition, 169, 179 186 topical arguments vs. syllogisms, 321 324 liar s paradox, 327 328 loci, 162 163, 169, 171 179, 321 322, 323 324 division of, 186, 324 from definition, 186 188 from integral whole, 177, 188 189 from opposites, 189 192, 324 328 non-boethian, 173, 321, 324 syllogisms, 160, 162, 164 166, 170 176, 321 324 357 in this web service
358 Aristotle, 2, 6, 18, 27, 29, 30, 31, 77, 78, 128, 158 159 passim, 161, 165, 166, 167, 170, 176 cognition, 201 202 four causes, 103 nouns and verbs, 138, 315 predication, 148, 149 signification, 314, 316 structure of logic, 132 133 ten categories, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98 99 passim, 140 universals, 310 arts, liberal, 6, 22 Athanasius, 55 atonement, see sin Augustine, 2, 11, 25, 35, 60, 282 284, 285 286 passim, 288 Benedict, 55 Benny, Jack, 284 Benton, John, 46 Bernard of Chartres, 36, 38 Bernard of Clairvaux, 16, 17, 20, 26, 31, 48, 188, 260 passim, 269, 276 Boethius, 6, 18, 22, 24, 35, 36, 65, 78, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 99, 128, 130, 158 159, 166 168, 168 passim, 170, 172, 173 174 passim, 176 179 passim, 181, 182, 234, 318, 320, 324 aim of Aristotle s Categories, 92 cognition, 201 202 passim, 218 maximal propositions, 176 signification, 314 theory of hypothetical propositions, 163 166, 319 theory of topical arguments, 159, 172 173, 319 universals, 33, 66, 71, 72, 136, 310 Bolzano, Bernard, 171 Buytaert, E. M., 259 Calcidius, 25 causation causes, ontological status of, 103 104 efficient causality, 103 events, 104 105 eventus (eventus rei/rerum), 105 four causes, 103 Cicero, 25, 36, 158, 160, 163, 164, 208 Clanchy, M. T., 129 cognition (see also understandings, universals) Aristotle vs. Abelard on, 201 202 as formal identity of knower and known, 201 as representational likeness, 202 images in cognition of sensible particulars, 207 in cognition of universals and non-sensible items, 184, 207 214 ontological status of, 207 perception, 212 213 statue-of-achilles view of, 210 211 wounded-lion view of, 208 210 knowledge, 81, 84, 216 219 objects of, 212 213 of particulars vs. universals, 207 214 sensation vs. perception, 212 213 sense vs. imagination, 203 206 skepticism, 216, 219 220 understanding, 206 207 consent (see also sin, will) analysis of, 285 intentions as acts of consent, 285 286 conflict in, 287 289 ends and means, 289 290 good vs. bad, 290, 294 295, 299 302 intensions vs. second-order desires, 286 287 second-order, possibility of, 287 Dagobert, 130 Dante Alighieri, 279 de Rijk, Lambert, 129 devil, 259, 263 265 passim power of, 263 264 rights of, 263 264 dialectic (see also logic, philosophy), 5, 126 127 dictum, dicta (see also propositions), 105 108, 133, 146, 319 320 ontological status of, 106 108 significata of sentences, 105 Dronke, Peter, 47, 60 entailment, see argument Eudemus, 164 eventus, see causation in this web service
359 exemplarism, 260, 265 definition, 259 incoherence of, 263 rejection by Abelard, 262 264 Farrer, Austin, 258 form, see hylomorphism Frankfurt, Harry, 286 Frege, Gottlob, 166 Frege Point, 166 Fulbert, 1, 14 15, 49, 62 Garlandus of Besançon, 29, 314 Geach, Peter, 166, 238 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 48 Gilbert of Poitiers (see also Porretani), 306, 312, 326 Gottschalk, 59 grace (see also sin) atonement, 274 275 distribution of, 270 273 nature of, 273 274 necessary for right action, 269 270 Green-Pedersen, N. J., 319 Heloise (see also Historia calamitatum), 1, 14, 16, 19 20, 24, 26, 45, 46, 47, 49 51, 52 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62 63 passim Historia calamitatum authorship of, 46 47 historical reliability of, 