BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES A. ARCHIVAL SOURCES. Central Archives, Trivandrum. Mathilakam Granthavari, 1, Ola 222,

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BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES A. ARCHIVAL SOURCES Central Archives, Trivandrum Mathilakam Granthavari, 1, Ola 222, 861-5-16. Mathilakam Granthavari,1, Ola 290-295. Mathilakam Curuna, 1673, Ola 131, 785-5-11. Mathilakam Curuna, 1719, Ola 34, 781-27. Mathilakam Curuna, 1722, Ola 5. Mathilakam Curuna, 2600, Ola,62, 55-11-26. Mathilakam Curuna, No.441, Ola no: 4-6,978-2-14. Neettu, 962-11-1, Vol.3, Page.164. Neettu, 993-16-20, Vol.78, Page.158. Neettu, 977-4-3, Vol.4, Page.206. Neetu, 975-12-5, Vol.4, Page.98. Neettu, 1009-1-19, Vol.26, Page.8. Neettu, 1009-8-3, Vol.26, Page.291. Neettu, 977-3-21,Vol.4, Page.200. Neettu, 999-7-30, Vol.90, Page.255.

207 Regional Archives Ernakulam Copper Plate of Vira Raghava, EXN.27, Manuscript M.31. English Translation of Jewish Copper Plate, 229, Manusript E.41. B. REPORTS, HANDBOOKS AND OTHER RECORDS Annual Report of the Archaeological Department- Travancore State for the Year 1920-21 A.D., Trivandrum, 1922. Annual Report of the Archaeological Department-Travancore Cochin State, 1124 M.E., 1948-49. Archaeological Department Administration Report, 1105 M.E, 1929-30. Epigraphia Indica, Vol.IV (1896-97), Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1979. Rao, T.A., Gopinatha (ed.), Travancore Archaeological Series, Vol-II, Part -I, Reprint, Trivandrum,1992. Report on the Administration of the Archaeological Department of Cochin State for the Year 1102 ME (1926-27 AD), Ernakulam, 1928. Revenue Handbook, Institute of Land Management,Trivandrum, 2003. Kerala Society Papers,Vol.I &.II, Series 8, 1931,Gazetteers Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,1997.

208 Logan, William, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and other Papers of Importance Relating to British Affairs in Malabar,Second Edn., Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1957. C. TRAVEL ACCOUNTS AND OTHER SOURCES Adler, Elkan Nathan (ed.), Jewish Travellers, Reprint, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi,1995. Battuta, Ibn, Travels in Asia and Africa-1325-1354, Translated and selected by H.A.R.Gibb, Reprint, Manohar, New Delhi, 2001. Burnell, Arthur Coke and Tiele, P.S. (trans. & ed.), John Huyghen Van Linschoten, The Voyage of John Huyghen Van Linschoten to the East Indies, Vol.I., Hakluyt Society, London, 1885. Chou-Ju-Kua, Chu-Fan-Chi, Translated by W.W.Rockhill and Frederich Hirth, Paragon Book, New York, 1966. Crooke, William (ed.), Travels in India by Jean Baptiste Tavernier,Vol.II, Oriental Books, New Delhi, 1977. Dames, M.L. (trans.), The Book of Duarte Barbosa, Vol.I, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1989. Faucet, (trans.),the Travels of Abbe Carre in India and Near East, 1672 to 1674, Vol.III., Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1990. Galletti, A., The Dutch in Malabar, Madras Govt. Press, Madras, 1917.

209 Goitein, S.D., Portrait of a Medieval India Trader: Three Letters fromcairo Geniza, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, XLVIII, 1987. Gray, Albert (trans.), The Voyage of Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, The Maldives, The Moluccas and Brazil, Vol.2,Part.2, Reprint, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 2000. Grey, Edward (trans.), The Travels of Pietro Della Valle in India, Vol.II., Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1991. Jones, John Winter (trans.), The Itinerary of Ludovico Di Varthema of Bologna, From 1502 To 1508, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1997. Khurdadhbheh, Ibn, Al Masalik Wa l-mamalik, Translated and selected by Maqbur Ahmed, Shimla, 1989. Komroff, Manuel (ed.), Contemporaries of Marco Polo, Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York, 1937. Ma Huan,Ying Yai Sheng-Lan (1453), Translated and edited by J.V.G.Mills, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge, 1970. Major, R.H., India in the Fifteenth Century, Reprint, Asian Educational Services, Delhi, 1992. Nainar, S.M.H. (trans.), Tuhfat al- Mujahidin, Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur & Other Books, Calicut, 2006. Oaten, E.F. (trans.), European Travellers in India, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1991.

