HSCI 3013-002: History of science to the age of Newton, fall 2016 Instructor: Professor Rienk H. Vermij Physical Science Building 606 office hours: Wednesday 9.00-9.30 a.m., or by appointment phone: 325-5416 e-mail: rienk.vermij@ou.edu The class meets on Tuesday and Thursday from 12.00 to 1.15 p.m. in Physical Science Building 321. Introduction This course will give insight into the way people in the past, roughly speaking from ancient times to the seventeenth century, viewed nature and tried to understand and explain it. In most cases, their ideas do not strike us as particularly scientific. Properly speaking, there was not such a thing as modern science in this period. In investigating nature, people did not just come up with different theories than the ones we are familiar with. They often were interested in completely different things and asked questions to which our answers would not have made sense. The course offers not just a rehearsal of important discoveries - although these will inevitably turn up - but also aims to give insight into the genesis of modern scientific thinking and modern scientific practices. We are not just interested in how people found the correct answers, but also in their own way of thinking and how it came about that our present theories make sense to us at all. The best way to get some idea of how ideas on the world have changed, is to read the original sources. Consequently, much of the time we will be reading and discussing texts of the period - works by Aristotle, Galileo, Newton, and others. The readings chosen for this course do not require any advanced mathematical or technical knowledge. Still, the way authors in the past used to argue their cases appears often unfamiliar to a modern reader and some of these texts may appear challenging. They have to be studied, not just read cursorily. It is important that you prepare well, pay close attention in class, and ask questions when you do not quite follow. At the end of this course, you will have a general idea not just of how modern scientific ideas and practices emerged, but also how such theories were dependent om people s basic preconceptions of the world, and how these changed. Moreover, you will have some idea how our knowledge about these developments is based on our reading of the ancient documents. Some general rules Everyone is expected to attend lectures, to keep up with the reading schedule, and to participate in class discussion of the reading. The information given during class lecture is vital for understanding the readings. If the students have missed a class, it is their responsibility to find out what has been taught or announced. Messages will be sent to your OU email account. If you do not use that account normally, please arrange for emails to be forwarded from that account to the one you use.
It is the policy of the university to excuse the absence of students that result from religious observances and to provide without penalty for the rescheduling of examinations and additional required class work that may fall on religious holidays. Please see me in advance. Any student in this course who has a disability that may prevent him or her from fully demonstrating his or her abilities should contact me personally as soon as possible so that we can discuss accommodations necessary to ensure full participation and facilitate your educational opportunities. As a matter of course, students are to abide by the rules of academic integrity; see http://integrity.ou.edu/students.html. More details will be given with the first essay assignment. Evaluation In this course, you are not asked to memorize facts. Assessment will be by take home essays or open book exams. Essay assignments will normally require that you analyze some of the course readings with the help of the information provided in the course lectures. That is, you are not supposed to look for outside sources. You have to demonstrate that you are able to make sense of the course readings and explain them in their relevant context. There are 500 points to be earned in this class, in the following way: Three essays, 100 points each: 300 points Final exam: 100 points Class participation, quizzes: 100 points Students can redo one essay if they feel they have performed below their capabilities. This does not apply if no serious effort has been made in the first place. Quizzes will normally be assigned over the reading for the next meeting and have to be turned in in writing before that class begins. Unless otherwise stated, they will count for ten points each. Although there will be more then ten quizzes, 100 points is the maximum. If students turn in more quizzes, the ten highest will count. Class readings There is no required text book on the content of which you will be examined. Still, it is recommended to use a textbook when preparing your work. It will give you better background knowledge and will help you to get names and dates correct, especially on topics that otherwise have only been discussed in class lectures. A list of possible textbooks will be made available in the first weeks of class. The following readings have been put on D2L or are accessible online: - Isaac Newton, The mathematical principles of natural philosophy, translated by Andrew Motte and Florian Cajori (Berkeley 1966) xx-xxxiii (preface by Cotes), 543-547 (general scholium). - René Descartes, The world, chapters VI and VII, in: The world and other writings, Stephen Gaukroger ed. (Cambridge & New York 1998) 21-33. - René Descartes, Treatise on man, in: The world and other writings, Stephen Gaukroger ed. (Cambridge and New York 1998) 99-169. - Aristotle, Physics, translated by Ph.H. Wicksteed and F.M. Cornford (Cambridge (Mass.) and London 1971) 9-13, 107-117. - Geoffrey E.R. Lloyd, Appearance versus reality: Greek and Chinese comparisons and contrasts, in: Beiträge zur antiken Philosophie: Festschrift für Wolfgang Kullmann (Stuttgart 1997) 303-316.