45, 47 response of Heloise to, 56 58 romance and confession in, 47 51 Hugh of St. Victor, 27 hylomorphism elements, 75 form human soul as special case of, 76 77 supervenience of, 76 types of, 75 matter, 75 76 identity and distinction, see sameness and difference individuality criteria for, 73 nature of, 74 75 intention, see consent Jerome, 24, 25, 54, 55 56 Jocelin of Soisson, 310 John Buridan, 158 John of Salisbury, 2, 36, 182, 310, 313 justice (see also sin), 261 Kant, Immanuel, 2, 289 locus, see argument logic (see also argument, philosophy) aim, 133, 159 definition, 127 logica antiquorum vs. modernorum, 306 logica vetus, 6, 128, 158, 306 place in philosophy, 127 propositional connectives, 163 164, 166, 167 168 negation, 167 168 relation to grammar, 127 128, 130 131, 137 138 sophismata, 150 structure of, 132 134 terminist, 306 twelfth-century, development of, 21 23, 307 logica vetus (old logic), see logic Luscombe, David, 46 Macrobius, 25, 35, 36 McTaggart, J. E. M., 102 Marenbon, John, 224, 260, 294 Marius Victorinus, 159 matter, see hylomorphism meaning, see signification, understandings Meludinenses (see also Robert of Melun), 306, 313, 315, 317, 319 320, 324, 327, 328 Mews, Constant, 7, 129 natural kinds, see natures natural law, see sin natures division of, 83 individual vs. common, 81 83 knowledge of, 81 modality, 84 natural powers, 83 Nominales, 12, 162, 173, 192, 305, 306, 312, 314, 319, 325, 326 in this web service
360 nominalism, 2, 6, 8, 12, 34, 65, 216, 219, 319 Norbert of Xanten, 16 Notker, 59 Origen, 55 Paraclete, 16, 54, 57 hymns, 58 60 parts (see also wholes) integral, 79 theories of, 80 81 Parvipontani (see also Adam du Petit-Pont), 306, 313, 316, 320, 324, 327 328 pelagianism (see also grace), 260 261 passim definition, 259, 269 in Abelard, 269 270, 273, 276 Peter Abelard life of, 1, 14 21 career, 20 21 castration, 1, 25, 47, 62 condemnations (see also Sens, Soissons), 52, 224 225, 252 excommunication, 2, 17 18 monastic commitment, 51 54 monastic reform, 25 26, 54 56 poetry, 58 63 reading, 24 25 writings chronology of, 7 8, 18 20, 36, 129 130 complete list of, 336 340 division of, 18 20 Peter Astralabe, 62, 63 Peter the Venerable, 18 philosophy definition, 126 division of, 65, 126 Plato, 21, 25, 26, 35 38 passim, 96 97, 208, 286 287 World Soul, 21, 35 38 Plotinus, 35 Pope Innocent II, 17 Porphyry, 6, 18, 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 77, 82, 89, 128, 132, 136, 158, 182 183 passim, 307, 310 Porretani (see also Gilbert of Poitiers), 306, 313, 315, 320, 324, 326 possibility and necessity analysis of, 83 85 relation to powers, 83, 85 powers, see possibility and necessity predication (see also propositions) analysis of, 147 150 copula, 149 150 grammatical form vs. truth-conditions, 147 what is x vs. is x, 90 Priscian, 22, 24, 130, 137, 159, 208, 311, 316 317 propositions (see also argument, dicta) as linguistic entities, 145 categorical, 161 centrality in logic, 133 construction of, 141, 145 147 content vs. force (or judgment), 146, 166 167 hypothetical, 160, 161 162, 164 165, 184 192 lex natura vs. de inesse, 180 impersonal, 146 147 maximal, 160, 162 163, 170, 173, 174 176, 186 modal de dicto (de sensu) vs. de re, 146, 180 semantics of, 144 147, 184 186 truth and falsity of, 145 146, 180, 186 universal, 167 Quine, W. V. O., 171 Quinn, Phillip, 259, 260, 266 Rainbert of Lille, 29 Rashdall, Hastings, 259, 260 Robert of Melun (see also Meludinenses), 306, 313 Roscelin of Compiègne (see also vocalism), 14, 21, 22, 28, 31 32, 34, 307 sameness and difference (see also Trinity) in essence, 86 87, 226 230 in number, 87 88, 228 229, 231 234, 242 243 in definition, 225, 243 245 in property, 89 91, 225, 228, 241, 242 244, 245 246 in this web service