210 Polo, Marco, The Travels of Marco Polo, Translated by Aldo Ricci from L.F. Benedetto, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Reprint,1994. Schoff, H. Wilfred (trans.) Periplus of the Erythrean Sea,Oriental Books, New Delhi, 1974. Stephens, H. Morse, Rulers of India, Albuquerque, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1897. Whiteway, R.S., The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1989. Yule, Henry & Cordier, Henri, (trans. & ed.) Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol.II, Revised Edn., Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1998. Yule, Henry & Cordier, Henri, (trans. & eds.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, Vol.II & Suppliment, Revised Edn., Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1998. D. INDEGENOUS SOURCES- MALAYALAM Pillai, Kunhan Elamkulam (ed.), Kokasandesam,Reprint, Sahithya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society, Kottayam,1997. Nair, Gopinathan, N., Unnuneelisandesam, University of Calicut, Calicut, 2005. Nair, Mukhathala, Gopalakrishnan (ed.), Unniyaccicaritam, Second Edn., State Institute of Languages, Trivandrum, 1997. Nair, Nenmara P. Viswanathan (trans.), Akananuru, Vol.2,song 149,Kerala Sahithya Academy, Trissur, 1987.

211 Pillai, V.R. Parameswaran (trans.), Purananuru, Song 343, Reprint, Kerala Sahithya Academy, Trissur, 1997. Sandeepani, Unnunilisandesam, Third Edn, Poorna Publications, Kozhikode, 1999. SECONDARY SOURCES Abraham, Meera, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1988. Abu-Lughod, Janet Lippman, Before European Hegemony, The World System A.D. 1250-1350, Oxford University Press, NewYork, 1989. Agarwal, Amita, Indian Ocean and World Peace, Kanishka, New Delhi, 2000. Ahmed, Afzal, Indo-Portuguese Trade in the Seventeenth Century (1600-1663), Gian Publishing House, New Delhi, 1991. Aiya,V.Nagam, The Travancore State Manual, Vol.I,Gazetteers Department, Government of Kerala, Trivandrum, 1999. Arasaratnam, Sinnappah Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1994. Arunachalam, B., Heritage of Indian Sea Navigation, Maritime History Society, Mumbai, 2002. Balakrishnan, V., History of the Syrian Christians of Kerala (A Critical Study), Kerala Publications, Trissur, 1999. Boxer, C.R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire1600-1800, Penguin Group, London, 1965.

212 Chakrabarti, Ranabir (ed.), Themes in Indian History- Trade in Early India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2001. Chakravarthy, Ranabir, Trade and Traders in Early Indian Society, Manohar, Delhi, 2002. Chaudhuri, K.N., Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, And Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi,1985. Cherian, P. J. (ed.), Perspectives on Kerala History, Vol.II, Part.II, Kerala Gazetteers Department,Trivandrum, 1999. Crone, G.R., The Discovery of the East, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1972. Day, Francis, The Land of Perumals or Cochin-Its Past and its Present, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi,1990. Decla, S., The Portuguese on the Pearl Fishery Coast, Chuvadi, Chennai, 2008. Disney,A.R., Twilight of the Pepper Empire-Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century, Harvard University Press, London, 1978. Panikkar, K.M., A History of Kerala, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 1960. De Lannoy, Mark, The Kulasekhara perumals of Travancore, History and State Formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758, Research School CNWS, Leiden, 1997. Disney, Anthony and Booth, Emily (ed.), Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000.

