بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم As-Sarf (Morphology) ~ Class Sixteen احلمد هلل رب العاملني وصلى اهلل وسلم وبارك على نبينا حممد وعلى آله وصحبه أمجعني, أما بعد Our teacher began with praising Allaah and sending salaat and salaam on the Messenger of Allaah, his family, companions and followers until the Last Day and began: CONJUGATIONS المض ار ع أ ن ت ي four: are مضارع The letters of the The same way we have categorized the Maadh we categorize the Mudaari :المض ار ع The three groups of Speech in Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 1
speaking The one المت ك ل م The hamzah is only used in one case You say: أ فع ل I do - We give the hamzah a fathah. The hamzah of the mudaari is used to express the single speaker regardless the gender. Always remember that the harakah of the Ayn differs from chapter to chapter, so the harakah which goes on the Ayn depends upon the Chapter. said: سبحانه وتعالى there is a dhammah on the ayn As Allaah ك ف ر أ كفر ت أ مرون ن ا إ ذ و الن ه ا ر الل ي ل م ك ر ب ل اس ت ك ب روا ل ل ذ ي ن اس تض ع فوا ال ذ ي ن و ق ال و ن ع ل ل ه أ ند اد ا و أ س ر وا الن د ام ة ل م ا ر أ وا ال ع ذ ا ب و ج ع ل ن ا ن ك فر ب الل ه ا ل غ ل ل ف أ ع ن ا ق ال ذ ي ن ك ف روا ه ل ي ز و ن إ ل م ا ك انوا ي ع م لو ن أ ن Those who were deemed weak will say to those who were arrogant: Nay, but it was your plotting by night and day, when you ordered us to disbelieve in Allah and set up rivals to Him! And each of them (parties) will conceal their own regrets (for disobeying Allah during this worldly life), when they behold the torment. And We shall put iron collars round the necks of those who disbelieved. Are they requited aught except what they used to do? [34:33] ق ت ل أ قتل أ قتل : I kill ش ر ب أ شر ب : I drink أ شر ب Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 2
س م ع أ سم ع : I hear أ سم ع The Noon is used for one speaking for himself along with a group., which means: We do ن فع ل It is either for a group or the royal we, which is used in the Quraan by Allaah lot. a سبحانه وتعالى to The spoken المخ اط ب Here we only use the taa in the beginning. المض ار ع There are letters when added form what is called In Arabic it is said: حروف المض ار ع ة The letters of the Present Verb You have to find one of those four letters in the beginning of the present verb. male), which means: You do (single ت فع ل, which means: You (f) do (single female) - Here we add a yaa and because of that ت فع ل ني yaa the laam is given a kasrah to suit it ت فع ل ي. That yaa is called: The yaa of the spoken to female. This is the only case where this yaa is added. This noon is a grammatical sign it means that you will know the purpose of this noon in grammar- This yaa is a dhameer (pronoun), it expresses the doer. ت فع ل ني Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 3
Just as Allaah سبحانه وتعالى said: ق الوا أ ت ع ج ب ني م ن أ م ر الل ه ر ح ت الل ه و ب ر ك اته ع ل ي كم أ ه ل ال ب ي ت إ ن ه ح يد م يد They said: Do you wonder at the Decree of Allah? The Mercy of Allah and His Blessings be on you, O the family [of Ibrahim (Abraham)]. Surely, He (Allah) is All-Praiseworthy, All- Glorious. [11:73], which means: You both do (regardless the gender). Here we add the Alif to ت فع ل ن express duality ت فع ل. This noon is a grammatical sign and it takes a kasrah when it comes after an alif otherwise it takes a fathah ت فع ل ن For now we can call this Noon The grammatical Noon.. ت فع لو, which means: You all do. Here we add the waaw to express the group ت فع لون ت فع لون This noon is a grammatical sign and it takes a fathah This waaw is a dhameer and it express the doer., which means: You all (f) do. Here we add the noon which expresses the group of ت فع لن females and it will be given a fathah. This noon is a dhameer and it express the doer Here it got attached to the verb and because it is a dhameer expressing the doer holding a harakah the laam will be silenced. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 4
about The spoken الغ ائ ب Here we manly use the yaa in the beginning., which means: He does ي فع ل taa., which means: She does. Here we make an exception and use the ت فع ل, which means: They both do. Here we add the alif which is a dhameer which ي فع ل ن implies duality. We give the noon a kasrah, because it came after an alif. taa., which means: They both (f) do. Here we also make an exception and use the ت فع ل ن, which means: They do. Here we add the waaw it is a dhameer which expresses the ي فع لون group., which means: They (f) do. Since the group of females has its own letter at the end ي فع لن (the noon) we still use the yaa. We can see that there are two forms which have multiple meanings, which are ت فع ل and. ت فع ل ن The difference will be recognized by the context. does. could mean: you do and it could mean: she ت فع ل do. could mean: you both do and it could mean: they both (f) ت فع ل ن Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 5
NEW CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS The Verb s original letters are either free from:.ا و ي 1- Hurooful illah 2- The hamzah. 3- Multiplicity (i.e. when the ع and ل are identical). And this is called س ال, which means safe and free (i.e. from the aforementioned) Or not, and this is called غ ي س ال, which means not safe nor free (i.e. from the aforementioned) thus it is generally of five types: 1-When the verb has ا-و-ي in its beginning it is called م ث ال (Mithaal). 2-When the verb has ا-و-ي in its middle it is called أ جو ف (Ajwaf). 3-When the verb has ا-و-ي in its end it is called ن اق ص (Naaqis). 4- When the verb has a أ as any of its original letters, it is called م هموز (Mahmooz). 5-When the verb s ع and ل are identical it is called مض ع ف (Muda af). Here we are speaking about the original letters. Any verb regardless whether the verb is Maadh, Mudaari or Amr it is all the same. Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 6
EXERCISE Q1: Is saalim or ghayru saalim? Saalim ك ف ر Why? Because it is free from Hurooful illah, the hamzah and multiplicity. Q2: Is Saalim. saalim or ghayru saalim? س م ع Q3: Is س ج د saalim or ghayru saalim? Saalim. Q4: Is Saalim. saalim or ghayru saalim? ق ت ل Q5: Is ض ح ك saalim or ghayru saalim? Saalim Why? Because it is free from Hurooful illah, the hamzah and multiplicity. Q6: Is س أ ل saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim. Why? Because its Ayn has a hamzah (it is not free from a hamzah) You can also say: Because it is Mahmooz Q7: Is أ خ ذ saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because the faa is a hamzah -it is mahmooz- Q8: Is و ع د saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because it is a Mithaal Why is it a Mithaal? Because the faa has a waaw (one of hurooful illah) Q9: Is ع ب د saalim or ghayru saalim? Saalim Why? Because it is free from Hurooful illah, the hamzah and multiplicity. Q10: Is م د saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because it is Muda af Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 7
What do we mean by Muda af? That means that the ع and ل are identical Q11: Is ق ال saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because it is Ajwaf Why is it Ajwaf? Because the Ayn has an Alif. Q12: Is د ع ا saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because it is Naaqis. Q13: Is ق ر أ saalim or ghayru saalim? Ghayru Saalim Why? Because it is Mahmooz. It is very important to know those types of verbs. Next class in shaa Allaah we will get all the conjugations with the Maadh and Mudaari of all those types of verbs and sometimes there are some slight changes. ~~~ END OF CLASS ~~~ Notes transcribed by: Umm Sufyaan Al Maghribiyyah Establishing The Principles Ustaad Fahd At-Tahiriyy As-Sarf 8