361 in what is proper, 225, 241, 242 244, 247 in words (voces vs. sermones), 91 92 types of, 86 Sens, Council of, 9, 17, 20, 224 225 sermo, see universals Shakespeare, William, 288 signification (see also dictum, propositions, understandings), 137 144, 314 315 context-relativity of, 142 143 dialectical vs. grammatical, 137 139 imposition, 183 186 in essentia vs. adiacentia, 140 143 in relation to the declension of nouns, 315 316 of names fictitious, 314 proper and general, 183 186 signification vs. naming (or appellatio), 314, 316 317 things vs. understandings, 139, 143 144 sin (see also consent, devil, will) action, fit vs. unfit, 295 296 atonement for, 259, 266 267 concupiscence, 265, 267 269 contempt for God, 290 291, 294 295, 299 302 ignorance, 291 292, 293 mental vice, 280, 301 mistaken belief, 294 295 moral dilemmas, 298 natural law, 292 293, 296 nature of (see also consent), 290 291 original, 265 266, 267 outward deeds, 280 282 pleasure, 285 punishment for, 265 267 justice of, 296 298 practical value of, 296 297 senses of the term, 265, 291 292 taxonomy of, 298 299 voluntariness of, 284 will (see also will), 282 284 Soissons, Council of, 9, 15, 19, 51 52, 54, 225, 252 status, see universals Stephen De Garlande, 16 substance characterized, 93 primary vs. secondary, 93 Swinburne, Richard, 238, 259 Themistius, 163 Thierry of Chartres, 52 Theophrastus, 164 Thomas Aquinas, 252 Thomas of Morigny, 17 Trinity (see sameness and difference) divine simplicity, complications for, 238 241 doctrine of, 224, 308 in pagan philosophy, 35 38 logical problem of, 224 theory of, 229 230 material-constitution, 235 238, 249 Abelard s, 52 53, 91, 225, 243 253 understandings (see also cognition, signification, universals) signified by names (proper and general), 183 186 simple vs. compound, 144, 184 sound vs. empty, 144 universal, formation via abstraction, 214 nature of, 214 215 veridicality of, 215 216 universals (see also cognition, Nominales, nominalism, vocalism), 27 34, 66 72 background to twelfth-century discussions of, 307 308 collective realism (or collectio theory) characterized, 69, 310 311 objections to, 69 71 indifference theories characterized, 71, 309 objections to, 71 72 maneria theory, 313 314 material essence realism, 34 characterized, 66, 309 objections to, 67 69 Platonism about, 227, 307 sermones, 34, 91 92, 135, 200, 310, 312 status, 82, 136 137, 310 312, 313 theory of master R., 311 312 universal words vs. things, 135 voces, 28, 91 92, 135, 307, 310 in this web service
362 van Inwagen, Peter, 238 vocalism (see also Garlandus of Besançon and Roscelin of Compiègne) approach to logic, 28 31, 307 metaphysical view, 28, 31 32 voluntas, see will vox, see universals, vocalism Walter of Mortagne, 27, 71 72, 310, 313 Weingart, Richard, 260 wholes (see also parts) integral, 77 types of, 78 81 mereology, 79 temporal, 102 103 universal (general), 77, 188 will (see also consent, sin) desires conflict in, 287 289 ends and means, 289 290 first-order vs. second order, 286 relation to will, 284 freedom of will vs. freedom of action, 286 unwillingness, 284 voluntariness, 284 voluntas, meaning of, 284 William of Auxerre, 17 William of Champeaux, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28 confrontation with Abelard, 14, 23, 48, 129, 188, 306, 307, 308, 312 passim indifference theories, 71, 72 inferences, 318 loci, 318, 320 322 passim, 324 material essence realism, 34, 66, 69 signification, 314 William of Conches, 36 38 William of Ockham, 158 William of St. Thierry, 17 Wood, Allen, 289 in this web service