213 D orsey, J.D. Alex, Portuguese Discoveries, Dependencies and Missions in Asia and Africa, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1998. Dunn, E. Ross, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (A Muslim Traveller of the 14 th Century), University of California, California, 2005. Frenze, Margret, From contact to Conquest, Transition to British Rule in Malabar,1790-1805, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2003. Gupta, Ashin Das, Malabar in Asian Trade- 1740-1800, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967. Gupta, Ashin Das, India and the Indian Ocean World-Trade and Politics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004. Harrison, W. Paul, The Arab at Home, Thomas Y.Crowell, New York, 1924. Jerman, S., History of Quilon,The Ancient Dioces in India (09.08.1329), Fr. Zacharias Memorial Book Centre, Quilon, 2008. John, K.J., (ed.), Christian Heritage of Kerala, Cochin, 1981. Jussay, P.M., The Jews of Kerala, Calicut University Press, Calicut, 2005 Kail, C. Owen, The Dutch in India, Mc. Millan India Ltd., New Delhi, 1981. Kasturi, Prema and Madhavan, Chithra (eds.), South India Heritage, East West Books, Chennai, 2007. Kearney, Milo, The Indian Ocean in World History, Routledge, New York, 2004. Kulke, Hermann, et.al (eds.), Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2009.

214 Kunju, A.P. Ibrahim, Mappila Muslims of Kerala-Their History and Culture, Sandhya Publications,Trivandrum, 1989. Kunju, A.P.Ibrahim, Rise of Travancore, A Study of the Life and Times of Marthanda Varma, Kerala Historical Society,Trivandrum, 1976. Kunju, A.P. Ibrahim, Studies in Medieval Kerala History, Kerala Historical Society, Trivandrum, 1975. Kurup, K.K.N., The Legacy of Islam, Samayam, Kannur, 2006. Kusuman, K.K., Slavery in Travancore, Kerala Historical Society, Trivandrum, 1973. Kusuman, K.K., A History of Trade and Commerce in Travancore (1600-1805), Mittal, Delhi, 1987. Lieutenants Ward and Conner, Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin States, Vol.2, Kerala Gazetteers Department, Trivandrum, 1994. Liu, Xinru, Silk and Religion (An Exploration of Material Life and Thought of People, A.D. 600-1200), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1996. Logan, William, Malabar Manual,Vol.I, AES, New Delhi, 1989. Malekandathil, Pius, Portuguese Cochin and the Maritime Trade of India-1500-1663, Manohar, New Delhi, 2001. Malekandathil, Pius (ed.), Jornada of Dom Alexis de Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the sixteenth Century Malabar, LRC Publications, Kochi, 2003. Malekandathil, Pius, The Germans, The Portuguese and India,Transaction, Munster, 1999.

215 Malekandathil, Pius, Winds of Change and Links of Continuity: A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and Channels of their Trade,1000-1800, A paper presented in the 19 th European Conference on the Modern SouthAsian Studies, Leiden University, Netherlands, 26 th -30 th June,2006. Malekandathil, Pius, Coastal Polity and Changing port Hierarchy of Medieval Kerala, A Paper Presented in the National Seminar on Coastal Histories of India, Centre for Historical Studies, JNU, 13-14 February, 2007. Malekandathil, Pius & Jamal Muhammed, T.,(eds.), The Portuguese Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads -1500-1800, IRISH, Tellicherry, 2001. Mathews, Johnsy, Economy and Society in Medieval Malabar (A.D.1500-1600), St.Mary s Press & Book Depot, Changanacherry, 1996. Mathew, K.S. (ed.), Mariners, Merchants and Oceans Studies in Maritime History, Manohar, New Delhi, 1995. Mathew, K.S. (ed.), Studies in Maritime History, Pondicherry University Press, Pondicherry, 1990. Mathew, K.S., Indo Portuguese Trade and the Fuggers of Germany, Manohar, New Delhi, 1997. Mathew, K.S., Portuguese Trade with India in the Sixteenth Century, Manohar, New Delhi, 1983, Mathew, K.S. (ed.), Maritime Malabar and the Europeans-1500-1962, IRISH, Hope India, Kolkata, 2003.

