Cosmopolitan Outsiders

Cosmopolitan Outsiders

Katherine Sorrels Cosmopolitan Outsiders Imperial Inclusion, National Exclusion, and the Pan-European Idea, 1900 1930

Katherine Sorrels ISBN 978-1-137-57819-8 ISBN 978-1-349-72062-0 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-72062-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950458 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo Cover design by Samantha Johnson Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the inspiration, advice, and encouragement of scholars at the University of Pittsburgh who guided the project from which this book developed. Jonathan Scott and Gregor Thum supported my work with patience and insight from start to finish. Bill Chase, Seymour Drescher, Christian Gerlach, Alexander Orbach, Adam Shear, and Andrea Ritivoi also offered helpful commentary and devoted time to working through ideas with me. As this book drifted further and further away from the project that inspired it, I was privileged to receive extremely helpful comments from Malachi Hacohen, Ari Joskowicz, Arie Dubnov, Natasha Wheatley, Roger Chickering, and Tara Zahra. My friends, colleagues, and former colleagues at the University of Cincinnati have also been incredibly supportive and encouraging. Special thanks are due to those who commented on drafts and other work related to this project. They include Erika Gasser, Todd Herzog, Ethan Katz, Wendy Kline, Maura O Connor, David Stradling, and Willard Sunderland. I am also grateful to all of those who took time out of their busy schedules to participate in the department s Faculty Research Seminar and offer helpful feedback on Chapter Four. Colleagues at the Hebrew Union College provided astute critiques of work related to Chapter Six through the Open History Seminar. I am indebted to Nancy Sinkoff, Seth Koven, and Mia Bay for inviting me to a terrific conference on the First Universal Races Congress (London, 1911) at Rutgers University. Parts of my talk, which developed out of discussion with Seth Koven, made their way into Chapter Three. And lastly, I am pleased to thank Kristin Purdy and Michelle Smith at Palgrave Macmillan for their patience and support. v

vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for research was provided by the Austrian Exchange Service, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes, the US Department of Education, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Simon Dubnow Institute in Leipzig, and the Charles Phelps Taft Research Center at the University of Cincinnati. I am particularly grateful to the Taft Center for supporting a pivotal year devoted to writing. I also gratefully acknowledge the help I received from numerous librarians and archivists. Assistance from the Interlibrary Loan Divisions at the University of Pittsburgh, Western Michigan University, and the University of Cincinnati has been crucial to the completion of this project. I am especially indebted to Lorna Newman at the University of Cincinnati. I wish to thank archivists at the Historical Archives of the European Union at the European University Institute in Florence, in particular Ruth Meyer; the League of Nations Archives in Geneva, in particular Jacques Oberson; the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford, in particular Carol Leadenham; the Central Zionist Archives and the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem, the Leo Baeck Institute and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York, in particular Gunnar Berg; and the Society for the History of the Austrian Labor Movement in Vienna. Finally, this project could not have been completed without the support of friends and family who have been privy to all the ups and downs associated with the writing process. My mother, Mira, went over the entire manuscript with a fine-tooth comb. I am eternally grateful! My late grandmother, Nancy, was the kind of reader who felt compelled to finish any text she started reading. That she always asked for copies of my work is a testament to love. Erika Gasser received weekly updates on this book with good humor and offered encouragement and good ideas. Jon Barber joined in many of these meetings, which was saintly. I thank Heidi Maibom for helpful feedback and fun distractions from work. My sister, Frances Bausman, has always been there. Erik Angner has done more for me than seems reasonable, including introducing me to Steve, who read every word, helped me to say what I actually meant, saved me from countless inconsistencies and misinterpretations, and provided pizza. There are no words.

CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Outsiders Within 1 2 The Jewish Dilemma of Exclusion in Late Imperial Central Europe 23 Alfred Fried and the Experience of Antisemitism 23 Liberal and Progressive Politics 36 Vienna and Berlin: Germany s Two Faces 43 Conclusion 49 3 Pacifism, Empire, and Social Evolution 65 Pacifism as Social Science 66 Felix von Luschan and War as the Engine of Human Progress 75 Alfred Nossig and the Internationalization of Empire 80 Conclusion 90 4 Pacifist Realpolitik: Selling Pan-Europe to Militarists and Nationalists 101 Precedents and Models for Pan-Europe 102 Fried s Proposal for Pan-Europe 111 Challenges and Objections to Pan-Europe s Realization 118 Conclusion 125 vii

viii CONTENTS 5 Aristocrats and Jews as Elites and Pariahs in Interwar Central Europe 133 Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi and the Experience of Aristocratic Marginality 134 Stefan Zweig, the Viennese Elite, and the Ideal of European Cultural Unity 142 Joseph Roth and the Critique of Elite Culture 152 Conclusion 157 6 Bridging the Gap: Pan-Europe between the Left and the Right 171 Pan-Europe between the Wars 173 Race, Empire, and Europe s Place on the World Stage 176 The Wrong Kind of Attention: Freemasons and Conspiracy Theories 185 A Delicate Alliance: The Pan-European Union and the Peace Movement 189 Conclusion 197 7 Conclusion: The Limits of Shared Experience 211 Bibliography 221 Index 239

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Alfred Hermann Fried 24 Fig. 5.1 Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi 136 ix