Study Guide - Test #3 Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Kings 1517-1789 or so / chapters 5-7 PreAP WC II / Frye / Nov 2018 50 [or so] multiple matching true false objective questions Reformation Era (1500-1648) EQ Why was the Church was in crisis by 1500? Indulgences Pope Leo X simony Luther - EQ What were Luther s main ideas? Why did people turn to Protestantism? 95 Thesis at Wittenberg [1517] Every man his own priest Unless I am shown by Scripture and plain reason I will not recant My conscience is captive to God Diet of Worms [1521] why the Princes of Germany (and other kings) supported Luther why common people supported Protestantism German Peasant Revolts [1524-25] Vernacular Bibles and national languages William Tyndale EQ What is a Protestant? PROTESTANTS (main ideas) - 5 solas - Faith alone, by Grace alone, in Christ alone, through Scripture alone all for the glory of God 5 main groups WHERE? BIG IDEA CHURCH-STATE LUTHERAN Germany, Scandinavia Faith alone, every man own priest, read Bible for self ANABAPTIST Scattered Adult baptism, individualistic, radical equality, women s role CALVINIST Jean Calvin Dutch, Swiss, Scots, Huguenots (), Puritans (England) Predestination {TULIP} ANGLICAN England style, Lutheran beliefs [via media] CATHOLIC Ireland,, rest of Reforms behaviors, but keeps southern Europe (Spain, ideas like saints, papal Reform Portugal, Italy), parts of eastcentral Europe (Poland, purgatory, etc. authority, faith and works, Council of Trent, southern Germany) EQ How did different groups view church-state relations? State OVER church [national churches] No connection, pacifist Pro-democracy, just revolt, church and state separate but equal and cooperative Monarch is head of church Pope can rebuke kings (separate but over state) Calvinists / Jean Calvin - EQ What are the main religious and political ideas of CALVINISM? TULIP CHAPTER 5
Calvinist contributions to democracy Right of revolution Covenant Elections [by the Elect] Calvin in Geneva Huguenots EQ What events led to a new church in TUDOR England? English Reformation /Anglican Church Henry VIII Anne Boleyn and the creation of the Anglican Church Act of Supremacy Seizure of monasteries Bloody Mary Elizabeth I - Why successful? Why Protestant? Spanish Armada [and SO WHAT?] EQ How did s respond to Protestantism? - Reformation Council of Trent Ignatius Loyola & Jesuits (Traits of ) If the church says whit is black, white is black Reformation Politics EQ Why did Spain (under the Hapsburgs), despite being a superpower, fail in its goal of total domination? Hapsburgs Spain,, HRE Charles V (HRE/Spain) 1555 - splits Spanish and n lands among brother and son. Phillip II SPAIN war vs. England s Elizabeth I and Dutch Protestants Siglo de Oro decline of Spain after Armada defeat the Dutch revolt EQ How is the Dutch revolt similar to the American revolution? William the Silent (of Orange) EQ How religious were the religious wars of te Reformation era and ow mych wer they about politics and ambitious kings? and Reformation (War of the 3 Henrys) Catherine d Medici & St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre politiques Henry IV (Bourbon, from Navarre) Edict of Nantes 30 Years War and Treaty of Westphalia 1648 EQ What are the LONG TERM results of the Reformation, especially in the areas of EDUCATION
POLITICS ECONOMICS TOLERANCE and DISSENT SOCIAL CLASS and WOMENS ROLES ART and CULTURE England -Constitutional monarchy the Stuarts EQ Why were the kings and Parliament in conflict? House of Commons Puritan control Power of the purse James I * Guy Fawkes, Gunpowder plot * illegal arrests and taxes Charles I EQ What was the English Civil War, why did it happen, and what were the results? Cavaliers vs. Roundheads [Puritans] Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth The Rump Restoration Charles II (the Merry Monarch) James II and. EQ What was the Glorious Revolution [1688-89] why did it happen, and what were the results? William [of Orange, later III of England] and Mary Bill of Rights Toleration Act Battle of the Boyne and the fate of Ireland The UNITED KINGDOM (1707) Robert Walpole [first prime minister] and the German [Hanover] Georges I & II Tories & Whigs EQ How did power shift from king towards parliament between 1600 and the mid-1700s? Scientific Revolution 1543-1700 [or so] CHAPTER 6 EQ What was the Scientific Revolution and how did it challenge authority? *remember for individuals listed below you need to know their IDEAS or DISCOVERIES Aristotelian / Ptolemaic system [geocentrism] Copernicus [heliocentrism] Kepler Galileo The Letter to the Grand Duchess and his trial [The Dialogue and insulting the pope] EQ How did Newton change the way people thought about nature? Sir Isaac Newton Principia Mathematica - nature as machine Vesalius