216 Mathew, K.S.(ed.), Ship-building and Navigation in the Indian Ocean Region- A.D.1400-1800, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1997. Mateer, Samuel, The land of Charity- A Descriptive Account of Travancore and its People, New Delhi, AES, Reprint, 1991. Mc.Pherson, Kenneth, The Indain Ocean, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1993. Menon, K.P., Padmanabha, History of Kerala, Vol.II, AES, Reprint, Delhi, 1982. Menon, K.P., Padmanabha, History of Kerala, Vol.I, AES, New Delhi, 1998. Menon, A., Sreedhara, A Survey of Kerala History, Viswanathan, Madras, 1996. Menon, A., Sreedhara Gazetteers of India, Kerala, Quilon, Kerala Gazetteers Department, Government of Kerala, Trivandrum, 1964. Menon, C., Achyuta, The Cochin State Manual, Kerala Gazetteers Department, Reprint, Trivandrum,1995. Menon, T., Madhava (ed.), A Hand Book of Kerala, Vol.I, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, Trivandrum, 2000. Miller, E. Rolland, Mappila Muslims of Kerala, Orient Longman, Madras, 1992. Mukherjee, Rudrangshu and Subrahmanian, Lakshmi (ed.), Politics and Trade in the Indian Ocean World, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2003. Nadar, G. Krishna, Socio-Economic Background of the Military History of Travancore-Kerala-India, Karuna,Trivandrum, 1993. Nambiar, E.K.G. (ed.), Agrarian India Problems and Perspectives on Kerala History, Calicut, 1999.

217 Narayanan, M.G.S., Aspects of Aryanisation in Kerala, Kerala Historical Society, Trivandrum, 1973. Narayanan, M.G.S., Re-interpretations in South Indian History, College Book House,Trivandrum, 1977. Narayanan, M.G.S., Perumals of Kerala, Calicut, 1996. Narayanan, M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala,Kerala Historical Society, Trivandrum, 1972. Panikkar, K.M., A History of Kerala, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 1960. Panikkar, K.M., Geographical Factors In Indian History, Bhavans Book University, Bharatiya Vidyabhavan, Bombay, 1959. Panikkar, K.M., Asia and the Western Dominance, New Delhi, 1999. Panikkar, K.M., Malabar and the Portuguese, Voice of India, New Delhi, 1997. Panikkar, K.M., Malabar and the Dutch, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1931. Panikkar, K.N., Culture, Ideology, Hegemony (Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India, Tulika, New Delhi, 1995. Pearson, M.N., Coastal Western India, Studies from the Portuguese Records, Concept, New Delhi, 1987. Pillai, Elamkulam Kunjan, Studies in Kerala History, NBS, Trivandrum, 1970. Pillai,T.K.Velu, The Travancore State Manual, vol.ii, Kerala Gazetteers Department, Trivandrum, 1996.

218 Pinto, Celsa, Trade and Finance in Portuguese India A Study of the Portuguese Country Trade-1770-1840, Concept, New Delhi, 1994. Poonnen, T.I., Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and its Collapse (A.D.1663-1795), University of Kerala,Trivandrum, 1978. Om Prakash (ed.), Dutch Factories in India 1617-1623, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1984. Prakash, Om and Lombard, Denys (ed.), Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal-1500-1800, Manohar, New Delhi, 1999. Ptak, Roderich, China s Seaborne Trade with South and Southeast Asia, 1200-1750, Ashgate, Britain, 1999. Ptak, Roderich and Rothermund, Dietmar (eds.), Emporia, Commodities and Entrepreneurs in Asian Maritime Trade, c.1400-1750, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuggart, 1999. R de Souza, Teotonio (ed.), Indo Portuguese History- Old Issues, New Questions, Concept,New Delhi, 1985. Rajendran, N., Establishment of British Power in Malabar (1664 to1799), Chugh, Allahabad,1979. Ray, Animesh, Maritime India, Ports and Shipping, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1995. Ray, Himanshu Prabha, A Historical Survey of Seafaring and Maritime Networks of Peninsular India, ICHR, New Delhi, 2006.