- Markus Asper, The two cultures of mathematics in ancient Greece, in: Eleanor Robson and Jacqueline Stedall ed., The Oxford handbook of the history of mathematics (Oxford 2010) 107-132. - Euclid s Elements, Thomas Heath transl., Dana Densmore ed. (Santa Fe 2003) 1-3. - Plutarch s lives, translated by Aubrey Stewart and George Long, II (London 1914) 45-51 (Life of Marcellus, chapter 14-19). - Hero of Alexandria, Pneumatics, translated by J.G. Greenwood (London and New York 1971, original edition 1851). - Plato, from the Republic, in: Plato, Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Symposium, Republic, translated by B. Jowett (New York 1942) 398-416. - The manual of harmics of Nicomachus the Pythagorean, Flora R. Levin ed. (Grand Rapids 1994) 45-46, 83-97. - Nicolaus Copernicus, On the revolutions, book I: http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/yeartext-copernicus.html. - Johannes Kepler, Mysterium cosmographicum = the secret of the universe, E.J. Aiton ed. (New York 1981), Kepler s first preface. - Galileo Galilei, The starry messenger, in: Discoveries and opinions of Galileo, translated by Stillman Drake (New York 1957) 27-58. - Galileo Galilei, from Dialogue on the two chief world systems, in: Maurice A. Finocchiaro ed., The essential Galileo (Indianapolis 2008) 222-233. - Aristotle, Historia animalium, translated by A.L. Peck, I (Cambridge (Mass.) and London 1965) 163-165, 233-241. - The optics of Ibn al-haytham, books I-III, on direct vision, A.I. Sabra ed. (London 1989) I, 3-13, 17-20. - Petrus Peregrinus, The letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the magnet, A.D. 1269, translated by fr. Arnold (New York 1904) 1-21. - Lawrence M. Principe, The secrets of alchemy (Chicago and London 2013) 137-171. - William Harvey, An anatomical disputation concerning the movement of the heart and blood, translated by G. Whitteridge (Oxford etc. 1976) 74-77, 100-105. - Albert Van Helden, The birth of the modern scientific instrument, 1550-1700, in: J.G. Burke ed., The uses of science in the age of Newton (Cambridge 1983) 49-84. - Anoni van Leeuwenhoek, Alle de brieven (Amsterdam 1939-1999) II, 279-299, III, 245-267, 321-343. - Isaac Newton, New theory of light and colors (www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=natp00006&mode=normalized) - Robert Bartlett, The natural and the supernatural in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 2008) 111-148. - Maurice A. Finocchiaro, The Galileo affair. A documentary history (Berkeley etc. 1989) 47-54 and 67-69. - Baruch Spinoza, Theological-political treatise, Samuel Shirley transl. (Indianapolis 1998) 71-79, 83-85. Reading schedule. The schedule is open to modification. Aug 23 Introduction
1. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 25 Cotes, preface 31 Descartes, The world Sept 1 Descartes, Treatise on man 6 Aristotle, Physics 8 Hippocratic writings: Treatise on man, sacred disease 13 Lloyd, Appearance versus reality 15 2. MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 20 Euclid; Asper, Two cultures; FIRST ESSAY DUE 22 Plutarch on Archimedes; Hero, Pneumatics 27 Plato, Republic 29 Astronomical models: http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dduke/models.htm Oct 4 Copernicus, Revolutions 6 Kepler, Secret of the universe 11 Galileo, Starry messenger 13 Galileo, Diaologue 3. OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 18 Aristotle on animals; Hippocratic writings, The heart. SECOND ESSAY DUE 20 Ibn Al-Haytham, Optics 25 Peregrinus, Letter on the magnet; Principe, Secrets of alchemy 27 Van Helden, Instruments; Harvey, Motion of the heart Nov 1 Leeuwenhoek, Letters
3 Newton, New theory of light and colors 4. SCIENCE AND RELIGION 8 Bartlett, The natural and the supernatural; THIRD ESSAY DUE 10 Finocchiaro, Galileo affair 15 Spinoza, On miracles 17 Newton, General Scholium 22 Newton Project (http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk) 24 (Thanksgiving holiday, no class) 30 TBA Dec 1 TBA 6 (finals preparation period) 8 (finals preparation period)