William Harvey microscope Leeuwenhoek institutionalization (acceptance) of science by late 17th century royal academies Carl Linnaeus EQ How did Bacon, Descartes, and the Empiricists try to create a new way to think about EPISTEMOLOGY? (i.e., what we call truth and how we know) and philosophy Francis Bacon - knowledge is power INDUCTIVE (experiment) 4 IDOLS The Tribe human nature The Cave our individual nature The Market Place our particular society The Theater unexamined Isms [dogmas] René Descartes Rationalism (DEDUCTIVE) cogito, ergo sum dualism Empiricism John Locke (On Human Understanding) tabula rasa Berkeley Hume Deism EQ How did Pascal use reason to challenge skeptics and philosophers? Blaise Pascal - Pensees, The Wager The heart has its reasons that reason knows not of Human dignity is in thought endeavor to think well thinking reed
MAP Europe @ 1500-1600 and religion by 1648 EQ Where were the major sects of Christianity dominant by the end of the Reformation era? Anglican Anglican Calvinist Lutheran Lutheran Orthodox Aka Calvinists
Kings and Empires (see War chart below) CHAPTER 7 The Rise of the (Nation-)State divine right absolutism 5 Principles of modern state: Richelieu and Louis XIV as classic example (1) nationalism, (2) national economy [mercantilism], (3) centralized power [using (4) national bureaucracy] (5) monopoly on force EQ How did establish a new model for a unified nation-state in the 1600s? EQ How did the desire for balance of power conflict with each nation s desire for dominance and lead to wars in the 1600s and 1700s? balance of power DURCH GOLDEN AGE (1600-1670s) Anglo-Dutch and French-Dutch Wars William III of Orange FRANCE AS GREATEST POWER [1640s mid- 1700s] ANGLO-FRENCH WARFARE, 1670s 1815 Cardinal Richelieu [under Louis XIII] Louis XIV Sun King l etat, c est moi Versailles EQ How did Britain become the dominant power by the mid-1700s? RISE OF BRITAIN as unified (1707) and GREAT POWER CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE EQ How did PRUSSIA, RUSSIA and AUSTRIA become major powers, while the OTTOMANS and POLAND declined? and the Hohenzollerns rise to power Emphasis on army Frederick II, the Great Poland (fate by 1790s) map (multi-ethnic empire and the Hapsburgs} Maria Theresa The Romanovs Peter the Great SO WHAT? St. Petersburg Ways and methods Peter modernized Wars / Expansion Vs. TURKS [the push SOUTH] Great Northern War vs. Swedes [push WEST]
Expansion to Siberia [push EAST] Catherine II (the Great) enlightened despot Pugachevs revolt and SERFDOM Turkish decline after 1700 Mohammed al Wahab Qing Dynasty in China (1644-1911) Eunuchs Dyarchy Reaction to European traders and ns in Siberia Wars Great Turkish War 1689-1699 Great Northern War 1697-1715 War of the Spanish Succession 1701-13 War of the n Succession 1740-48 WHO? versus Britain Dutch Spain Spain WHO? WHY? WHERE? RESULTS (So What???) Ottomans and pushing Balkans,, Turks lose land to south against weakened siege of Vienna and Turks Sweden Poland Britain Peter the Great wants to expand WEST Louis wants to be king of Spain after death of Carlos el Loco; everyone afraid of FRANCE (balance of power); Anglo-French rivalry Everyone attacks Empress Maria Theresa; Anglo-French rivalry n-n rivalry n win World war at sea, Caribbean, Americas, Europe, India Europe, at sea, colonies St. Petersburg built A tie gets to put a Bourbon in Spain; England gets trade rights; gets Belgium; DEBT for Maria Theresa survives, gets land from, British navy supreme; DEBT for 1756 Diplomatic Revolution: makes peace with because they are now more afraid of Britain; treaty sealed by marriage of Prince Louis (later Louis XVI) to s Princess Marie Antoinette Hapsburg; (hates ) switches sides to be allies with Britain. 7 Years War 1756-1763 ( allies with by marriage radical change!) Spain Britain Anglo-French rivalry; incident in Ohio, trade in India; n-n rivalry everyone afraid of BRITISH World war at sea, Caribbean, Americas, Europe, India EQ What are the major outcomes of the Anglo-French Wars, especially the 7 Years War? Seven Years War 1756-63 SO WHAT? major results regarding and England, in the Americas & India Battle of Quebec Battle of Plassey - BRITISH EAST INDIA CO. British East India Company takes over India Decline of Moghuls survives triple invasion; British control seas, India, Quebec; DEBT for and UK