219 Sastri, K.A.,Niakanta, The Colas, Second Edn, University of Madras, Madras, 1955. Sastri, K.A., Nilakanta, A History of South India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1975. Sreedharan, K., A Maritime History of India, Publication Division, New Delhi,1982. Stephen, Jayaseela (ed.), Trade & Globalisation, Rawat, New Delhi, 2003. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, Improvising Empire: Portuguese Settlement in the Bay of Bengal-1500-1700, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1990. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (ed.), Maritime India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2004. Tchitcherov I., Alexander, India-Changing Economic Structure in the Sixteenth Eighteenth Centuries, New Delhi,1998. Uma Das Gupta, (ed.), The World of the Indian Ocean Merchant 1500-1800, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001. Veluthattu Kesavan and Sudhakaran, P.P. (eds.), Advances in History, Calicut, 2003. Veluthatt, Kesavan et.al.(ed.), State and Society in Pre Modern South India, Cosmo Books, Trissur, 2002. Vijayalakshmi, M., Trade and Trading Centres in Medieval Kerala, (A.D. 800-1500), Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Calicut, Calicut, 1997. Wilson, T. Arnold, The Persian Gulf (An Historical Sketch from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, Routledge, London, 1959. Wink, Andre The Making of the Indo- Islamic World, Vol.I, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999.

220 INTERVIEW Interview with Rajendran, P., Social Scientist and Archaeologist, Kerala University, Karyavattom, 08.11.2009, 08.12.2014. NEWS PAPERS AND JOURNALS The Hindu, Wednesday, January 11, 1989. The Hindu, Friday, November 1, 1991. The Hindu, Friday, October 19, 2007. John, K.J. (ed.), Journal of South Indian History, Vol.2, Issue 1, March, Calicut, 2005 Journal of Kerala Studies,Vol.VI-September-December, 1979. Kusuman, K.K. (ed.), Journal of Kerala Studies, Vol.XIII, March-June, September- December, part 1-4, Karyavattom, 1984. Malekandathil, Pius, Christians and the Cultural Shaping of India in the First Millennium A.D. in Journal of St. Thomas Christians, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2006. Malekandathil, Pius, The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade on the Economy and Politic s of Early Medieval Goa (c.8-15 c.) in Deccan Studies, Vol.II, No. 1, 2004. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Millennium (61 st ) Session, Kolkata, 2000-2001. Rao, S.R. (ed.), Journal of Marine Archaeology, Vol.5-6 (1995-96), Goa, 1997. Rajendran, P., Current Science, Vol.64, No.3, 10 February, Bangalore, 1993. Rajendran, P., Current Science, Vol.56, No.6, 20 March, Bangalore, 1987.

221 South Indian History Congress Proceeding Volume of the Fifteenth Annual Session, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 1995. Wade, Geoff, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 40 (2), June, University of Singapore, Singapore, 2009. MALAYALAM BOOKS Bhaskaranunni, Kollathinte Carithram, Kollam Public Library, Kollam, 1994. John, K.J., (ed.& trans.), Tampuran Vanakkam, University of Calicut, Calicut, 2005. Kunju, A.P., Ibrahim, Marthanda Varma- Adhunika Thiruvithamkurinte Udayam, Cultural Publications Department, Thiruvananthaparam, 2005. Menon, A., Sreedhara, Kerala Caritram, D.C.Books, Kottayam, 1973. Nair, K.Sivasankaran, Venadinte Parinamam, Cultural- Publications Department, Trivandrum, 1993. Nair, K.Sivasankaran, Keralam Oru Lanthakkarante Drishtiyil, State Insitute of Languages, Trivandrum, 2005. Panikkasseri, Velayudhan Keralacarithram, D.C. Books, Kottayam, 2006. Rajan, K.P., Keralathuramukhangaliloode, Calicut, 2012. Sankunni,Kottarathil, Aithihyamala, Reprint, Current Books, Kottayam, 1998. Sasibhushan, M.G. and Raja, R.P., Carithram Kuricca Sri Padmanabha Swamikshetram, D.C.Books, Kottayam, 2011. Thangassery, Francis, Dutch Saktiyude Valarccayum Thakarccayum, 1599-1795, Kollam, 2000.

222 Valath, V.V.K., Keralathile Sthalacarithrangal, Thiruvananthapuram Jilla, Kerala Sahithya Academy, Trissur, 1998. Varrier, Raghava & Veluthattu, Kesavan, Tharisappally Pattayam, Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, Kottayam, 2013.